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{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
{{speciesbox
| name = Northern harrier
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
Line 13: Line 12:
''Circus cyaneus hudsonius''
''Circus cyaneus hudsonius''
| range_map = Circus hudsonius map.svg
| range_map = Circus hudsonius map.svg
| range_map_caption =
{{leftlegend|#FF7F2A|Breeding}}
{{leftlegend|#7137C8|Year-round}}
{{leftlegend|#5F8DD3|Nonbreeding}}
{{leftlegend|#FFDD55|Migration}}
}}
}}


The '''northern harrier''' (''Circus hudsonius'') is a [[bird of prey]].
The '''northern harrier''' ('''''Circus hudsonius'''''), also known as the '''marsh hawk''' or '''ring-tailed hawk''', is a [[bird of prey]]. It breeds throughout the northern parts of the [[northern hemisphere]] in [[Canada]] and the northernmost [[United States|USA]].


⚫
The northern harrier [[bird migration|migrates]] south in winter, with breeding birds in Canada and northern Great Plains of the U.S. moving to the American south, Mexico, and [[Central America]]. In the midwestern, mountain west, and north Atlantic states of the U.S., they may be present all year. This bird inhabits prairies, open areas, and marshes.
It breeds throughout the northern parts of the [[northern hemisphere]] in [[Canada]] and the northernmost [[United States|USA]]. While many taxonomic authorities split the northern harrier and the [[hen harrier]] into distinct species, others consider them conspecific.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Etherington|first1=Graham J.|last2=Mobley|first2=Jason A.|date=2016-01-01|title=Molecular phylogeny, morphology and life-history comparisons within Circus cyaneus reveal the presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages|journal=Avian Research|volume=7|pages=17|doi=10.1186/s40657-016-0052-3|issn=2053-7166|doi-access=free}}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
⚫
It [[bird migration|migrates]] to more southerly areas in winter with breeding birds in more northerly areas moving to the southernmost USA, Mexico, and [[Central America]]. In milder regions in the southern US, they may be present all year, but the higher ground is largely deserted in winter. This bird inhabits prairies, open areas, and marshes.
In 1750 the English naturalist [[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]] included an illustration and a description of the northern harrier in the third volume of his ''A Natural History of Uncommon Birds''. He used the English name "The Ring-tail'd Hawk". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a bird collected near the [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada and brought to London by [[James Isham]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1750 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | location=London | publisher=Printed for the author at the College of Physicians | volume=3 | page=107, Plate 107 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50196265 }}</ref> When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] updated his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' for the [[12th edition of Systema Naturae|twelfth edition]], he placed the northern harrier with the falcons and eagles in the [[genus]] ''[[Falco (bird)|Falco]]''. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the [[binomial name]] ''Falco hudsonius'' and cited Edwards' work.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1766 | title=Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=12th | volume=1, Part 1 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | page=128 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/445253}}</ref> The northern harrier is now placed in the genus ''[[Harrier (bird)|Circus]]'', introduced by the French naturalist [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] in 1799.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Lacépède | first=Bernard Germain de | author-link=Bernard Germain de Lacépède | year=1799 | title=Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle | chapter=Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux | language=fr | publisher=Plassan | place=Paris | page=4 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA78 }} Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.<!--BHL appears not to have a scan--></ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2022 | title=Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=9 June 2022 }}</ref> The genus name ''Circus'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''kirkos'', referring to a bird of prey named for its circling flight (''kirkos'', "circle"). The specific epithet ''hudsonius'' is from "Hudson Bay", the [[type locality (biology)|type locality]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n109/mode/1up 109], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n195/mode/1up 195] }}</ref> The species is [[monotypic]]: no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc/>

The northern harrier was formerly considered to be [[conspecific]] with the [[hen harrier]].<ref name=ioc/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Etherington | first1=Graham J. | last2=Mobley | first2=Jason A. | date=2016 | title=Molecular phylogeny, morphology and life-history comparisons within Circus cyaneus reveal the presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages | journal=Avian Research | volume=7 | issue=1 | pages=17 | doi=10.1186/s40657-016-0052-3 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last1=Chesser | first1=R. Terry | last2=Burns | first2=Kevin J. | last3=Cicero | first3=Carla | last4=Dunn | first4=John L. | last5=Kratter | first5=Andrew W | last6=Lovette | first6=Irby J | last7=Rasmussen | first7=Pamela C. | last8=Remsen | first8=J.V. Jr | last9=Rising | first9=James D. | last10=Stotz | first10=Douglas F. | last11=Winker | first11=Kevin | year=2017 | title=Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's ''Check-list of North American Birds'' |journal=The Auk |volume=134 | issue=3 |pages=751–773 |doi=10.1642/AUK-17-72.1 | doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Circus hudsonius flying, Bosque del Apache NWR, New Mexico, USA.jpg|thumb|left|Juvenile flying at [[Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge]], USA]]
[[File:Circus hudsonius flying, Bosque del Apache NWR, New Mexico, USA.jpg|thumb|left|Juvenile flying at [[Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge]], USA]]
[[File:Female northern harrier in flight at Llano Seco-1311.jpg|thumb|left|Female in flight at the Llano Seco Unit of the [[Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex]] in California]]
[[File:Female northern harrier in flight at Llano Seco-1311.jpg|thumb|left|Female in flight at the Llano Seco Unit of the [[Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex]] in California]]
The northern harrier is {{convert|41|-|52|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name=hbw/> long with a {{convert|97|–|122|cm|in|abbr=on}} wingspan. It resembles other [[harrier (bird)|harriers]] in having distinct male and female plumages. The sexes also differ in weight, with males weighing {{convert|290|to|400|g|oz|abbr=on}}, with an average of {{convert|350|g|oz|abbr=on}}, and females weighing {{convert|390|to|750|g|oz|abbr=on}}, with an average of {{convert|530|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name=hbw/><ref name=RaptorsWorld/> Among standard measurements, the [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] is {{convert|32.8|to|40.6|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the [[tail]] is {{convert|19.3|to|25.8|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] is {{convert|7.1|to|8.9|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> It is relatively long winged and long tailed, having the longest wing and tail relative to its body size of any raptor occurring in North America.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/>
The northern harrier is {{convert|41|-|52|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name=hbw/> long with a {{convert|97|–|122|cm|in|abbr=on}} wingspan. It resembles other [[harrier (bird)|harriers]] in having distinct male and female plumages. The sexes also differ in weight, with males weighing {{convert|290|to|400|g|oz|abbr=on}}, with an average of {{convert|350|g|oz|abbr=on}}, and females weighing {{convert|390|to|750|g|oz|abbr=on}}, with an average of {{convert|530|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name=hbw/><ref name=RaptorsWorld/> Among standard measurements, the [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] is {{convert|32.8|to|40.6|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the [[tail]] is {{convert|19.3|to|25.8|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] is {{convert|7.1|to|8.9|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> It is relatively long-winged and long-tailed, having the longest wing and tail relative to its body size of any raptor occurring in North America.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/>


The northern harrier has been split from the hen harrier by some taxonomists based on genetic analysis.<ref name=oatley/> It breeds in North America and its closest relative is the [[Cinereous Harrier]] (''C. cinereus''). The male's plumage is darker grey than that of the hen harrier and the female is also darker and more rufous.<ref name=hbw/> The adult male is sometimes nicknamed the "Grey Ghost", because of his striking plumage and spectral aura.<ref name="Kawartha Lakes This Week">{{cite news |title=If you've seen a Northern Harrier in flight, you know they are beautiful |work=Kawartha Lakes This Week |date=June 11, 2018 |location=Lindsay, Ontario}}</ref><ref name="Zimmer, David (2014)">{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=David M. |title=Historic Farm Holds Growing Appeal |work=The Record |date=October 20, 2014 |location=Bergen County, New Jersey |page=L.6}}</ref>
The northern harrier breeds in North America, and its closest relative is the [[Cinereous Harrier|cinereous harrier]] (''C. cinereus'') of South America. The male's plumage is darker grey than that of the hen harrier, and the female is also darker and more rufous.<ref name=hbw/> The adult male is sometimes nicknamed the "Grey Ghost", because of his striking plumage and spectral aura.<ref name="Kawartha Lakes This Week">{{cite news |title=If you've seen a Northern Harrier in flight, you know they are beautiful |work=Kawartha Lakes This Week |date=June 11, 2018 |location=Lindsay, Ontario}}</ref><ref name="Zimmer, David (2014)">{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=David M. |title=Historic Farm Holds Growing Appeal |work=The Record |date=October 20, 2014 |location=Bergen County, New Jersey |page=L.6}}</ref>


The female gives a whistled ''piih-eh'' when receiving food from the male, and her alarm call is ''chit-it-it-it-it-et-it''. The male calls ''chek-chek-chek'', with a more bouncing ''chuk-uk-uk-uk'' during his display flight.
The female gives a whistled ''piih-eh'' when receiving food from the male, and her alarm call is ''chit-it-it-it-it-et-it''. The male calls ''chek-chek-chek'', with a more bouncing ''chuk-uk-uk-uk'' during his display flight.
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==Behaviour==
==Behaviour==
This medium-sized [[Bird of prey|raptor]] breeds on [[moorland]], [[bog]]s, [[prairie]]s, [[farm]]land [[Western Gulf coastal grasslands|coastal prairies]], [[marsh]]es, [[grassland]]s, [[swamp]]s and other assorted open areas.<ref name=TexasPWD2012/> A male will maintain a territory averaging {{convert|2.6|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, though male territories have ranged from {{convert|1.7|to|150|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Macwhirter/>
This medium-sized [[Bird of prey|raptor]] breeds on [[moorland]], [[bog]]s, [[prairie]]s, [[farm]]land [[Western Gulf coastal grasslands|coastal prairies]], [[marsh]]es, [[grassland]]s, [[swamp]]s and other assorted open areas.<ref name=TexasPWD2012/> A male will maintain a territory averaging {{convert|2.6|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, though male territories have ranged from {{convert|1.7|to|150|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Macwhirter/>
[[File:Northern Harrier at Pt. Reyes.jpg|thumb|Northern harrier male perched on shrub at [[Point Reyes National Seashore]]]]

These are one of the few raptorial birds known to practice [[Polygyny#Polygyny in animals|polygyny]] – one male mates with several females. Up to five females have been known to mate with one male in a season.<ref name=AAB/> The nest is built on the ground or on a mound of dirt or vegetation. Nests are made of sticks and are lined inside with grass and leaves. Four to eight (exceptionally 2 to 10) whitish [[egg (biology)|eggs]] are laid.<ref name=hbw/><ref name=TexasPWD2012/> The eggs measure approximately {{convert|47|x|36|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Baicich1997/> The eggs are incubated mostly by the female for 31 to 32 days. When incubating eggs, the female sits on the nest while the male hunts and brings food to her and the chicks.<ref name=TexasPWD2012/> The male will help feed chicks after they hatch, but does not usually watch them for a greater period of time than around 5 minutes.<ref name=Weidensaul1996/> The male usually passes off food to the female, which she then feeds to the young, although later the female will capture food and simply drop into the nest for her nestlings to eat.<ref name=Macwhirter/> The chicks fledge at around 36 days old, though breeding maturity is not reached until 2 years in females and 3 years in males.
These are one of the few raptorial birds known to practice [[Polygyny in animals|polygyny]] – one male mates with several females. Up to five females have been known to mate with one male in a season.<ref name=AAB/> The nest is built on the ground or on a mound of dirt or vegetation. Nests are made of sticks and are lined inside with grass and leaves. Four to eight (exceptionally 2 to 10) whitish [[Bird egg|eggs]] are laid.<ref name=hbw/><ref name=TexasPWD2012/> The eggs measure approximately {{convert|47|x|36|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Baicich1997/> The eggs are incubated mostly by the female for 31 to 32 days. When incubating eggs, the female sits on the nest while the male hunts and brings food to her and the chicks.<ref name=TexasPWD2012/> The male will help feed chicks after they hatch, but does not usually watch them for a greater period of time than around 5 minutes.<ref name=Weidensaul1996/> The male usually passes off food to the female, which she then feeds to the young, although later the female will capture food and simply drop into the nest for her nestlings to eat.<ref name=Macwhirter/> The chicks fledge at around 36 days old, though breeding maturity is not reached until 2 years in females and 3 years in males.


===Hunting behavior===
===Hunting behavior===
This is a typical harrier, which hunts on long wings held in a shallow V in its low flight during which the bird closely hugs the contours of the land below it. Northern or hen harriers hunt primarily small [[mammal]]s, as do most harriers. Preferred prey species can include [[vole]]s, [[cotton rat]]s and [[ground squirrel]]s. Up to 95% of the diet comprises small mammals.<ref name=Ryser1985/> However, [[bird]]s are hunted with some regularity as well, especially by males. Preferred avian prey include [[passerine]]s of open country (i.e. [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]]s, [[lark]]s, [[pipit]]s), small [[shorebird]]s and the young of [[waterfowl]] and [[Galliformes|galliforms]]. Supplementing the diet occasionally are [[amphibian]]s (especially [[frog]]s), [[reptile]]s and [[insect]]s (especially [[orthoptera]]ns).<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> The species has been observed to hunt [[bat]]s if these are available.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mikula|first1=P.|last2=Morelli|first2=F.|last3=Lučan|first3=R. K.|last4=Jones|first4=D. N.|last5=Tryjanowski|first5=P.|year=2016|title=Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective|journal=Mammal Review|volume=46|issue=3|pages=160–174|doi=10.1111/mam.12060}}</ref> Larger prey, such as [[rabbit]]s and adult [[duck]]s are taken sometimes and harriers have been known to subdue these by drowning them in water.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> Harriers hunt by surprising prey while flying low to the ground in open areas, as they drift low over fields and moors.<ref name=hbw/><ref name=TexasPWD2012/> The harriers circle an area several times listening and looking for prey.<ref name=TexasPWD2012/> Harriers use hearing regularly to find prey, as they have exceptionally good hearing for diurnal raptors, this being the function of their [[owl]]-like facial disc.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> This harrier tends to be a very vocal bird while it glides over its hunting ground.
This is a typical harrier, which hunts on long wings held in a shallow V in its low flight during which the bird closely hugs the contours of the land below it. Northern or hen harriers hunt primarily small [[mammal]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Harrier {{!}} Audubon Field Guide |url=https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/northern-harrier |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Audubon |language=en}}</ref> as do most harriers. Preferred prey species can include [[vole]]s, [[cotton rat]]s and [[ground squirrel]]s. Up to 95% of the diet comprises small mammals.<ref name=Ryser1985/> However, [[bird]]s are hunted with some regularity as well, especially by males. Preferred avian prey include [[passerine]]s of open country (i.e. [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]]s, [[lark]]s, [[pipit]]s), small [[shorebird]]s and the young of [[waterfowl]] and [[Galliformes|galliforms]]. Supplementing the diet occasionally are [[amphibian]]s (especially [[frog]]s), [[reptile]]s and [[insect]]s (especially [[orthoptera]]ns).<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> The species has been observed to hunt [[bat]]s if these are available.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mikula|first1=P.|last2=Morelli|first2=F.|last3=Lučan|first3=R. K.|last4=Jones|first4=D. N.|last5=Tryjanowski|first5=P.|year=2016|title=Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective|journal=Mammal Review|volume=46|issue=3|pages=160–174|doi=10.1111/mam.12060}}</ref> Larger prey such as [[rabbit]]s and adult [[duck]]s are taken sometimes and harriers have been known to subdue these by drowning them in water.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> Harriers hunt by surprising prey while flying low to the ground in open areas, as they drift low over fields and moors.<ref name=hbw/><ref name=TexasPWD2012/> The harriers circle an area several times listening and looking for prey.<ref name=TexasPWD2012/> Harriers use hearing regularly to find prey, as they have exceptionally good hearing for diurnal raptors, this being the function of their [[owl]]-like facial disc.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/> This harrier tends to be a very vocal bird while it glides over its hunting ground.


===Mortality and competition===
===Mortality and competition===
Little information is available on longevity in northern harriers. The longest lived known bird is 16 years and 5 months. However, adults rarely live more than 8 years. Early mortality mainly results from predation. Predators of eggs and nestlings include [[raccoon]]s, [[skunk]]s, [[badger]]s, [[fox]]es, [[Corvus (genus)|crows and ravens]], [[dog]]s and [[owl]]s. Fledglings are also predated regularly, especially by [[great horned owl]]s.<ref name=Wheeler1995/> Both parents attack potential predators with alarm calls and striking with talons. [[Short-eared owl]]s are natural competitors of this species that favor the same prey and habitat, as well as having a similarly broad distribution. Occasionally, both harriers and short-eared owls will harass each other until the victim drops its prey and it can be stolen, a practice known as [[kleptoparasitism]]. Most commonly, the harriers are the aggressors pirating prey from owls.<ref name=owlpages/>
Little information is available on longevity in northern harriers. The longest lived known bird is 16 years and 5 months. However, adults rarely live more than 8 years. Early mortality mainly results from predation. Predators of eggs and nestlings include [[raccoon]]s, [[skunk]]s, [[badger]]s, [[fox]]es, [[Corvus (genus)|crows and ravens]], [[dog]]s, and [[owl]]s. Fledglings are also predated regularly, especially by [[great horned owl]]s.<ref name=Wheeler1995/> Both parents attack potential predators with alarm calls and striking with talons. [[Short-eared owl]]s are natural competitors of this species that favor the same prey and habitat, as well as having a similarly broad distribution. Occasionally, both harriers and short-eared owls will harass each other until the victim drops its prey and it can be stolen, a practice known as [[kleptoparasitism]]. Most commonly, the harriers are the aggressors pirating prey from owls.<ref name=owlpages/>


==Status==
==Status==
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==Relationship with humans==
==Relationship with humans==
Some Native American tribes{{which?|date=December 2020}} believe that seeing a hawk on your wedding day is a sign of a long, happy marriage. Unlike many raptors, hen or northern harriers have historically been favorably regarded by farmers because they eat mice that damage crops and predators of quail eggs. Harriers are sometimes called "good hawks" because they pose no threat to poultry as some hawks do. Heavy pesticide use in the 1970s and 1980s caused a decline in harrier populations.<ref name=TexasPWD2012/>
Some Native American tribes{{which|date=December 2020}} believe that seeing a hawk on your wedding day is a sign of a long, happy marriage. Unlike many raptors, hen or northern harriers have historically been favorably regarded by farmers because they eat mice that damage crops and predators of quail eggs. Harriers are sometimes called "good hawks" because they pose no threat to poultry as some hawks do. Heavy pesticide use in the 1970s and 1980s caused a decline in harrier populations.<ref name=TexasPWD2012/>


==References==<!-- Forktail16:147. WilsonBull18:47. -->
==References==
{{Reflist|35em|refs=
{{Reflist|35em|refs=
<ref name=AAB>{{Cite AllAboutBirds|Northern Harrier|access-date=23 August 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=AAB>{{Cite AllAboutBirds|Northern Harrier|access-date=23 August 2012}}</ref>
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<ref name=Baicich1997>{{cite book |last1=Baicich |first1=P. |first2=C. |last2=Harrison |year=1997 |title=A Guide to the Nests, Eggs, and Nestlings of North American Birds |location=New York, NY |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0120728312}}</ref>
<ref name=Baicich1997>{{cite book |last1=Baicich |first1=P. |first2=C. |last2=Harrison |year=1997 |title=A Guide to the Nests, Eggs, and Nestlings of North American Birds |location=New York, NY |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0120728312}}</ref>


<ref name=hbw>{{Cite book |editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=J. |year=1994 |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World |volume=Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl |publisher=[[Lynx Edicions]] |location=Barcelona |isbn=978-84-87334-15-3|title-link=Handbook of the Birds of the World }}</ref>
<ref name=hbw>{{Cite book |editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=J. |year=1994 |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World |volume=2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl |publisher=[[Lynx Edicions]] |location=Barcelona |isbn=978-84-87334-15-3|title-link=Handbook of the Birds of the World }}</ref>


<ref name=Macwhirter>{{cite book |last1=Macwhirter |first1=R. |first2=K. |last2=Bildstein |year=1996 |title=Northern Harrier. The Birds of North America |number=210 |pages=1–25}}</ref>
<ref name=Macwhirter>{{cite book |last1=Macwhirter |first1=R. |first2=K. |last2=Bildstein |year=1996 |title=Northern Harrier. The Birds of North America |number=210 |pages=1–25}}</ref>


<ref name = oatley>{{cite journal|last1=Oatley|first1=G.|last2=Simmons|first2=R.E.|last3=Fuchs|first3=J.|year=2015|title=A molecular phylogeny of the harriers (Circus, Accipitridae) indicate the role of long distance dispersal and migration in diversification|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=85|pages=150–160|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.01.013|pmid=25701771}}</ref>
<!-- <ref name = oatley>{{cite journal|last1=Oatley|first1=G.|last2=Simmons|first2=R.E.|last3=Fuchs|first3=J.|year=2015|title=A molecular phylogeny of the harriers (Circus, Accipitridae) indicate the role of long distance dispersal and migration in diversification|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=85|pages=150–160|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.01.013|pmid=25701771}}</ref> -->


<ref name=owlpages>{{cite web |url=http://www.owlpages.com/owls.php?genus=Asio&species=flammeus |title=Short-eared Owl – ''Asio flammeus'' |website=owlpages.com |date=24 July 2013 | access-date=1 December 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=owlpages>{{cite web |url=http://www.owlpages.com/owls.php?genus=Asio&species=flammeus |title=Short-eared Owl – ''Asio flammeus'' |website=owlpages.com |date=24 July 2013 | access-date=1 December 2015}}</ref>
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q2603050}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2603050}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:harrier, northern}}
[[Category:Harriers (birds)|northern harrier]]
[[Category:Harriers (birds)|northern harrier]]
[[Category:Birds of prey of North America]]
[[Category:Birds of prey of North America]]

Latest revision as of 20:03, 25 April 2024

Northern harrier
Adult female
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Circus
Species:
C. hudsonius
Binomial name
Circus hudsonius
(Linnaeus, 1766)
  Breeding
  Year-round
  Nonbreeding
  Migration
Synonyms

Circus cyaneus hudsonius

The northern harrier (Circus hudsonius), also known as the marsh hawk or ring-tailed hawk, is a bird of prey. It breeds throughout the northern parts of the northern hemisphere in Canada and the northernmost USA.

The northern harrier migrates south in winter, with breeding birds in Canada and northern Great Plains of the U.S. moving to the American south, Mexico, and Central America. In the midwestern, mountain west, and north Atlantic states of the U.S., they may be present all year. This bird inhabits prairies, open areas, and marshes.

Taxonomy[edit]

In 1750 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the northern harrier in the third volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "The Ring-tail'd Hawk". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a bird collected near the Hudson Bay in Canada and brought to London by James Isham.[2] When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he placed the northern harrier with the falcons and eagles in the genus Falco. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Falco hudsonius and cited Edwards' work.[3] The northern harrier is now placed in the genus Circus, introduced by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799.[4][5] The genus name Circus is derived from the Ancient Greek kirkos, referring to a bird of prey named for its circling flight (kirkos, "circle"). The specific epithet hudsonius is from "Hudson Bay", the type locality.[6] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[5]

The northern harrier was formerly considered to be conspecific with the hen harrier.[5][7][8]

Description[edit]

Juvenile flying at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, USA
Female in flight at the Llano Seco Unit of the Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex in California

The northern harrier is 41–52 cm (16–20 in)[9] long with a 97–122 cm (38–48 in) wingspan. It resembles other harriers in having distinct male and female plumages. The sexes also differ in weight, with males weighing 290 to 400 g (10 to 14 oz), with an average of 350 g (12 oz), and females weighing 390 to 750 g (14 to 26 oz), with an average of 530 g (19 oz).[9][10] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 32.8 to 40.6 cm (12.9 to 16.0 in), the tail is 19.3 to 25.8 cm (7.6 to 10.2 in) and the tarsus is 7.1 to 8.9 cm (2.8 to 3.5 in).[10] It is relatively long-winged and long-tailed, having the longest wing and tail relative to its body size of any raptor occurring in North America.[10]

The northern harrier breeds in North America, and its closest relative is the cinereous harrier (C. cinereus) of South America. The male's plumage is darker grey than that of the hen harrier, and the female is also darker and more rufous.[9] The adult male is sometimes nicknamed the "Grey Ghost", because of his striking plumage and spectral aura.[11][12]

The female gives a whistled piih-eh when receiving food from the male, and her alarm call is chit-it-it-it-it-et-it. The male calls chek-chek-chek, with a more bouncing chuk-uk-uk-uk during his display flight.

Behaviour[edit]

This medium-sized raptor breeds on moorland, bogs, prairies, farmland coastal prairies, marshes, grasslands, swamps and other assorted open areas.[13] A male will maintain a territory averaging 2.6 km2 (1.0 sq mi), though male territories have ranged from 1.7 to 150 km2 (0.66 to 57.92 sq mi).[14]

Northern harrier male perched on shrub at Point Reyes National Seashore

These are one of the few raptorial birds known to practice polygyny – one male mates with several females. Up to five females have been known to mate with one male in a season.[15] The nest is built on the ground or on a mound of dirt or vegetation. Nests are made of sticks and are lined inside with grass and leaves. Four to eight (exceptionally 2 to 10) whitish eggs are laid.[9][13] The eggs measure approximately 47 mm × 36 mm (1.9 in × 1.4 in).[16] The eggs are incubated mostly by the female for 31 to 32 days. When incubating eggs, the female sits on the nest while the male hunts and brings food to her and the chicks.[13] The male will help feed chicks after they hatch, but does not usually watch them for a greater period of time than around 5 minutes.[17] The male usually passes off food to the female, which she then feeds to the young, although later the female will capture food and simply drop into the nest for her nestlings to eat.[14] The chicks fledge at around 36 days old, though breeding maturity is not reached until 2 years in females and 3 years in males.

Hunting behavior[edit]

This is a typical harrier, which hunts on long wings held in a shallow V in its low flight during which the bird closely hugs the contours of the land below it. Northern or hen harriers hunt primarily small mammals,[18] as do most harriers. Preferred prey species can include voles, cotton rats and ground squirrels. Up to 95% of the diet comprises small mammals.[19] However, birds are hunted with some regularity as well, especially by males. Preferred avian prey include passerines of open country (i.e. sparrows, larks, pipits), small shorebirds and the young of waterfowl and galliforms. Supplementing the diet occasionally are amphibians (especially frogs), reptiles and insects (especially orthopterans).[10] The species has been observed to hunt bats if these are available.[20] Larger prey such as rabbits and adult ducks are taken sometimes and harriers have been known to subdue these by drowning them in water.[10] Harriers hunt by surprising prey while flying low to the ground in open areas, as they drift low over fields and moors.[9][13] The harriers circle an area several times listening and looking for prey.[13] Harriers use hearing regularly to find prey, as they have exceptionally good hearing for diurnal raptors, this being the function of their owl-like facial disc.[10] This harrier tends to be a very vocal bird while it glides over its hunting ground.

Mortality and competition[edit]

Little information is available on longevity in northern harriers. The longest lived known bird is 16 years and 5 months. However, adults rarely live more than 8 years. Early mortality mainly results from predation. Predators of eggs and nestlings include raccoons, skunks, badgers, foxes, crows and ravens, dogs, and owls. Fledglings are also predated regularly, especially by great horned owls.[21] Both parents attack potential predators with alarm calls and striking with talons. Short-eared owls are natural competitors of this species that favor the same prey and habitat, as well as having a similarly broad distribution. Occasionally, both harriers and short-eared owls will harass each other until the victim drops its prey and it can be stolen, a practice known as kleptoparasitism. Most commonly, the harriers are the aggressors pirating prey from owls.[22]

Status[edit]

This species has a large range, and there is evidence of a population decline, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). It is therefore classified as "least concern".[1]

Relationship with humans[edit]

Some Native American tribes[which?] believe that seeing a hawk on your wedding day is a sign of a long, happy marriage. Unlike many raptors, hen or northern harriers have historically been favorably regarded by farmers because they eat mice that damage crops and predators of quail eggs. Harriers are sometimes called "good hawks" because they pose no threat to poultry as some hawks do. Heavy pesticide use in the 1970s and 1980s caused a decline in harrier populations.[13]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Circus hudsonius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22727740A94959659. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727740A94959659.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Edwards, George (1750). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Vol. 3. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 107, Plate 107.
  3. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 128.
  4. ^ Lacépède, Bernard Germain de (1799). "Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux". Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle (in French). Paris: Plassan. p. 4. Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.
  5. ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  6. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 109, 195. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. ^ Etherington, Graham J.; Mobley, Jason A. (2016). "Molecular phylogeny, morphology and life-history comparisons within Circus cyaneus reveal the presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages". Avian Research. 7 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/s40657-016-0052-3.
  8. ^ Chesser, R. Terry; Burns, Kevin J.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, John L.; Kratter, Andrew W; Lovette, Irby J; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F.; Winker, Kevin (2017). "Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk. 134 (3): 751–773. doi:10.1642/AUK-17-72.1.
  9. ^ a b c d e del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-15-3.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D.A. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-8026-3.
  11. ^ "If you've seen a Northern Harrier in flight, you know they are beautiful". Kawartha Lakes This Week. Lindsay, Ontario. June 11, 2018.
  12. ^ Zimmer, David M. (October 20, 2014). "Historic Farm Holds Growing Appeal". The Record. Bergen County, New Jersey. p. L.6.
  13. ^ a b c d e f "Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus)". Wildlife Fact Sheets. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  14. ^ a b Macwhirter, R.; Bildstein, K. (1996). Northern Harrier. The Birds of North America. pp. 1–25.
  15. ^ "Northern Harrier". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  16. ^ Baicich, P.; Harrison, C. (1997). A Guide to the Nests, Eggs, and Nestlings of North American Birds. New York, NY: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0120728312.
  17. ^ Weidensaul, Scott (1996). Raptors: the birds of prey. Lyons & Burford. ISBN 978-1-55821-275-6.
  18. ^ "Northern Harrier | Audubon Field Guide". Audubon. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
  19. ^ Ryser, F. (1985). Birds of the Great Basin: A Natural History. Reno, Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0874170801.
  20. ^ Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; Lučan, R. K.; Jones, D. N.; Tryjanowski, P. (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective". Mammal Review. 46 (3): 160–174. doi:10.1111/mam.12060.
  21. ^ Wheeler, B.; Clark, W. (1995). A Photographic Guide to North American Raptors. San Diego: Academic Press Inc. ISBN 978-0713667639.
  22. ^ "Short-eared Owl – Asio flammeus". owlpages.com. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2015.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Circus hudsonius.
Wikispecies has information related to Circus hudsonius.
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