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Coordinates: 38°44′00″N 41°29′28″E / 38.73333°N 41.49111°E / 38.73333; 41.49111
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| image_caption =
| image_caption =
| image_shield =
| image_shield =
| image_logo = Mus-Belediyesilogo.png
| image_logo =
| coordinates = {{coord|38|44|00|N|41|29|28|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|38|44|00|N|41|29|28|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| province = Muş
| province = Muş
| district = Muş
| district = Muş
| leader_party = AKP
| leader_party = DEM
| leader_name = Feyat Asya
| leader_name = Sırrı Söylemez
| area_footnotes =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_km2 =
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| website = {{url|http://www.mus.bel.tr/}}
| website = {{url|http://www.mus.bel.tr/}}
}}
}}
'''Muş''' ({{IPA-tr|muʃ|pron}}; {{lang-hy|Մուշ}}; {{lang-ku|Mûş}})<ref>{{cite book |author1=Adem Avcıkıran |url= |title=Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî |date=2009 |page=56 |language=tr, ku |access-date=}}</ref> is a city in eastern [[Turkey]]. It is the seat of [[Muş Province]] and [[Muş District]].<ref name=il>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İl Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 22 May 2023.</ref> Its population is 120,699 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=22 May 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> Almost all of its population consists of [[Kurds]].<ref name="I.B.Tauris">{{cite book|last1=Saracoglu|first1=Cenk|title=Kurds of Modern Turkey: Migration, Neoliberalism and Exclusion in Turkish Society|date=2010|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LogAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=Muş+population+kurds 194]}}</ref><ref name="Ashgate Publishing">{{cite book|last1=Tas|first1=Latif|title=Legal Pluralism in Action: Dispute Resolution and the Kurdish Peace Committee|date=2014|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ-rBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=Muş+kurds+majority 33]}}</ref>
'''Muş''' ({{IPA-tr|muʃ|pron}}; {{lang-hy|Մուշ}}; {{lang-ku|Mûş|script=Latn}})<ref>{{cite book |author1=Adem Avcıkıran |url= |title=Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî |date=2009 |page=56 |language=tr, ku |access-date=}}</ref> is a city in eastern [[Turkey]]. It is the seat of [[Muş Province]] and [[Muş District]].<ref name=il>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İl Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 22 May 2023.</ref> Its population is 120,699 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=22 May 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> Almost all of its population consists of [[Kurds]].<ref name="I.B.Tauris">{{cite book|last1=Saracoglu|first1=Cenk|title=Kurds of Modern Turkey: Migration, Neoliberalism and Exclusion in Turkish Society|date=2010|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LogAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=Muş+population+kurds 194]}}</ref><ref name="Ashgate Publishing">{{cite book|last1=Tas|first1=Latif|title=Legal Pluralism in Action: Dispute Resolution and the Kurdish Peace Committee|date=2014|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ-rBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=Muş+kurds+majority 33]}}</ref>


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
Various explanations of the origin of Muş's name exist. Its name is sometimes associated with the [[Armenian language|Armenian]] word ''mshush'' ({{lang-hy|մշուշ}}), meaning fog, explained by the fact that the town and the surrounding plain are frequently covered in fog in the mornings.<ref name="Mush">{{cite book|last1=Hakobyan|first1=Tadevos Kh.|url=http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=61&query=%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7|title=Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան [Dictionary of toponymy of Armenia and adjacent territories]|last2=Melik-Bakhshyan|first2=Stepan T.|last3=Barseghyan|first3=Hovhannes Kh.|date=1991|publisher=Yerevan State University Press|volume=3|location=Yerevan|page=892|language=hy}}</ref> The 17th-century explorer [[Evliya Çelebi]] relates a myth where a giant mouse created by Nemrud ([[Nimrod]]) destroys the city and its inhabitants, after which the city was named Muş (''muš'' means "mouse" in Persian).<ref name=":0">{{citation |last=Petrosyan |first=Armen |title=The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic |date=2002 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3656244 |pages=140–142 |place=Washington, D.C |publisher=Institute for the Study of Man |isbn=9780941694810}}.</ref> Others have proposed a connection with the names of different ancient Anatolian peoples, the [[Mushki]] or the [[Mysians]], or the toponyms ''Mushki'' and ''Mushuni'' mentioned in [[Assyria]]n and [[Hittites|Hittite]] sources, respectively.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Hakobyan|1987|p=198}}
Various explanations of the origin of Muş's name exist. Its name is sometimes associated with the [[Armenian language|Armenian]] word {{transliteration|hy|mshush}}, meaning fog, explained by the fact that the town and the surrounding plain are frequently covered in fog in the mornings.<ref name="Mush">{{cite book|last1=Hakobyan|first1=Tadevos Kh.|url=http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=61&query=%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7|title=Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան [Dictionary of toponymy of Armenia and adjacent territories]|last2=Melik-Bakhshyan|first2=Stepan T.|last3=Barseghyan|first3=Hovhannes Kh.|date=1991|publisher=Yerevan State University Press|volume=3|location=Yerevan|page=892|language=hy}}</ref> The 17th-century explorer [[Evliya Çelebi]] relates a myth where a giant mouse created by Nemrud ([[Nimrod]]) destroys the city and its inhabitants, after which the city was named Muş ({{transliteration|fa|muš}} means "mouse" in Persian).<ref name=":0">{{citation |last=Petrosyan |first=Armen |title=The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic |date=2002 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3656244 |pages=140–142 |place=Washington, D.C |publisher=Institute for the Study of Man |isbn=9780941694810}}.</ref> Others have proposed a connection with the names of different ancient Anatolian peoples, the [[Mushki]] or the [[Mysians]], or the toponyms ''Mushki'' and ''Mushuni'' mentioned in [[Assyria]]n and [[Hittites|Hittite]] sources, respectively.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Hakobyan|1987|p=198}}
history of mushah or muorah or moukian is in sharafnamah mahravi tha published in tehran 2023_2024.


== History ==
== History ==
⚫
[[File:Armenian monastery of s apostles in moush.jpg|thumb|4th-century [[Arakelots Monastery]] before its destruction during the [[Armenian Genocide]].]]

=== Ancient and medieval ===
=== Ancient and medieval ===
[[File:Bulanık Steli.jpg|thumb|A Urartian [[Bulanık Stele]], Bitlis Ahlat Museum]]
[[File:Aslanheykelimus.svg|thumb| A statue of a Lion carrying a dagger on his back as one of the works of the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] State. He was found in Aslanlı Han in the city of Muş.]]
An inscription belonging to [[Urartu|Urartian]] King [[Argishti I of Urartu|Argisti I]] (785-765 BC) was unearthed near [[Kepenek Castle]]. The inscription is now under protection by the Muş Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. The inscription in question reads:
⚫
The date of foundation of Mush is unknown, although a settlement is believed to have been around by the time of [[Menua]], the king of [[Urartu]] (c. 800 BC), whose cuneiform inscription was found in the city's vicinity.{{sfn|Hakobyan|1987|p=199}} During the [[Middle Ages]], Mush was the center of the [[Taron (historic Armenia)|Taron]] region of Armenia. It is first mentioned as a city in Armenian manuscripts of the 9th and 10th centuries. In the late 8th century Mush, along with the Taron region, came under control of the Armenian [[Bagratid Armenia|Bagratid (Bagratuni) dynasty]], who reconquered it from the [[Arabs]]. Mush and the Taron region was captured and annexed to the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 969.<ref name="Syrian Christians Under Islam">{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=David Richard|title=Syrian Christians Under Islam: The First Thousand Years|date=2001|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004120556|pages=160}}</ref>
{{blockquote|To Master Haldi, Argisti, son of Minua, this silence He built his temple and a castle perfectly (and) took his name from Argistihinil put it. Thanks to the greatness of Haldi (I am) Minua son of Argisti, mighty king, great king, King of the Land of Bianili, lord of the City of Tuspa}}<ref name="Sırrı Tiryaki">{{Cite web | url =https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2154357| title =Eski Çağ’da Muş| date =29 July 2019| publisher =Iğdır University Sos Bil Der| language = Turkish | archive-url =| archive-date =|page=24}}</ref>
⚫
The date of foundation of Mush is unknown, although a settlement is believed to have been around by the time of [[Menua]], the king of [[Urartu]] (c. 800 BC), whose cuneiform inscription was found in the city's vicinity.{{sfn|Hakobyan|1987|p=199}} During the [[Middle Ages]], Mush was the center of the [[Taron (historic Armenia)|Taron]] region of Armenia. It is first mentioned as a city in Armenian manuscripts of the 9th and 10th centuries. In the late 8th century, Mush, along with the Taron region, came under control of the Armenian [[Bagratid Armenia|Bagratid (Bagratuni) dynasty]], who reconquered it from the [[Arabs]]. Mush and the Taron region were captured and annexed to the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 969.<ref name="Syrian Christians Under Islam">{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=David Richard|title=Syrian Christians Under Islam: The First Thousand Years|date=2001|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004120556|pages=160}}</ref>


⚫
[[File:Armenian monastery of s apostles in moush.jpg|thumb|4th-century [[Arakelots Monastery]] before its destruction during the [[Armenian Genocide]].]]
After the 11th century, the town was ruled by Islamic dynasties such as the [[Ahlatshahs]], [[Ayyubids]], [[Ilkhanids]] and [[Kara Koyunlu]]. In the 10th-13th centuries Mush developed into a major city with an estimated population of 20 to 25 thousand people.{{sfn|Hakobyan|1987|pp=-199-200}} In 1387 the central Asian ruler [[Timur]] crossed the area and apparently captured Mush town without a battle.<ref name="Eastern Turkey" /> Later the [[Aq Qoyunlu|Akkoyunlu]] ruled the area and in the 16th the Ottomans took control over the town and region in the 16th century from the Persian [[Safavids]]. Mush remained part of the Ottoman Empire till the early 20th century and during these times retained a large Armenian population. In 1821 [[Ottoman–Persian War (1821–1823)|a Persian invasion]] reached Mush.<ref name="Eastern Turkey" />
After the 11th century, the town was ruled by Islamic dynasties such as the [[Ahlatshahs]], [[Ayyubids]], [[Ilkhanids]] and [[Kara Koyunlu]]. In the 10th-13th centuries Mush developed into a major city with an estimated population of 20 to 25 thousand people.{{sfn|Hakobyan|1987|pp=-199-200}} In 1387 the central Asian ruler [[Timur]] crossed the area and apparently captured Mush town without a battle.<ref name="Eastern Turkey" /> Later the [[Aq Qoyunlu|Akkoyunlu]] ruled the area and in the 16th the Ottomans took control over the town and region in the 16th century from the Persian [[Safavids]]. Mush remained part of the Ottoman Empire till the early 20th century and during these times retained a large Armenian population. In 1821 [[Ottoman–Persian War (1821–1823)|a Persian invasion]] reached Mush.<ref name="Eastern Turkey" />


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British traveller [[H. F. B. Lynch]] travelled to Muş at the end of the 19th century. He described the city as "the most mis-governed town in the Ottoman Empire".<ref name=vgm/>
British traveller [[H. F. B. Lynch]] travelled to Muş at the end of the 19th century. He described the city as "the most mis-governed town in the Ottoman Empire".<ref name=vgm/>


At the turn of the twentieth century, the city had around 20,000 inhabitants, of which 11,000 were Muslims, while 9,000 were Christian Armenians.{{sfn|Hakobyan|1987|p=200}} According to the Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) the town had 27,000 inhabitants, of whom 13,300 were Muslims and 13,700 Armenians.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Mush}}</ref> According to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (1911) the population was nearly equally divided between [[Kurds]] and [[Armenians]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Mush|volume=19}}</ref>
At the turn of the twentieth century, the city had around 20,000 inhabitants, of which 11,000 were Muslims, while 9,000 were Christian Armenians.{{sfn|Hakobyan|1987|p=200}} According to the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] (1913) the town had 27,000 inhabitants, of whom 13,300 were Muslims and 13,700 Armenians.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Mush}}</ref> According to the ''[[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (1911) the population was nearly equally divided between [[Kurds]] and [[Armenians]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Mush|volume=19}}</ref>

The town's Muslim population was the subject of the Muş Massacre during [[World War I]] (1914-1918).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karadeniz |first=Yılmaz |date= |title=Armenian Atrocities in Muş Sanjak (1915-1918) |url=https://www.historystudies.net/eng/armenian-atrocities-in-mus-sanjak-1915-1918_174 |journal=History Studies International Journal of History |language=en |volume=2 |issue=Özel Sayı |pages=184–194 |doi=10.9737/hist_229}}</ref>


During the [[Armenian genocide]] of 1915 the indigenous Armenian population of the region was exterminated.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Christopher J.|author-link=Christopher J. Walker|title=Armenia: The Survival of a Nation|year=1990|orig-year=1980|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-04230-1|edition=2nd|pages=211–212}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dadrian |first1=Vahakn N. |last2=Akçam |first2=Taner |author-link1=Vahakn Dadrian |author-link2=Taner Akçam |title=Judgment At Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials |date=2011 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |isbn=9780857452863 |page=37}}</ref>{{sfn|Kévorkian|2011|pp=339-345}} Over 140,000 Armenians of the Mush [[sanjak]] (living in 234 villages and towns){{sfn|Kévorkian|2011|p=345}} were targeted in June and July 1915.{{sfn|Kévorkian|2011|p=339}} Military-aged Armenian men were conscripted to serve in [[World War I]]. The Armenian population was largely defenseless to these threats.<ref name="Suny"/> The massacre of the Armenian population of the city of Mush came only after the surrounding villages were destroyed.<ref name="Suny">{{cite book|last=Suny|first=Ronald G.|author-link=Ronald Grigor Suny|title="They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400865581|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-zBtBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA289&dq=Muş+armenians+1915 289]}}</ref>
During the [[Armenian genocide]] of 1915 the indigenous Armenian population of the region was exterminated.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Christopher J.|author-link=Christopher J. Walker|title=Armenia: The Survival of a Nation|year=1990|orig-year=1980|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-04230-1|edition=2nd|pages=211–212}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dadrian |first1=Vahakn N. |last2=Akçam |first2=Taner |author-link1=Vahakn Dadrian |author-link2=Taner Akçam |title=Judgment At Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials |date=2011 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |isbn=9780857452863 |page=37}}</ref>{{sfn|Kévorkian|2011|pp=339-345}} Over 140,000 Armenians of the Mush [[sanjak]] (living in 234 villages and towns){{sfn|Kévorkian|2011|p=345}} were targeted in June and July 1915.{{sfn|Kévorkian|2011|p=339}} Military-aged Armenian men were conscripted to serve in World War I.<ref>{{cite book |title= America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915 |first=Jay |last=Winter |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |page=62|quote=As a result nearly all able-bodied Armenian men were conscripted into the Ottoman army, starting with the 20–45 age group and subsequently extending the call to groups aged 18–20 and 45–60.}}</ref> The Armenian population was largely defenseless to these threats.<ref name="Suny" /> The massacre of the Armenian population of the city of Mush came only after the surrounding villages were destroyed.<ref name="Suny">{{cite book|last=Suny|first=Ronald G.|author-link=Ronald Grigor Suny|title="They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide|date=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400865581|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-zBtBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA289&dq=Muş+armenians+1915 289]}}</ref>


The town was captured during by the forces of the [[Russian Empire]] in February 1916 during the [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tucker|first=Spencer C.|title=The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia|date=2013-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-50694-0|pages=175|language=en}}</ref> It was recaptur by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal's]] Turkish Second Army in 1917.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1993 |title=Mūs̲h̲ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=E. J. Brill |location=Leiden |last=Kramers |first=J. H. |date=1993 |editor-last=Bosworth |editor-first=C. E.|editor-last2=Pellat |editor-first2=Ch.|editor-last3=Van Donzel|editor-first3=E.|editor-last4=Heinrichs |editor-first4=W. P. |edition=New |volume=VII}}</ref>
The town was captured during by the forces of the [[Russian Empire]] in February 1916 during the [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tucker|first=Spencer C.|title=The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia|date=2013-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-50694-0|pages=175|language=en}}</ref> It was recaptured by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal's]] [[Second Army (Ottoman Empire)|Turkish Second Army]] in 1917.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1993 |title=Mūs̲h̲ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=E. J. Brill |location=Leiden |last=Kramers |first=J. H. |date=1993 |editor-last=Bosworth |editor-first=C. E.|editor-last2=Pellat |editor-first2=Ch.|editor-last3=Van Donzel|editor-first3=E.|editor-last4=Heinrichs |editor-first4=W. P. |edition=New |volume=VII}}</ref>


In the 1960s, the [[Arakelots Monastery]] was dynamited by Muş officials.<ref name=Maranci>{{cite book|author-link=Christina Maranci|first=Christina|last=Maranci|contribution=The Art and Architecture of Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush|title=Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush|editor=Richard G. Hovannisian|editor-link=Richard G. Hovannisian|location=Costa Mesa, California|publisher=Mazda Press|year=2002|pages=120–122|isbn=978-1-56859-136-0}}</ref>
In the 1960s, the [[Arakelots Monastery]] was dynamited by Muş officials.<ref name=Maranci>{{cite book|author-link=Christina Maranci|first=Christina|last=Maranci|contribution=The Art and Architecture of Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush|title=Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush|editor=Richard G. Hovannisian|editor-link=Richard G. Hovannisian|location=Costa Mesa, California|publisher=Mazda Press|year=2002|pages=120–122|isbn=978-1-56859-136-0}}</ref>
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== Tourism and main sights ==
== Tourism and main sights ==
[[File:Sulukh Bridge 002.jpg|thumb|View of [[Murat Bridge (Muş)|Murat Bridge]]]]
[[File:Sulukh Bridge 002.jpg|thumb|View of [[Murat Bridge (Muş)|Murat Bridge]]]]
The touristic places in Muş are the historical [[Murat Bridge (Muş)|Murat Bridge]], the tulips on the Muş plain, Muş Castle, [[Haspet Castle]], [[Mercimekkale Mound]], [[Lake Akdoğan]], [[Künav Cave]], [[Lake Haçlı]], and [[Kayalıdere Castle]].<ref name="Muş GoTürkiye">{{Cite web |title=Muş GoTürkiye|url=https://mus.goturkiye.com/see|access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Muş İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü|language=tr}}</ref> The area of Muş has several ruined castles. Under the rule of medieval Armenian dynasties, monasteries and churches were built in localities near Mush, such as the [[Arakelots Monastery]], [[Surp Marineh Church, Mush|Surp Marineh Church]], and [[Surb Karapet Monastery]], most of which are now ruins.
The touristic places in Muş are the historical [[Murat Bridge (Muş)|Murat Bridge]], the tulips on the [[Muş Plain]], Muş Castle, [[Kepenek Castle]], [[Haspet Castle]], [[Mercimekkale Mound]], [[Lake Akdoğan]], [[Künav Cave]], [[Lake Haçlı]],<ref name="Kültür Portalı">{{Cite web |title=Gezilecek yerler|url=https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/mus/gezilecekyer?ilId=74&keyword=&tur=0&turizmtur=0&gorsel=0&nearest=0&etiket=&sayfa=1&sayi=12&lat=0&lang=0|access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Kültür Portalı|language=tr}}</ref> [[Kayalıdere Castle]]<ref name="Muş GoTürkiye">{{Cite web |title=Muş GoTürkiye|url=https://mus.goturkiye.com/see|access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Muş İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü|language=tr}}</ref> and [[Malazgirt Castle]].<ref name="Muş Valiliği">{{Cite web | url =http://www.mus.gov.tr/kurumlar/mus.gov.tr/Hizmetler/08032017.pdf| title =60 dakikalık Muş il brifingi| date =February 2017| publisher =Muş Valiliği| language = Turkish | archive-url =| archive-date =|page=36}}</ref> The area of Muş has several ruined castles. Under the rule of medieval Armenian dynasties, monasteries and churches were built in localities near Mush, such as the [[Arakelots Monastery]], [[Surp Marineh Church, Mush|Surp Marineh Church]], and [[Surb Karapet Monastery]], most of which are now ruins.


Under the rule of Muslim dynasties, other types of buildings were built as well. There are mosques from the Ottoman and pre-Ottoman period which show influences of Seljuk architecture, such as the Alaeddin Bey (18th century),<ref name="Eastern Turkey">{{cite book|last1=Sinclair|first1=T.A.|title=Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I|date=1989|publisher=Pindar Press|isbn=9780907132325|pages=293–294–333–335}}</ref> Haci Seref (17th century),<ref name="Eastern Turkey" /> and Ulu (14th century, previously an Armenian church<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muş BasınMuş Basın / GEÇMİŞİN SİLİK İZLERİ |url=http://memlekethavadis.com/kose-yazilari/gecmisin-silik-izleri-597.html |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Memleket Havadis |language=tr}}</ref>) mosques.<ref name="Eastern Turkey" /> Other sights include caravanserais like the Yıldızlı Han (13th century) destroyed in 1916, the now almost completely ruined Aslanlı Han,<ref name="Eastern Turkey" /> the bathhouse and fountain of Alaeddin Bey, and tombs of Muslim saints.
Under the rule of Muslim dynasties, other types of buildings were built as well. There are mosques from the Ottoman and pre-Ottoman period which show influences of Seljuk architecture, such as the Alaeddin Bey (18th century),<ref name="Eastern Turkey">{{cite book|last1=Sinclair|first1=T.A.|title=Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I|date=1989|publisher=Pindar Press|isbn=9780907132325|pages=293–294–333–335}}</ref> Haci Seref (17th century),<ref name="Eastern Turkey" /> and Ulu (14th century, previously an Armenian church<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muş BasınMuş Basın / GEÇMİŞİN SİLİK İZLERİ |url=http://memlekethavadis.com/kose-yazilari/gecmisin-silik-izleri-597.html |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Memleket Havadis |language=tr}}</ref>) mosques.<ref name="Eastern Turkey" /> Other sights include caravanserais like the Yıldızlı Han (13th century) destroyed in 1916, the now almost completely ruined Aslanlı Han,<ref name="Eastern Turkey" /> the bathhouse and fountain of Alaeddin Bey, and tombs of Muslim saints.


== Transportation ==
== Transportation ==
The city is served by the [[Muş Airport]]. It has a [[Muş railway station|train station]] and a bus station(MUŞTİ).
The city is served by the [[Muş Airport]]. It has a [[Muş railway station|train station]] and a bus station (MUŞTİ).


== Demographics ==
== Demographics ==
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File:Mush Old house 1111.jpg|Old house in Muş
File:Mush Old house 1111.jpg|Old house in Muş
File:Mush Hospital 1230.jpg|Muş Hospital
File:Mush Hospital 1230.jpg|Muş Hospital
File:Mush Castle 0512.jpg|Muş Castle
File:Mush Castle 0512.jpg|[[Haspet Castle]]
File:Mush Castle 0523.jpg|Muş Castle
File:Mush Castle 0523.jpg|[[Haspet Castle]]
File:Mush 1213.jpg|View of Muş
File:Mush 1213.jpg|View of Muş
</gallery>
</gallery>
Line 134: Line 138:


== Climate ==
== Climate ==
Muş has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Dsa,'' [[Trewartha climate classification]]: ''Dc'') with cold, snowy winters and hot, very dry and very sunny summers.
Muş has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Dsa,'' [[Trewartha climate classification]]: ''Dc'') with cold, snowy winters and hot, dry and sunny summers.


{{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Muş (1991–2020, extremes 1964–2022)
{{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Muş (1991–2020, extremes 1964–2022)

Revision as of 08:16, 11 June 2024

Muş
Մուշ
Municipality
Muş is located in Turkey
Muş
Muş
Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 38°44′00″N 41°29′28″E / 38.73333°N 41.49111°E / 38.73333; 41.49111
CountryTurkey
ProvinceMuş
DistrictMuş
Government
 • MayorSırrı Söylemez (DEM)
Elevation
1,350 m (4,430 ft)
Population
 (2022)[1]
120,699
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code
49000
Area code0436
Websitewww.mus.bel.tr

Muş (pronounced [muʃ]; Armenian: Մուշ; Kurdish: Mûş)[2] is a city in eastern Turkey. It is the seat of Muş Province and Muş District.[3] Its population is 120,699 (2022).[1] Almost all of its population consists of Kurds.[4][5]

Etymology

Various explanations of the origin of Muş's name exist. Its name is sometimes associated with the Armenian word mshush, meaning fog, explained by the fact that the town and the surrounding plain are frequently covered in fog in the mornings.[6] The 17th-century explorer Evliya Çelebi relates a myth where a giant mouse created by Nemrud (Nimrod) destroys the city and its inhabitants, after which the city was named Muş (muš means "mouse" in Persian).[7] Others have proposed a connection with the names of different ancient Anatolian peoples, the Mushki or the Mysians, or the toponyms Mushki and Mushuni mentioned in Assyrian and Hittite sources, respectively.[7][8] history of mushah or muorah or moukian is in sharafnamah mahravi tha published in tehran 2023_2024.

History

Ancient and medieval

A Urartian Bulanık Stele, Bitlis Ahlat Museum

An inscription belonging to Urartian King Argisti I (785-765 BC) was unearthed near Kepenek Castle. The inscription is now under protection by the Muş Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. The inscription in question reads:

To Master Haldi, Argisti, son of Minua, this silence He built his temple and a castle perfectly (and) took his name from Argistihinil put it. Thanks to the greatness of Haldi (I am) Minua son of Argisti, mighty king, great king, King of the Land of Bianili, lord of the City of Tuspa

[9]

The date of foundation of Mush is unknown, although a settlement is believed to have been around by the time of Menua, the king of Urartu (c. 800 BC), whose cuneiform inscription was found in the city's vicinity.[10] During the Middle Ages, Mush was the center of the Taron region of Armenia. It is first mentioned as a city in Armenian manuscripts of the 9th and 10th centuries. In the late 8th century, Mush, along with the Taron region, came under control of the Armenian Bagratid (Bagratuni) dynasty, who reconquered it from the Arabs. Mush and the Taron region were captured and annexed to the Byzantine Empire in 969.[11]

4th-century Arakelots Monastery before its destruction during the Armenian Genocide.

After the 11th century, the town was ruled by Islamic dynasties such as the Ahlatshahs, Ayyubids, Ilkhanids and Kara Koyunlu. In the 10th-13th centuries Mush developed into a major city with an estimated population of 20 to 25 thousand people.[12] In 1387 the central Asian ruler Timur crossed the area and apparently captured Mush town without a battle.[13] Later the Akkoyunlu ruled the area and in the 16th the Ottomans took control over the town and region in the 16th century from the Persian Safavids. Mush remained part of the Ottoman Empire till the early 20th century and during these times retained a large Armenian population. In 1821 a Persian invasion reached Mush.[13]

Panorama of the city of Muş, then in the Ottoman Empire, photographed by the Norwegian missionary Bodil Katharine Biørn in 1905 (from the collections of the National Archives of Norway).

Modern

Russian soldiers uncover the evidence of a massacre in the former Armenian village of Sheykhalan, 1916

British traveller H. F. B. Lynch travelled to Muş at the end of the 19th century. He described the city as "the most mis-governed town in the Ottoman Empire".[14]

At the turn of the twentieth century, the city had around 20,000 inhabitants, of which 11,000 were Muslims, while 9,000 were Christian Armenians.[15] According to the Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) the town had 27,000 inhabitants, of whom 13,300 were Muslims and 13,700 Armenians.[16] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) the population was nearly equally divided between Kurds and Armenians.[17]

The town's Muslim population was the subject of the Muş Massacre during World War I (1914-1918).[18]

During the Armenian genocide of 1915 the indigenous Armenian population of the region was exterminated.[19][20][21] Over 140,000 Armenians of the Mush sanjak (living in 234 villages and towns)[22] were targeted in June and July 1915.[23] Military-aged Armenian men were conscripted to serve in World War I.[24] The Armenian population was largely defenseless to these threats.[25] The massacre of the Armenian population of the city of Mush came only after the surrounding villages were destroyed.[25]

The town was captured during by the forces of the Russian Empire in February 1916 during the World War I.[26] It was recaptured by Mustafa Kemal's Turkish Second Army in 1917.[27]

In the 1960s, the Arakelots Monastery was dynamited by Muş officials.[28]

Education

Alparslan University is one of the universities in Muş.

Tourism and main sights

View of Murat Bridge

The touristic places in Muş are the historical Murat Bridge, the tulips on the Muş Plain, Muş Castle, Kepenek Castle, Haspet Castle, Mercimekkale Mound, Lake Akdoğan, Künav Cave, Lake Haçlı,[29] Kayalıdere Castle[30] and Malazgirt Castle.[31] The area of Muş has several ruined castles. Under the rule of medieval Armenian dynasties, monasteries and churches were built in localities near Mush, such as the Arakelots Monastery, Surp Marineh Church, and Surb Karapet Monastery, most of which are now ruins.

Under the rule of Muslim dynasties, other types of buildings were built as well. There are mosques from the Ottoman and pre-Ottoman period which show influences of Seljuk architecture, such as the Alaeddin Bey (18th century),[13] Haci Seref (17th century),[13] and Ulu (14th century, previously an Armenian church[32]) mosques.[13] Other sights include caravanserais like the Yıldızlı Han (13th century) destroyed in 1916, the now almost completely ruined Aslanlı Han,[13] the bathhouse and fountain of Alaeddin Bey, and tombs of Muslim saints.

Transportation

The city is served by the Muş Airport. It has a train station and a bus station (MUŞTİ).

Demographics

In the late 19th century, H. F. B. Lynch reports that the city of Muş had two large mosques with minarets, four Armenian Apostolic churches (Surb Marineh, Surb Kirakos, Surb Avetaranotz, and Surb Stepanos) and one Armenian Catholic church.[14]

Before the Armenian genocide, Armenians formed the majority of the population in the kaza of Muş. According to the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople, on the eve of the First World War, there were 75,623 Armenians, with 113 churches, 74 monasteries, and 87 schools.[14] They were all massacred during the Armenian genocide, many of them burned in their houses.[14] Almost all Muslims were Kurds.[14]

According to the 1927 Turkish census, the Muş District had 21,486 Muslims and 13 non-Muslims.[33]

Mother tongue, Muş District, 1927 Turkish census[33]
Turkish Arabic Kurdish Circassian Other
5,921 61 14,839 570 108

Population of the municipality of Muş numbers 120,699 according to a 2022 estimate.[1] Kurds make up the majority of the population.[4][5] The rest are Arabs,[34] Crypto-Armenians,[35] Terekeme Turks and Circassians.

Gallery

  • Muş Alaeddin Pasha Mosque
    Muş Alaeddin Pasha Mosque
  • Muş Alaeddin Pasha Mosque
    Muş Alaeddin Pasha Mosque
  • Muş Ulu Mosque
    Muş Ulu Mosque
  • Muş Ulu Mosque
    Muş Ulu Mosque
  • Muş Ulu Mosque
    Muş Ulu Mosque
  • Muş Hacı Şeref Mosque
    Muş Hacı Şeref Mosque
  • Muş Tuba Mosque
    Muş Tuba Mosque
  • Muş street scene
    Muş street scene
  • Muş street scene
    Muş street scene
  • Muş street scene
    Muş street scene
  • Old house in Muş
    Old house in Muş
  • Old house in Muş
    Old house in Muş
  • Muş Hospital
    Muş Hospital
  • Haspet Castle
    Haspet Castle
  • Haspet Castle
    Haspet Castle
  • View of Muş
    View of Muş

Notable locals

Climate

Muş has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsa, Trewartha climate classification: Dc) with cold, snowy winters and hot, dry and sunny summers.

Climate data for Muş (1991–2020, extremes 1964–2022)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		32.2
(90.0) 		37.4
(99.3) 		41.6
(106.9) 		41.2
(106.2) 		37.0
(98.6) 		30.6
(87.1) 		22.8
(73.0) 		16.0
(60.8) 		41.6
(106.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −2.8
(27.0) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		6.8
(44.2) 		15.4
(59.7) 		21.7
(71.1) 		28.3
(82.9) 		33.6
(92.5) 		33.9
(93.0) 		28.6
(83.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		10.2
(50.4) 		1.0
(33.8) 		16.4
(61.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −6.5
(20.3) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		2.1
(35.8) 		9.8
(49.6) 		15.1
(59.2) 		20.8
(69.4) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.7
(78.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		13.4
(56.1) 		4.9
(40.8) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		10.3
(50.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −9.9
(14.2) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		4.9
(40.8) 		9.2
(48.6) 		13.4
(56.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		17.9
(64.2) 		12.9
(55.2) 		7.6
(45.7) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		4.9
(40.8)
Record low °C (°F) −32.6
(−26.7) 		−34.4
(−29.9) 		−31.4
(−24.5) 		−10.2
(13.6) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		2.2
(36.0) 		3.6
(38.5) 		8.0
(46.4) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−25.8
(−14.4) 		−32.0
(−25.6) 		−34.4
(−29.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 93.9
(3.70) 		106.0
(4.17) 		112.2
(4.42) 		102.1
(4.02) 		73.9
(2.91) 		28.5
(1.12) 		10.0
(0.39) 		4.8
(0.19) 		17.2
(0.68) 		59.7
(2.35) 		81.6
(3.21) 		92.0
(3.62) 		781.9
(30.78)
Average precipitation days 12.47 11.70 13.90 15.27 15.30 6.77 2.43 1.80 3.53 9.80 8.53 11.37 112.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 55.8 73.5 133.3 171.0 235.6 288.0 313.1 310.0 258.0 179.8 99.0 46.5 2,163.6
Mean daily sunshine hours 1.8 2.6 4.3 5.7 7.6 9.6 10.1 10.0 8.6 5.8 3.3 1.5 5.9
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[37]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  2. ^ Adem Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56.
  3. ^ İl Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  4. ^ a b Saracoglu, Cenk (2010). Kurds of Modern Turkey: Migration, Neoliberalism and Exclusion in Turkish Society. I.B.Tauris. p. 194.
  5. ^ a b Tas, Latif (2014). Legal Pluralism in Action: Dispute Resolution and the Kurdish Peace Committee. Ashgate Publishing. p. 33.
  6. ^ Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh.; Melik-Bakhshyan, Stepan T.; Barseghyan, Hovhannes Kh. (1991). Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան [Dictionary of toponymy of Armenia and adjacent territories] (in Armenian). Vol. 3. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press. p. 892.
  7. ^ a b Petrosyan, Armen (2002), The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic, Washington, D.C: Institute for the Study of Man, pp. 140–142, ISBN 9780941694810.
  8. ^ Hakobyan 1987, p. 198.
  9. ^ "Eski Çağ'da Muş" (in Turkish). Iğdır University Sos Bil Der. 29 July 2019. p. 24.
  10. ^ Hakobyan 1987, p. 199.
  11. ^ Thomas, David Richard (2001). Syrian Christians Under Islam: The First Thousand Years. BRILL. p. 160. ISBN 9789004120556.
  12. ^ Hakobyan 1987, pp. -199-200.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Sinclair, T.A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I. Pindar Press. pp. 293–294–333–335. ISBN 9780907132325.
  14. ^ a b c d e "Kaza Muş / Մուշ – Mush". Virtual Genocide Memorial. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  15. ^ Hakobyan 1987, p. 200.
  16. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Mush" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  17. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mush" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  18. ^ Karadeniz, Yılmaz. "Armenian Atrocities in Muş Sanjak (1915-1918)". History Studies International Journal of History. 2 (Özel Sayı): 184–194. doi:10.9737/hist_229.
  19. ^ Walker, Christopher J. (1990) [1980]. Armenia: The Survival of a Nation (2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-0-312-04230-1.
  20. ^ Dadrian, Vahakn N.; Akçam, Taner (2011). Judgment At Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials. Berghahn Books. p. 37. ISBN 9780857452863.
  21. ^ Kévorkian 2011, pp. 339–345.
  22. ^ Kévorkian 2011, p. 345.
  23. ^ Kévorkian 2011, p. 339.
  24. ^ Winter, Jay (2004). America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Cambridge University Press. p. 62. As a result nearly all able-bodied Armenian men were conscripted into the Ottoman army, starting with the 20–45 age group and subsequently extending the call to groups aged 18–20 and 45–60.
  25. ^ a b Suny, Ronald G. (2015). "They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide. Princeton University Press. p. 289. ISBN 9781400865581.
  26. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2013-12-16). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-135-50694-0.
  27. ^ Kramers, J. H. (1993). "Mūs̲h̲". In Bosworth, C. E.; Pellat, Ch.; Van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. VII (New ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  28. ^ Maranci, Christina (2002). "The Art and Architecture of Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush". In Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.). Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Press. pp. 120–122. ISBN 978-1-56859-136-0.
  29. ^ "Gezilecek yerler". Kültür Portalı (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-11-23.
  30. ^ "Muş GoTürkiye". Muş İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  31. ^ "60 dakikalık Muş il brifingi" (PDF) (in Turkish). Muş Valiliği. February 2017. p. 36.
  32. ^ "Muş BasınMuş Basın / GEÇMİŞİN SİLİK İZLERİ". Memleket Havadis (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  33. ^ a b Van Gölü Havzası Sempozyumu Bitlis İli (Turkey) İstanbul Üniversitesi Avrasya Arkeoloji Enstitüsü. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Atatürk Üniversitesi ÇEKÜL. Ii. Van Gölü Havzası Sempozyumu. 1. Basım ed. Van: Bitlis Valiliği İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü; 2007. p. 280
  34. ^ Gündoğdu, Raşit; Demir, Esra (11 April 2014). "The Arabs in Turkey". impr.org. International Middle East Peace Research Center. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  35. ^ Gültekin, Uygar (23 September 2014). "Muş Ermenileri derneklerine kavuştu Paylaş". Agos (in Turkish).
  36. ^ Hakobyan 1987, p. 203.
  37. ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 2 May 2021.

Sources and external links

Bibliography
  • Hakobyan, Tadevos (1987). "(Mush)". Պատմական Հայաստանի քաղաքները [Cities of historic Armenia] (in Armenian). Yerevan: "Hayastan" Publishing. pp. 196–203.
  • Kévorkian, Raymond H. (2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 9781848855618.
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