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Battle of Jenin (2002)

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Battle of Jenin
Part of Operation Defensive Shield

A Caterpillar D9L armored bulldozer used by the IDF during the battle.
DateApril 3-11, 2002
Location
Jenin, West Bank
Result Israeli victory
Belligerents
 Israel State of Palestine Fatah (Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, Tanzim)
Hamas
Islamic Jihad
Commanders and leaders
Yehuda Yedidia
Eyal Shlein
Ofek Buchris		 Hazem Qabha
Zakaria Zubeidi
Mahmoud Tawallbe †
Strength
1 reserve infantry brigade
2 regular infantry battalions
Commando teams[1]		 Several hundreds[1]
Casualties and losses
23 dead
52 wounded[1]		 53 dead (5 civilians according to IDF; at least 27 militants and 22 civilians according to HRW[2])
Hundreds wounded
200 captured[1]
Dozens of houses destroyed[1]

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The Battle of Jenin took place from April 3 to April 11, 2002 in the refugee camp of Jenin, in the West Bank. It was fought between the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and Palestinian forces as part of Operation Defensive Shield, during the Second Intifada.

As part of the operation, which involved invasions of cities and towns all over the West Bank, Israel targeted Jenin's refugee camp, after it determined that the city had "served as a launch site for numerous terrorist attacks against both Israeli civilians and Israeli towns and villages in the area",[3] including the dispatch of 28 suicide bombers since the start of the Second Intifada.[4]

The IDF denied entry to journalists and human rights organizations, leading to a rapid cycle of rumors that a massacre had occurred. Jenin remained sealed for days after the invasion. Stories of civilians being buried alive in their homes as they were demolished, and of smoldering buildings covering crushed bodies, spread throughout the Arab world. Various casualty figures circulated, reaching into the mid-hundreds. Palestinian sources described the events as "the Jenin massacre", and international media and human rights organizations expressed concerns that a massacre had taken place.

Subsequent Israeli investigations found no evidence to substantiate these charges; however, international human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International alleged that war crimes had occurred.

Prelude

Jenin

Several hundred armed men from the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, Tanzim, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and Hamas had been using the Jenin refugee camp as a base, known as "the martyrs' capital",[4] and of the 100 suicide bombers who had launched terrorist attacks since the Second Intifada began in October 2000, 28 attacks had been launched from there. One of the key planners of attacks was Mahmoud Tawalbe, Palestinian Islamic Jihad commander of the camp.[2]

File:City of Jenin and refugee camp.jpg
Aerial image of the city of Jenin (Jenin refugee camp marked in a square), prior to the battle.

Unlike other camps, the organizations in Jenin had a joint commander: Hazem Ahmad Rayhan Qabha, known as "Abu Jandal", an officer in the Palestinian National and Islamic Forces who had fought in Lebanon and served in the Iraqi Army. He was also involved in several encounters with the IDF. He set up a war room and divided the camp into fifteen sub-sectors, deploying about twenty armed men in each.[5] During the battle, he began calling himself "The Martyr Abu Jandal".[6]

Limited Israeli forces had entered the camp along a single route twice in the previous month; they had encountered heavy resistance and quickly departed. Since the previous Israeli withdrawal, Palestinian militants had prepared by boobytrapping both the town and camp's streets in a bid to trap the Israeli soldiers,[7] some of them as large as 113 kilograms.[2] Islamic Jihad activist Tabaat Mardawi later said that Palestinian fighters had spread "between 1000 and 2000 bombs and booby traps" throughout the camp.[8] "Omar the Engineer", a Palestinian bombmaker later claimed that some 50 homes were booby trapped, saying "We chose old and empty buildings and the houses of men who were wanted by Israel because we knew the soldiers would search for them".[7]

Israel

The Israeli command decided to this time send in three thrusts comprised mainly of the reservist 5th Infantry Brigade from the town of Jenin to the north, as well as a company of the Nahal Brigade from the southeast and Battalion 51 of the Golani Brigade from the southwest. The force of 1,000 troops also included elements of the Shayetet 13 and Duvdevan Unit special forces, the Armoured Corps, and Combat Engineers with armored bulldozer for neutralizing the roadside bombs that would line the alleys of the camp according to Military Intelligence. Anticipating the heaviest resistance in Nablus, IDF commanders sent two regular infantry brigades there, assuming they could take over the Jenin camp in 48-72 hours with just the one reservist brigade. The force's entry was delayed until April 2 due to rain.[2] The 5th Infantry Brigade did not have any experience in Close Quarters Combat and did not have a commander when Operation Defensive Shield started, since the last commander's service ended a few days earlier. His substitute was a reserve officer, Lieutenant Colonel Yehuda Yedidia, who got his rank after the operation began. His soldiers were not trained for urban fighting.[9] In March, after an IDF action in Ramallah, the television broadcast footage which was considered unflattering. As a result, the IDF high command decided not to allow reporters to join the forces.[10]

The battle

Aמ IDF Caterpillar D9L armored bulldozer.

Israeli forces entered on 2 April, five days after the invasion of Ramallah. On the first day, reserve company commander Moshe Gerstner was killed in a PIJ sector. This caused a further delay.[11] Jenin was secured by the second day. A Caterpillar D-9 bulldozer drove along a three-quarter-mile stretch of the main street to clear booby traps. An Israeli Engineering Corps officer logged 124 separate explosions set off by the bulldozer. A Fatah leader in the camp later said that it was only when his forces saw the Israelis advancing on foot that they decided to stay and fight.[2]

By the third day, the Palestinians were still dug in, and seven Israeli soldiers had been killed. Mardawi later testified to having killed two of them from close range, using an M-16. IDF chief of staff (Ramatkal) Shaul Mofaz urged the officers to speed things up. They asked for twenty-four more hours. Mofaz told reporters that the fighting would be complete by the end of the week, April 6. In some of the sectors, the forces were advancing at a rate of fifty meters a day.[12]

The Israeli Intelligence assumed that the vast majority of the camp's residents were still in it. Most commanders argued that this obliged a careful advance for fear of striking civilians, and warned that using excessive force would cost the lives of hundreds of Palestinians. Lieutenant Colonel Ofek Buchris, commander of the 51st Battalion, was left in a minority opinion, saying "We're being humiliated here for four days now". When Mofaz instructed the officers to be more aggressive and fire five antitank missiles at every house before entering, one of them contemplated disobedience.[12]

IDF Achzarit.

Buchris stuck to an aggressive warfare of softening antitank fire and extensive use of bulldozers. In his sector, a method for guaranteeing lower risk to the soldiers was developed: A bulldozer rams the corner of a house, opening a hole. Then, an Achzarit arrives and disembarks troops into the house.[12] Buchris' battalion was advancing faster than the reserve forces, creating a bridgehead within the camp, which attracted most of the Palestinian fire. During the first week of fighting, the battalion suffered five casualties. On April 8, Golani Brigade commander, Colonel Tamir, arrived from Nablus. Having crawled with Buchris to the front line, he warned that the fighting style must be changed completely - call in more troops and perhaps take the command out of the reserve brigade's hand. By evening, division commander Brigadier General Eyal Shlein told his men that the mission must be accomplished by 6:00 PM on April 9.[13] Buchris himself was later badly wounded.[14]

As the IDF advanced, the Palestinians fell back to the heavily defended camp center - the Hawashin district. The Israelis began to call in AH-1 Cobra helicopters to hit rooftop positions along with Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozers to detonate the booby traps and clear a path for tanks.[2]

Ambush

At 6:00 AM, reserve battalion 7020's support company was ordered to form a new line, west of the former one. It's commander, Major Oded Golomb, set out with a force to take a position in a new house. He strayed from the original path, perhaps for tactical considerations, but failed to report to his commander. The force walked into a Palestinian ambush, finding themselves in an inner courtyard surrounded by tall houses (nicknamed "the bathtub") and under fire from all directions. Rescue forces from the company and the battalion hurried to the location and were hurt by fire and explosive charges. The exchange of fire went on for several hours.[13]

A reconnaissance aircraft documented much of the fight and the footage was transmitted live and was watched in the Israeli Central Command war room by the high ranking officers. During the battle, the Palestinians managed to snatch three Israeli soldiers' bodies into a nearby house. Colonel Ram, the Shayetet commander who had fought in the camp with his men, quickly put up a rescue force. Mofaz told him that negotiation over the bodies might force the IDF to halt the operation and get it in trouble similar to the 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid. On the edge of the alley leading to "the bathtub", Ram questioned the wounded reservists. Finally, he broke with his troops to the nearby house and, after a battle, located the bodies and got them out. In the afternoon, all Israeli casualties were evacuated from the area.[15] It became the deadliest day for the IDF since the end of the 1982 Lebanon War.[2]

During that day, the IDF censored reports on the events, leading to a wave of rumors. Partial information leaked through phone calls made by reservists and internet sites. By evening, when Chief of Central Command, Brigadier General Yitzhak Eitan, had a press conference, there were rumors of a helicopter full with dozens of fighters shot down, the death of the Ramatkal's deputy and a heart attack suffered by the Israeli Minister of Defense.[16]

Change in Israeli tactics

After the ambush, all Israeli forces began to advance by the "Buchris method". Several officers demanded that F-16s be sent to drop bombs, but the IDF high command refused.[16] The number of Caterpillar D9s in operation increased to a dozen, and the IDF maintained that the heavy bulldozers were mainly used to clear walls and streets of booby traps, open routes and widen alleyways for armored fighting vehicles, and to secure locations and movement for IDF troops.[2]

A day later, Mahmoud Tawallbe and two other militants went into a house so as to get close enough to a tank or armored D-9 bulldozer to plant a bomb. According to a British military expert working in the camp for Amnesty International, a D9 driver probably saw him and rammed a wall down onto him.[2]

At 7:00 AM on April 11, the Palestinians began to surrender. Qabha refused to surrender, and was among the last to die.[16] Zakaria Zubeidi was among the only fighters who did not surrender, and he managed to slip out of the area surrounded by the IDF, and moved through the houses and it left.[17] Mardawi surrendered along with Ali Suleiman al-Saadi, known as "Safouri", and thirty-nine others.[2] He later said that "There was nothing I could do against that bulldozer".[8]

Aftermath

Aerial photograph of the area demolished in the Jenin camp's central Hawashin district.

After the battle, Israeli intelligence estimated that half the population of noncombatants had left before the invasion, and 90% had done so by the third day, leaving around 1,300 people. The EU's contribution to the UN report said "at least 4,000 remained inside and did not evacuate the camp".[2] David Holley, a Major in the British Territorial Army and a military adviser to Amnesty International, reported that an area within the refugee camp of about 100m by 200m was flattened.[18] The BBC reported that ten percents of the camp were destroyed in the fighting.[4] Most of the demolition occurred in the Hawashin neighborhood, where most of the militants and explosives remained. Israel states that it demolished those houses because they were densely rigged with explosives.[7] The Israelis also claimed to have found explosive-making labs.[19]

One Israeli special forces commander who fought in the camp said that "the Palestinians were admirably well prepared. They correctly analyzed the lessons of the previous raid".[12] An internal investigation published by the IDF six months after the battle implicitly cast the responsibility for the death of the thirteen soldiers on them, for straying from their path unreported. It also said that the focusing on the rescue instead of subduing the enemy complicated things.[17] Buchris was given the Chief of Staff citation.[14]

Mardawi told CNN from his prison in Israel, that after learning the IDF was going to use troops, and not planes, "It was like hunting ... like being given a prize... The Israelis knew that any soldier who went into the camp like that was going to get killed... I've been waiting for a moment like that for years".[8] Yasser Arafat compared the fighting to the Battle of Stalingrad,[20] and it later became known among the Palestinians as "Jeningrad".[21]

Removal of bodies

The IDF intended to bury those identified by the army as terrorists in a special cemetery for fallen enemy troops in the Jordan Valley. Some of the bodies had already been removed from the camp Thursday and moved to a site near Jenin, but had not been buried. Others had been buried by Palestinians during the battle in a mass grave near the hospital on the outskirts of the camp. The petitioners claimed the IDF's decision violated international law as the Jordan Valley cemetery would, according to them, be basically a mass grave, thus damaging the honor of the dead.[22]

On April 12, in response to a petition presented by the Adalah organization, the Israeli High Court ordered the IDF not to remove the bodies of Palestinians killed in the battle until a hearing is held on the matter. The petition was signed by MKs Mohammed Barakeh and Ahmed Tibi.[23] Following the court's decision, issued by Supreme Court President Aharon Barak, the IDF stopped clearing the bodies from the camp.[22] On April 15, Adalah and LAW, the Palestinian Society for the Protection of Human Rights and the Environment, filed a petition, asking the Court to order the IDF to immediately hand over the bodies of Palestinians to the International Committee of the Red Cross or the Palestinian Red Crescent Society, claiming that despite Sunday's court's ruling, the IDF was leaving the bodies of dead Palestinians to rot in the Jenin refugee camp.[24]

Casualties

Initially, reporting of casualty numbers varied widely between sources and fluctuated day to day. On April 10, the BBC reported that Israel estimated 150 Palestinians had died in Jenin, and that the Palestinians were saying the number is far higher.[25] Saeb Erekat, on a phone interview to CNN from Jericho, estimated 500 dead in Operation Defensive Shield in total.[26] On April 11, the Palestinians reported 500 dead.[27] On April 12, Brigadier-General Ron Kitri said on Israeli Army Radio that there are apparently hundreds killed. He later retracted this statement.[28] Secretary-General of the Palestinian Authority, Ahmed Abdel Rahman, said that thousands of Palestinians were either killed and buried in massive graveyards or smashed under houses destroyed in Jenin and Nablus.[29] On April 13, Palestinian Information Minister, Yasser Abed Rabbo, accused Israel of digging mass graves for 900 Palestinians in the camp.[30] On April 14, After IDF gave a final figure of forty-five casualties.[31] On April 18, Zalman Shoval, adviser to Sharon, estimated that only about sixty-five bodies had been recovered, of which five were civilians.[32] On April 30, Qadoura Mousa, director of the Fatah for the northern West Bank, set the total dead at fifty-six.[33]

After the battle, the UN estimated the death toll at fifty-two Palestinians and twenty-three Israelis.[34] One Palestinian Fatah official reportedly put the death toll at fifty-six.[33] Haaretz journalists Amos Harel and Avi Isacharoff wrote in 2004 that the Israeli casualties were twenty-three dead and fifty-two wounded, while the Palestinian casualties were fifty-three dead, hundreds wounded and about 200 captured.[1] According to retired IDF General Shlomo Gazit, the Palestinians suffered fifty-five killed while Israel suffered thirty-three.[35]

UN fact-finding mission

On April 8, a UN envoy, Terje Roed-Larsen, said the devastation in the camp was "horrific beyond belief". He said it was "morally repugnant" that Israel had not allowed emergency workers in for 11 days to provide humanitarian relief. UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, has asked the Security Council to consider sending an armed multinational force to the region, under Chapter Seven of the UN Charter which authorizes military force to impose council decisions.[36] Israeli Foreign Minister, Shimon Peres told Annan that Israel would welcome a UN official "to clarify the facts", saying "Israel has nothing to hide regarding the operation in Jenin. Our hands are clean". On April 19, the Security Council unanimously passed a resolution to send a fact-finding mission to Jenin.[37] Abed Rabbo said the mission was "the first step toward making Sharon stand trial before an international tribunal".[38] The fact-finding team was led by former Finnish President, Martti Ahtisaari. The other two members were Cornelio Sommaruga, former president of the International Committee of the Red Cross (controversial in Israel for previous "Red Swastika" remarks[39]), and Sadako Ogata, the former UN high commissioner for refugees who was Japan's special envoy on Afghan reconstruction.[40]

Head of the IDF Operation Branch, Major General Giora Eiland, convinced Mofaz that the team would demand investigating officers and soldiers, and that it might accuse Israel of war crimes. He warned that it would pave the road to an international force. Eiland and Mofaz's position was accepted by Sharon.[41]Official Israeli sources said that Israel was surprised that the composition of the team was not discussed with them in advance, adding "We expected that the operational aspects of the fact-finding mission would be carried out by military experts". On April 22, Israeli Defense Minister, Benjamin Ben-Eliezer and Peres spoke to Annan. Ben-Eliezer expressed his disappointment at the make-up of the team, and expressed his hope that the mission would not overstep its mandate. Peres asked Annan to deny reports that the mission would look into events outside the refugee camp, and that the finding would have legal validity. Annan said that the mission would only investigate what happened inside Jenin, but may have to interview residents currently outside the camp. He added that the findings would not be legally binding.[40]

The Israeli government was concerned about the mission, and the cabinet secretary, Gideon Saar, threatened to ban the team from entering Jenin. On April 23, Sharon, decided the team was no longer acceptable. The reason given was the lack of military experts on the UN team. Israel also claimed not to have been adequately consulted. The US rebuked Sharon's decision, and a White House official said "We were the sponsors of that and we want it implemented as written. We support the initiative of the secretary general".[42] On April 24, Annan refused to delay the mission. Ben-Eliezer said: "In the last month alone, 137 people were slaughtered by Palestinians and nearly 700 wounded. Is there any one who is investigating that?"[43] On April 25, the UN agreed to postpone by two days the arrival of the team, and agreed to an Israeli request that two military officers be added to the team. Annan said the talks with Israel talks had been "very, very constructive and I'm sure we'll be able to sort out our differences".[44] Peres said that a delay would give the Israeli cabinet the opportunity to discuss the mission before the team arrived. Israeli Government spokesman, Avi Pazner, said that he expected the UN mission to investigate "terrorist activity" and guarantee immunity for Israeli soldiers. Israel Radio said that Israel was also pushing for the right for both sides to review the team's report before was to be presented to Annan.[45] On April 28, Israeli Communications Minister, Reuven Rivlin, told reporters after a lengthy cabinet meeting that the UN had gone back on its agreements with Israel over the team, and so it would not be allowed to arrive. Speaking for the cabinet, he said that the composition of the team and its terms of reference made it inevitable that its report would blame Israel. The Security Council convened to discuss Israel's decision not to grant entry to the UN team.[46] Meanwhile, the AIPAC lobby in Washington was called to pressure Annan and George W. Bush.[41]

On April 30, Annan decided to disband the team,[47] On May 2, the team was disbanded.[48] On May 4, Israel was isolated in an open debate in the Security Council. The deputy US ambassador to the UN, James Cunningham, said it was "regrettable" Israel had decided not to cooperate with the fact-finding team. Nasser Al-Kidwa, the Palestinian observer to the UN, said the council failed to give Annan its full support, and that the council caved in to "blackmailing" by the Israeli Government.[49] The General Assembly passed a resolution condemning Israel's military action in Jenin by 74 votes to four, with 54 abstentions.[50] The Bush administration supported Israel as part of a deal in which Sharon agreed to lift the siege of the Mukataa in Ramallah.[41]

Report

On July 31, the UN issued its report. It said the overall number of Palestinians killed was fifty-two, around half of whom may have been civilians. The report also criticized both Palestinians and Israelis for putting civilians in harm's way. Annan said the report's aim of finding out exactly what happened in Jenin had been blocked by Israel's decision to refuse access to the fact-finding team. The Israeli Foreign Ministry welcomed the findings, saying the report "clears up misconceptions" about events in the camp. An official, Daniel Taub, said the report showed that Palestinian claims of a massacre had been "nothing more than atrocity propaganda". Erekat rejected the report, saying an "Israeli massacre in Jenin's refugee camp clearly happened... and crimes against humanity also took place". A Palestinian official rejected the UN's conclusions, insisting that a massacre took place. Annan said he hoped the report would help both sides move forward, adding "I would hope that both parties will draw the right lessons from this tragic episode and take steps to end the cycle of violence which is killing innocent civilians on both sides".[34]

Allegations of a massacre and war crimes

The battle attracted widespread international attention due to Palestinian allegations that a massacre had been committed. On April 4, The Observer reported that Palestinians have called the incident a 'massacre', alleging that their houses were bulldozed with families still inside, that helicopters fired indiscriminately on a civilian area, and that ambulances were prevented from reaching the wounded in a calculated policy that meant they would bleed to death.[51] A camp resident who worked at the Jenin hospital said: "I saw the Israelis line up five young men with their legs spread and their hands up as they faced a wall. The soldiers then sprayed them from head to toe with gunfire".[52] CNN correspondent, Ben Wedeman, heard stories of bodies being loaded into trucks and driven away, and of bodies being left in the sewers and bulldozed.[53] Palestinian cabinet minister, Saeb Erekat, accused the Israelis of trying to cover up the killing of civilians.[54]

On April 9, Haaretz reported that Peres was privately referring to the battle as a "massacre".[55] The next day, Peres made a statement that the "The Foreign Minister expressed his concern that Palestinian propaganda is liable to accuse Israel that a 'massacre' took place in Jenin rather than a pitched battle against heavily armed terrorists".[56] That statement was later retracted.[28] Haaretz editor, Hanoch Marmari, later said in a lecture that "Some correspondents might have been obsessive in their determination to unearth a massacre in a refugee camp".[57] Mouin Rabbani, Director of the Palestinian American Research Center in Ramallah, cited Peres' statement and his office's decision to establish a PR committee as an indication that a massacre had taken place.[58]

In early May, Human Rights Watch completed its report on Jenin. The report said there was no massacre, but did accuse the IDF of committing war crimes.[59] On April 18, Derrick Pounder, a British forensic expert who was part of an Amnesty International team granted access to Jenin, said: "I must say that the evidence before us at the moment doesn't lead us to believe that the allegations are anything other than truthful and that therefore there are large numbers of civilian dead underneath these bulldozed and bombed ruins that we see".[32] In November, Amnesty International reported that there was "clear evidence" that the IDF committed war crimes against Palestinian civilians, including unlawful killings and torture, in Jenin and Nablus.[60] The Observer reporter, Peter Beaumont, wrote that what happened in Jenin was not a massacre, but that the mass destruction of houses was a war crime.[61]

Harel and Isacharoff wrote that the IDF's misconduct with the media, including Kitri's statement, contributed to the allegations of massacre. Mofaz later admitted that the limitations imposed on the media were a mistake. Head of the Operations Directorate, General Dan Harel, said: "Today, I would send a reporter in every APC".[10]

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Rees, Matt. "Inside the Battle of Jenin". Time Magazine. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
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  7. ^ a b c Cook, Jonathan. "The 'engineer'". Al-Ahram. No. 582. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
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  9. ^ Harel and Isacharoff (2004), pp. 253-254
  10. ^ a b Harel and Isacharoff (2004), p. 259
  11. ^ Harel and Isacharoff (2004), p. 254
  12. ^ a b c d Harel and Isacharoff (2004), p. 255
  13. ^ a b Harel and Isacharoff (2004), p. 256
  14. ^ a b "Citation to Golani battalion commander badly wounded in Defensive Shield". nrg. 2002-07-08. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help) Template:He icon
  15. ^ Harel and Isacharoff (2004), pp. 256-257
  16. ^ a b c Harel and Isacharoff (2004), p. 257
  17. ^ a b Harel and Isacharoff (2004), p. 258
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  20. ^ Burston, Bradley (2008-02-12). "Sderot as Stalingrad, Hamas as blind Samson". Haaretz. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Belden, Paul (2003-04-09). "A street fight called Jeningrad". Asia Times. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ a b Harel, Amos (2002-04-14). "Court rejects petitions demanding IDF not remove Jenin dead". Haaretz. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Harel, Amos (2002-04-13). "Court: IDF can't move bodies; Lieberman: Barak must be ousted". Haaretz. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Hass, Amira (2002-04-16). "Court told: IDF leaving dead to rot in Jenin". Haaretz. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "Israeli pull-out on hold after bombing". BBC. 2002-04-10. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "Colin Powell's Challenge". CNN.com. 2002-04-10. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
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  28. ^ a b Sadeh, Sharon (2002-05-16). "How Jenin battle became a 'massacre'". The Guardian. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "Palestinians: Hundreds in Mass Graves". Newsmax.com. 2002-04-13. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ Jenin refugee camp emerges defeated, sabcnews.com
  31. ^ Shuman, Ellis and israelinsider staff (2002-04-14). "Security: IDF now estimates 45 Palestinians died in Jenin fighting". Israelinsider. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
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  35. ^ Herzog & Gazit (2005), p. 433
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  39. ^ "Kofi's Choice: The U.N. secretary general gets entangled in l'Affaire Sommaruga" Jewish World Review May 10, 2002
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Bibliography

  • Harel, Amos (2004). The Seventh War. Tel-Aviv: Yedioth Aharonoth Books and Chemed Books. p. 431. ISBN 9655117677. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Template:He icon
  • Herzog, Chaim (2005). The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East. Vintage. p. 560. ISBN 1400079632. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Further reading

  • Goldberg, Brett (2003). A Psalm in Jenin. Israel: Modan Publishing House. p. 304. ISBN 965-7141-03-6.
  • Baroud, Ramzy Mohammed, editor (2003). Searching Jenin: Eyewitness Accounts of the Israeli Invasion 2002. Seattle, Washington: Cune Press. p. 256. ISBN 1885942346. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

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