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A maximum of three Nobel Laureates and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.<ref name=what>[http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/prize.html "What the Nobel Laureates Receive"], accessed November 1, 2007.</ref>
A maximum of three Nobel Laureates and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.<ref name=what>[http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/prize.html "What the Nobel Laureates Receive"], accessed November 1, 2007.</ref>


These [[Nobel Laureate]]s are decided upon by the [[Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet]], a body of 50 professors of the Karolinska Institute. The working body of the Assembly involved in screening candidates is a [[Nobel Committee]] that consists of five members elected by the Nobel Assembly.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/medicine/ Nobelprize.org: Prize Awarder for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine], accessed on October 5, 2009</ref> In its first stage, several thousand people are asked to nominate candidates. These names are scrutinized and discussed by experts until only the winners remain.
These [[Nobel Laureate]]s are decided upon by the [[Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet]], a body of 50 professors of the Karolinska Institute. The working body of the Assembly involved in screening candidates is a [[Nobel Committee]] that consists of five members elected by the Nobel Assembly.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/medicine/ Nobelprize.org: Prize Awarder for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine], accessed on October 5, 2009</ref> In its first stage, several thousand people are asked to nominate candidates. These names are scrutinized and discussed by experts until only the winners remain. Forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, are sent to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years. In practice some nominees do become known. It is also common for publicists to make such a claim, founded or not.


⚫
The nominations are screened by the [[Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine]], and a list is produced of approximately two hundred preliminary candidates. This list is forwarded to selected experts in the field. They remove all but approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations to the appropriate institution. While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can occur if the individual died in the months between the nomination and the decision of the prize committee.
Forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, are sent to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years. In practice some nominees do become known. It is also common for publicists to make such a claim, founded or not.

⚫
The nominations are screened by the [[Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine]], and a list is produced of approximately two hundred preliminary candidates. This list is forwarded to selected experts in the field. They remove all but approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations to the appropriate institution.

While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can occur if the individual died in the months between the nomination and the decision of the prize committee.


== Prizes ==
== Prizes ==

Revision as of 20:08, 14 June 2010

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
DescriptionOutstanding contributions in Physiology or Medicine
CountrySweden
Presented byRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences
First awarded1901
Websitehttp://nobelprize.org
Front side of an award medal in physiology or medicine.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded once a year by the Swedish Karolinska Institute. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, and Physiology or Medicine since 1901. The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil Adolf von Behring, "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of biological science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths." This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in these fields. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. "The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty King of Sweden. ... Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount".[1]

In 2009 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak of the United States "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"; they share the prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK (slightly more than €1 million, or US$1.4 million). The front side of "The medal of the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute" provides the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature; its reverse side "represents the Genius of Medicine holding an open book in her lap, collecting the water pouring out from a rock in order to quench a sick girl's thirst".[2]

Background

Alfred Nobel requested in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature.[3][4] Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.[5][6] Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish kronor (US$186 million in 2008), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes.[7] Due to the level of scepticism surrounding the will it was not until April 26, 1897 that it was approved by the Storting (Norwegian Parliament).[8][9] The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organise the prizes.

The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on June 7, the Swedish Academy on June 9, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on June 11.[10][11] The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II.[12][9][13] According to Nobel's will, the Karolinska Institutet were to award the Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[13]

Nomination and selection

A maximum of three Nobel Laureates and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[14]

These Nobel Laureates are decided upon by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, a body of 50 professors of the Karolinska Institute. The working body of the Assembly involved in screening candidates is a Nobel Committee that consists of five members elected by the Nobel Assembly.[15] In its first stage, several thousand people are asked to nominate candidates. These names are scrutinized and discussed by experts until only the winners remain. Forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, are sent to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years. In practice some nominees do become known. It is also common for publicists to make such a claim, founded or not.

The nominations are screened by the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine, and a list is produced of approximately two hundred preliminary candidates. This list is forwarded to selected experts in the field. They remove all but approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations to the appropriate institution. While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can occur if the individual died in the months between the nomination and the decision of the prize committee.

Prizes

A Medicine or Physiology Nobel Prize laureate, earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.[16] The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year.[17] If a prize is awarded to more than one laureate, the money is either split evenly among them or, for three laureates, it may be divided into a half and two quarters.[18] If a prize is awarded jointly to two or more laureates the money is split among them.[18]

Nobel Prize Medals

The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket[19] in Sweden and the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front side of the medal). The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833–1896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design.[20][21] The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the Nobel Prize medals for Chemistry and Physics share the same design.[22]

Nobel Prize Diplomas

Nobel laureates receive a Diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden. Each Diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate that receives it.[23] The Diploma contains a picture and text which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize. No Nobel Peace Prize has ever had a citation on its diplomas.[23]

Award Money

The laureate is also given a sum of money when they receive the Nobel Prize, in the form of a document confirming the amount awarded; in 2009 the monetary award was 10 million SEK (US$1.4 million).[17] The amount of prize money may differ depending on how much money the Nobel Foundation can award that year. If there are two winners in a particular category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients. If there are three, the awarding committee has the option of dividing the grant equally, or awarding one-half to one recipient and one-quarter to each of the others.[24][25][26][27]

The Nobel Award Ceremony

The committee and institution serving as the selection board for the prize typically announce the names of the laureates in October. The prize is then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. "The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty the King of Sweden. ... Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount".[14]

The Nobel Banquet is the banquet that is held every year in Stockholm City Hall in connection with the Nobel Prize.[14][28]

Laureates

Main article: List of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine

See Also

References

  1. ^ "What the Nobel Laureates Receive". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  2. ^ "The Nobel Prize Medal for Physiology or Medicine". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
  3. ^ "History – Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (1833–1896)". BBC. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  4. ^ "Guide to Nobel Prize". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  5. ^ Ragnar Sohlman: 1983, Page 7
  6. ^ von Euler, U.S. (6 June 1981). "The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science" (PDF). Die Naturwissenschaften. Springer-Verlag. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  7. ^ "The Will of Alfred Nobel", nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
  8. ^ "The Nobel Foundation – History". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  9. ^ a b Agneta Wallin Levinovitz: 2001, Page 13
  10. ^ "Nobel Prize History —". Infoplease.com. 1999-10-13. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  11. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Nobel Foundation (Scandinavian organisation) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2010-01-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ AFP, "Alfred Nobel's last will and testament", The Local(5 October 2009): accessed 20 January 2010.
  13. ^ a b "Nobel Prize" (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 15 January 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:

    After Nobel’s death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions—three Swedish and one Norwegian—should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions.

  14. ^ a b c "What the Nobel Laureates Receive", accessed November 1, 2007.
  15. ^ Nobelprize.org: Prize Awarder for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, accessed on October 5, 2009
  16. ^ Tom Rivers (2009-12-10). "2009 Nobel Laureates Receive Their Honors | Europe| English". .voanews.com. Retrieved 2010-01-15. {{cite web}}: Text "London 10 December 2009" ignored (help)
  17. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  18. ^ a b "Nobel Prize – Prizes" (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 15 January 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:

    Each Nobel Prize consists of a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money, the amount of which depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation. (A sum of $1,300,000 accompanied each prize in 2005.) A Nobel Prize is either given entirely to one person, divided equally between two persons, or shared by three persons. In the latter case, each of the three persons can receive a one-third share of the prize or two together can receive a one-half share.
  19. ^ "Medalj – ett traditionellt hantverk" (in Swedish). Myntverket. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
  20. ^ "The Nobel Prize for Peace", "Linus Pauling: Awards, Honors, and Medals", Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History, the Valley Library, Oregon State University. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
  21. ^ "The Nobel Medals". Ceptualinstitute.com. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  22. ^ "Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Front and back images of the medal. 1954", "Source: Photo by Eric Arnold. Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers. Honors and Awards, 1954h2.1", "All Documents and Media: Pictures and Illustrations", Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History, the Valley Library, Oregon State University. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
  23. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize Diplomas". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  24. ^ Sample, Ian (2009-10-05). "Nobel prize for medicine shared by scientists for work on ageing and cancer | Science | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  25. ^ Ian Sample, Science correspondent (2008-10-07). "Three share Nobel prize for physics | Science | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
  26. ^ David Landes. "Americans claim Nobel economics prize – The Local". Thelocal.se. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  27. ^ "The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics - Press Release". Nobelprize.org. 2009-10-06. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
  28. ^ Nobel Prize Foundation Website

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