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Sikh devidatta was son of nanumal of patiala state and was held captive by Marathas unless tribute was paid by Marathas. He was not a maratha General but to be released from captivity, offered to help the Marathas against Rajputs and Ranghars
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{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Maratha–Sikh Clashes
| conflict = Maratha–Patiala State Clashes
| width = 350px
| width = 350px
| partof =
| partof =
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| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption =
| date = 1766–1798
| date = 1785–1798
| place = [[India]]
| place = [[India]]
| coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template -->
| coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template -->
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| combatant2 = [[File:Patiala flag.svg|25px]] [[Patiala State|Sikhs]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Patiala flag.svg|25px]] [[Patiala State|Sikhs]]
| combatant3 =
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Bapu Malhar <br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Dhar Rao <br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Devi datta <br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Lakshmi rao <br>
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Bapu Malhar <br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Dhar Rao<br> [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Lacchman rao <br>
| commander2 = [[File:Patiala flag.svg|25px]] [[Bibi Sahib Kaur]]<br>[[File:Patiala flag.svg|25px]] Raja Bhag Singh <br>[[File:Patiala flag.svg|25px]] Gudrat Singh <br>
| commander2 = [[File:Patiala flag.svg|25px]] [[Bibi Sahib Kaur]]<br>[[File:Patiala flag.svg|25px]] Raja Bhag Singh
| commander3 =
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units1 =
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| result = Maratha Victory
| result = Maratha Victory
}}
}}
The '''Maratha–Sikh clashes''' were a significant chapter in Indian military history, in which two formidable powers, the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] and the [[Sikhs]], collided in a series of engagements and battles. This period of conflict, often argued to be marked by strategic brilliance, fierce battles, and shifting alliances, occurred in 18th-century India—a time when regional powers vied for dominance and control.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hari Ram Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280260 |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol I |date=1944}}</ref>
The '''Maratha–Patiala clashes''' were a significant chapter in Indian military history, in which two formidable powers, the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] and the [[Patiala State]], collided in a series of engagements and battles. This period of conflict, often argued to be marked by strategic brilliance, fierce battles, and shifting alliances, occurred in 18th-century India—a time when regional powers vied for dominance and control.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hari Ram Gupta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280260 |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol I |date=1944}}</ref>


== Background ==
== Background ==
The conflict unfolded against the backdrop of the 18th century, a time when the [[Indian subcontinent]] was marked by a mosaic of regional powers vying for supremacy. In this era, the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] and [[Sikhs]] emerged as formidable players, each with a distinct martial tradition and territorial ambitions. The conflict witnessed repeated incursions and counterattacks as [[Sikhs]] and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] sought to assert their dominance over strategic regions. Sikh forces, under various leaders, were known to launch raids into Maratha territories, targeting military camps and supply lines. These incursions, marked by cavalry charges and guerrilla tactics, often caught the Maratha forces off guard. The Marathas, in response, mounted defenses against these Sikh offensives. They fortified their camps, employed advanced artillery, and devised strategies to counter the Sikh cavalry. The clash of these two states played out across diverse landscapes, from the fertile plains to the rugged terrains of the subcontinent. However, the narrative of these clashes was far from one-sided. While the Sikhs were initially successful in their attacks, the Marathas turned the tide in several engagements. Despite facing losses in the initial stages, the Marathas adapted their strategies, learning from each encounter and strengthening their defensive and offensive capabilities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harban |url=http://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z |title=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism - Volume IV S-Z |year=1992 |pages=18 |language=English}}</ref>
The conflict unfolded against the backdrop of the 18th century, a time when the [[Indian subcontinent]] was marked by a mosaic of regional powers vying for supremacy. In this era, the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] and [[Patiala State]] emerged as formidable players, each with a distinct martial tradition and territorial ambitions. The conflict witnessed repeated incursions and counterattacks as [[Patiala State]] and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] sought to assert their dominance over strategic regions. Patiala State forces, under various leaders, were known to launch raids into Maratha territories, targeting military camps and supply lines. These incursions, marked by cavalry charges and guerrilla tactics, often caught the Maratha forces off guard. The Marathas, in response, mounted defenses against these Sikh offensives. They fortified their camps, employed advanced artillery, and devised strategies to counter the Sikh cavalry. The clash of these two states played out across diverse landscapes, from the fertile plains to the rugged terrains of the subcontinent. However, the narrative of these clashes was far from one-sided. While the Sikhs were initially successful in their attacks, the Marathas turned the tide in several engagements. Despite facing losses in the initial stages, the Marathas adapted their strategies, learning from each encounter and strengthening their defensive and offensive capabilities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harban |url=http://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z |title=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism - Volume IV S-Z |year=1992 |pages=18 |language=English}}</ref>


== List of Major Conflicts ==
== List of Major Conflicts ==

Revision as of 23:10, 8 January 2024

Maratha–Patiala State Clashes
Date1785–1798
Location
India
Result Maratha Victory
Belligerents
Maratha Empire Sikhs
Commanders and leaders
Bapu Malhar
Dhar Rao
Lacchman rao
Bibi Sahib Kaur
Raja Bhag Singh
Strength
7,000-12,000 25,000-30,000
Casualties and losses
Less High

The Maratha–Patiala clashes were a significant chapter in Indian military history, in which two formidable powers, the Marathas and the Patiala State, collided in a series of engagements and battles. This period of conflict, often argued to be marked by strategic brilliance, fierce battles, and shifting alliances, occurred in 18th-century India—a time when regional powers vied for dominance and control.[1]

Background

The conflict unfolded against the backdrop of the 18th century, a time when the Indian subcontinent was marked by a mosaic of regional powers vying for supremacy. In this era, the Marathas and Patiala State emerged as formidable players, each with a distinct martial tradition and territorial ambitions. The conflict witnessed repeated incursions and counterattacks as Patiala State and Marathas sought to assert their dominance over strategic regions. Patiala State forces, under various leaders, were known to launch raids into Maratha territories, targeting military camps and supply lines. These incursions, marked by cavalry charges and guerrilla tactics, often caught the Maratha forces off guard. The Marathas, in response, mounted defenses against these Sikh offensives. They fortified their camps, employed advanced artillery, and devised strategies to counter the Sikh cavalry. The clash of these two states played out across diverse landscapes, from the fertile plains to the rugged terrains of the subcontinent. However, the narrative of these clashes was far from one-sided. While the Sikhs were initially successful in their attacks, the Marathas turned the tide in several engagements. Despite facing losses in the initial stages, the Marathas adapted their strategies, learning from each encounter and strengthening their defensive and offensive capabilities.[2]

List of Major Conflicts

Maratha victory Sikh victory

The table below lists some of the major military conflicts of Marathas and Sikhs.

Year Conflicts Marathas Commander Sikh Commander Locations Result
1785 CE Battle of Merut Bapu Malhar Unknown Delhi Marathas defeated forces of Sikhs invited by Najaf Quli Khan to raid Dehli[3]
1786 CE Battle of Banur Dhar rao Unknown Punjab Marathas repulsed the invasion of Sikhs who marched against the Raja of Patiala[4]
1787 CE Battle of Sonipat Unknown Unknown Sonipat Sikhs contingent ravaged territory of Sonipat but a body of Marathas attacked them, seized some of the horses and drove them away[5]
1793 CE Battle of Doab Bapu Malhar Unknown Doab Sikhs Bapu Malhar routed Sikhs forces near Doab and killed 50 Sikhs, the defeated Sikhs fled to Patiala[6]
1793 CE Battle of Karnal Devi Datta Gurdat Singh Karnal Devi datta twice routed Sikh forces led by gudrat singh and expelled then from territory[7]
1793 CE Battle of Delhi Khanderao Hari Unknown Delhi Khanderao hari successfully replused Sikhs contingent which were ravaging Delhi[8]
1794 CE Battle of Mardanpur Lakshmi Rao Bibi Sahib Kaur Patiala During the night the Sikhs made a surprise attack on Madho Rao who was busy performing the funeary rites of his dead soldiers. Following another attack by the Sikhs before dawn, the Marathas retired to Karnal.[9]
1798 CE Second Battle of Karnal Thomas Rebellion Sikhs Karnal Thomas (irish general underMarathas) defeated and killed 1000 Sikhs who tried to rebel against the Marathas[10]

References

  1. ^ Hari Ram Gupta (1944). History Of The Sikhs Vol I.
  2. ^ Singh, Harban (1992). The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism - Volume IV S-Z. p. 18.
  3. ^ History of The Sikhs Hari Ram Gupta, p.179
  4. ^ History of The Sikhs Hari Ram Gupta
  5. ^ History of The Sikhs Hari Ram Gupta, p.201
  6. ^ History of The Sikhs Hari Ram Gupta, p.245
  7. ^ History of The Sikhs Hari Ram Gupta, p.247
  8. ^ History of The Sikhs Hari Ram Gupta
  9. ^ Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1999). Sikhs of the Eighteenth Century. Singh Bros. p. 505. ISBN 9788172052171.
  10. ^ History of The Sikhs Hari Ram Gupta
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