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1852–53 United States Senate elections: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{For|related races|1852 United States elections}}
{{Infobox election
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections
| election_name = 1852–53 United States Senate elections
| country = United States
| country = United States
| flag_year = 1851
| flag_year = 1851
| type = legislative
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1850 and 1851 United States Senate elections
| previous_election = 1850–51 United States Senate elections
| previous_year = 1850/51
| previous_year = {{Nowrap|1850 & 1851}}
| next_election = 1854 and 1855 United States Senate elections
| next_election = 1854–55 United States Senate elections
| next_year = 1854/55
| next_year = {{Nowrap|1854 & 1855}}
| seats_for_election = 20 of the 62 seats in the [[United States Senate]] (with special elections)
| seats_for_election = 20 of the 62 seats in the [[United States Senate]] (with special elections)
| majority_seats = 32
| majority_seats = 32
| election_date = Various dates
| election_date = Various dates
| image_size = 100px
| image_size = 100px
| 1blank = Seats up
| 1blank = Seats up
| party1 = Democratic Party (US)

| image1 =
| party1 = Democratic Party (US)
| last_election1 = '''33 seats'''
| image1 =
| last_election1 = '''33 seats'''
| seats_before1 = '''37'''
| seats_before1 = '''37'''
| seats1 = '''10'''
| seats1 = '''10'''
| seats_after1 = '''35'''
| seat_change1 = {{Decrease}} 1
| seats_after1 = '''35'''
| 1data1 = 10
| seat_change1 = {{Decrease}} 1
| party2 = Whig Party (US)
| 1data1 = 10
| image2 =

| last_election2 = 22 seats
| party2 = Whig Party (US)
| seats_before2 = 22
| image2 =
| seats2 = 4
| last_election2 = 22 seats
| seats_after2 = 18
| seats_before2 = 22
| seat_change2 = {{Decrease}} 4
| seats2 = 4
| 1data2 = 9
| seats_after2 = 18
| party4 = Free Soil Party
| seat_change2 = {{Decrease}} 4
| 1data2 = 9
| image4 =
| last_election4 = 2 seats

| seats_before4 = 3
| party4 = Free Soil Party
| image4 =
| seats4 = 2
| seats_after4 = 2
| last_election4 = 2 seats
| seat_change4 = {{Decrease}} 1
| seats_before4 = 3
| seats4 = 2
| 1data4 = 1
| party5 = Know Nothing
| seats_after4 = 2
| image5 =
| seat_change4 = {{Decrease}} 1
| seats_before5 = ''New party''
| 1data4 = 1
| seats5 = 1

| seats_after5 = 1
| party5 = Know Nothing
| seat_change5 = {{Increase}} 1
| image5 =
| seats_before5 = ''New party''
| title = Majority party
| seats5 = 1
| before_election =
| before_party = Democratic Party (US)
| seats_after5 = 1
| after_election =
| seat_change5 = {{Increase}} 1
| after_party = Democratic Party (US)

| map_image = File:1852senatemap.svg
| title = Majority Party
| map_caption = '''Results:'''<br />{{Legend0|#0671B0|Democratic gain}} {{Legend0|#92C5DE|Democratic hold}} <br />{{Legend0|#c49213|Whig gain}}
| before_election =
{{Legend0|#f3d586|Whig hold}}<br />{{legend0|#9229adff|Know Nothing Gain}} {{legend0|#000000|Legislature failed to elect}}
| before_party = Democratic Party (US)
| map_size = 390px
| after_election =
| after_party = Democratic Party (US)
}}
}}
The '''1852–53 United States Senate elections''' were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with the [[1852 United States presidential election|1852 presidential election]]. As these [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] elections were prior to the ratification of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Seventeenth Amendment]] in 1913, senators were chosen by [[State legislature (United States)|state legislatures]]. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1852 and 1853, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to [[Gridlock (politics)|legislative deadlock]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/17th-amendment|title=17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)|website=National Archives and Records Administration|date=February 8, 2022}}</ref> In these elections, terms were up for the senators in [[Classes of United States senators|Class 2]].
The '''United States Senate elections of 1852 and 1853''' were elections which had the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] gain two seats in the [[United States Senate]], and which coincided with the [[1852 United States presidential election|1852 presidential election]]. Only six of the twenty Senators up for election were re-elected.


The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] gained two seats in the Senate. Only six of the twenty senators up for election were re-elected.
As this election was prior to ratification of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|seventeenth amendment]], Senators were chosen by [[State legislature (United States)|state legislatures]].


== Results summary ==
== Results summary ==
Senate Party Division, [[33rd United States Congress|33rd Congress]] (1853–1855)
Senate party division, [[33rd United States Congress|33rd Congress]] (1853–1855)


* Majority Party: Democratic (35–38)
* Majority party: Democratic (35–38)
* Minority Party: Whig Party (19–17)
* Minority party: Whig Party (19–17)
* Other Parties: Free Soiler (2–5); Know Nothing (1)
* Other parties: Free Soiler (2–5); Know Nothing (1)
* Vacant: 5–1
* Vacant: 5–1
* '''Total Seats: 62'''
* '''Total seats: 62'''


== Change in Senate composition ==
== Change in composition ==
=== Before the elections ===
=== Before the elections ===
After an July 6, 1852 appointment in Kentucky.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=750px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=100%


|-
|-
Line 93: Line 91:


|-
|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|21}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|21}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Alabama (special)|{{Abbr|Ala. (sp)|Alabama (special)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|20}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|20}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Alabama (Regular)|{{Abbr|Ala. (reg)|Alabama (Regular)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|19}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|19}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|18}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|18}}
Line 105: Line 103:


|-
|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|22}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|22}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Arkansas|{{Abbr|Ark.|Arkansas}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|23}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|23}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Georgia|{{Abbr|Ga.|Georgia}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Unknown}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|24}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|24}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Illinois|{{Abbr|Ill.|Illinois}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|25}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|25}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Indiana (special)|{{Abbr|Ind. (sp)|Indiana (special)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Retired}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|26}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|26}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Iowa|Iowa]]}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|27}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|27}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Louisiana (Regular)|{{Abbr|La. (reg)|Louisiana (Regular)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Unknown}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|28}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|28}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Louisiana (special)|{{Abbr|La. (sp)|Louisiana (special)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Resigned}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|29}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|29}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Maine|Maine]]}}<br/>{{Small|Retired}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|30}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|30}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Michigan|{{Abbr|Mich.|Michigan}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Retired}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|31}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|31}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Mississippi (special, Class 1)|{{Abbr|Miss. (sp 1)|Mississippi (special, Class 1)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Unknown}}


|-
|-
| colspan=9 align=right | '''Majority →'''
| colspan=9 align=right | '''Majority →'''
! rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|32}}<br/>{{Small|Unknown}}
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|32}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Mississippi (special, Class 2)|{{Abbr|Miss. (sp 2)|Mississippi (special, Class 2)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Mississippi (Regular)|{{Abbr|Miss. (reg)|Mississippi (Regular)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Resigned}}


|-
|-
! {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|22}}<br/>{{Small|Retired}}
| {{Party shading/Free Soil}} | FS{{Sub|1}}
| {{Party shading/Free Soil}} | FS{{Sub|1}}
| {{Party shading/Free Soil}} | FS{{Sub|2}}
| {{Party shading/Free Soil}} | FS{{Sub|2}}
! {{Party shading/Free Soil/active}} | FS{{Sub|3}}<br/>{{Small|Retired}}
| {{Party shading/Free Soil/active}} | FS{{Sub|3}}<br/>{{Small|[[#New Hampshire|{{Abbr|N.H.|New Hampshire}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|37}}<br/>{{Small|Retired}}
| {{Party shading/Vacant/active}} | V{{Sub|2}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Connecticut (special)|{{Abbr|Conn. (sp)|Connecticut (special)}}]]}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|36}}<br/>{{Small|Retired}}
| {{Party shading/Vacant/active}} | V{{Sub|1}}<br/>{{Small|[[#California (special)|{{Abbr|Calif. (sp)|California (special)}}]]}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|35}}<br/>{{Small|Retired}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|36}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Virginia|{{Abbr|Va.|Virginia}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|34}}<br/>{{Small|Unknown}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|35}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Texas|Texas]]}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|33}}<br/>{{Small|Unknown}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|34}}<br/>{{Small|[[#South Carolina (special)|{{Abbr|S.C. (sp)|South Carolina (special)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}<br/>{{Small|[[#South Carolina (Regular)|{{Abbr|S.C. (reg)|South Carolina (Regular)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Unknown}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|33}}<br/>{{Small|[[#New Jersey (special)|{{Abbr|N.J. (sp)|New Jersey (special)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Resigned}}


|-
|-
! {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|21}}<br/>{{Small|Retired}}
| {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|21}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Tennessee|{{Abbr|Tenn.|Tennessee}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
! {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|20}}<br/>{{Small|Retired}}
| {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|20}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Rhode Island|{{Abbr|R.I.|Rhode Island}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Unknown}}
! {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|19}}<br/>{{Small|Retired}}
| {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|19}}<br/>{{Small|[[#North Carolina|{{Abbr|N.C.|North Carolina}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
! {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|18}}<br/>{{Small|Unknown}}
| {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|18}}<br/>{{Small|[[#New Jersey (Regular)|{{Abbr|N.J. (reg)|New Jersey (Regular)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Unknown}}
! {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|17}}<br/>{{Small|Unknown}}
| {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|17}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Massachusetts|{{Abbr|Mass.|Massachusetts}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Retired}}
! {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|16}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
| {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|16}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Kentucky|{{Abbr|Ky.|Kentucky}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Retired}}
! {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|15}}<br/>{{Small|Ran}}
| {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|15}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Delaware|{{Abbr|Del.|Delaware}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Retired}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|14}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|14}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|13}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|13}}
Line 162: Line 160:


=== As a result of the elections ===
=== As a result of the elections ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=750px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=100%


|-
|-
Line 181: Line 179:


|-
|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|21}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|21}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Alabama (special)|{{Abbr|Ala. (sp)|Alabama (special)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Elected{{Efn|name=Appointee elected|Appointee elected}}}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|20}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|20}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Alabama (Regular)|{{Abbr|Ala. (reg)|Alabama (Regular)}}]]}}
{| width=100% style="text-align:center"
| {{Party shading/Vacant/active}} | {{Small|D Loss}}
|}{{Small|Gain}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|19}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|19}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|18}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|18}}
Line 193: Line 194:


|-
|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|22}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|22}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Arkansas|{{Abbr|Ark.|Arkansas}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Re-elected}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|23}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|23}}<br/>{{Small|[[#California (special)|{{Abbr|Calif. (sp)|California (special)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Gain}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|24}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|24}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Connecticut (special)|{{Abbr|Conn. (sp)|Connecticut (special)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Gain}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|25}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|25}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Georgia|{{Abbr|Ga.|Georgia}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Hold}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|26}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|26}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Illinois|{{Abbr|Ill.|Illinois}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Re-elected}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|27}}<br/>{{Small|Re-elected}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|27}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Indiana (special)|{{Abbr|Ind. (sp)|Indiana (special)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Hold}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|28}}<br/>{{Small|Re-elected}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|28}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Iowa|Iowa]]}}<br/>{{Small|Re-elected}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|29}}<br/>{{Small|Re-elected}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|29}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Louisiana (special)|{{Abbr|La. (sp)|Louisiana (special)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Hold}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|30}}<br/>{{Small|Re-elected}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|30}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Michigan|{{Abbr|Mich.|Michigan}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Hold}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|31}}<br/>{{Small|Re-elected}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|31}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Mississippi (special, Class 1)|{{Abbr|Miss. (sp 1)|Mississippi (special, Class 1)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Hold}}


|-
|-
| colspan=9 align=right | '''Majority →'''
| colspan=9 align=right | '''Majority →'''
! rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|32}}<br/>{{Small|Hold}}
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|32}}<br/>{{Small|[[#New Hampshire|{{Abbr|N.H.|New Hampshire}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Gain}}


|-
|-
! {{Party shading/Know Nothing/active}} | KN{{Sub|1}}<br/>{{Small|Gain}}
| {{Party shading/Vacant/active}} | V{{Sub|2}}
{| width=100% style="text-align:center"
| {{Party shading/Free Soil}} | FS{{Sub|1}}
| {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | {{Small|[[#Mississippi (special, Class 2)|{{Abbr|Miss. (sp 2)|Mississippi (special, Class 2)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Gain}}
| {{Party shading/Free Soil}} | FS{{Sub|2}}
! {{Party shading/Vacant/active}} | V{{Sub|1}}<br/>{{Small|D Loss}}
|}{{Small|[[#Mississippi (Regular)|{{Abbr|Miss. (reg)|Mississippi (Regular)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|D Loss}}
! {{Party shading/Vacant/active}} | V{{Sub|2}}<br/>{{Small|D Loss}}
| {{Party shading/Vacant/active}} | V{{Sub|1}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Maine|Maine]]}}<br/>{{Small|D Loss}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|36}}<br/>{{Small|Gain}}
| {{Party shading/Know Nothing/active}} | KN{{Sub|1}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Kentucky|{{Abbr|Ky.|Kentucky}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Gain}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|35}}<br/>{{Small|Gain}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|38}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Virginia|{{Abbr|Va.|Virginia}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Re-elected}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|34}}<br/>{{Small|Hold}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|37}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Texas|Texas]]}}<br/>{{Small|Re-elected}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|33}}<br/>{{Small|Hold}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|36}}<br/>{{Small|[[#South Carolina (special)|{{Abbr|S.C. (sp)|South Carolina (special)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Hold}}<br/>{{Small|[[#South Carolina (Regular)|{{Abbr|S.C. (reg)|South Carolina (Regular)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Hold}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|35}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Rhode Island|{{Abbr|R.I.|Rhode Island}}]]}}

{| width=100% style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{Party shading/Vacant/active}} | V{{Sub|3}}<br/>{{Small|W Loss}}
| {{Party shading/Vacant/active}} | {{Small|W Loss}}
|}{{Small|Gain}}
! {{Party shading/Vacant/active}} | V{{Sub|4}}<br/>{{Small|W Loss}}
! {{Party shading/Vacant/active}} | V{{Sub|5}}<br/>{{Small|W Loss}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|34}}<br/>{{Small|[[#New Jersey (special)|{{Abbr|N.J. (sp)|New Jersey (special)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Hold}}
! {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|18}}<br/>{{Small|Gain}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|33}}<br/>{{Small|[[#New Jersey (Regular)|{{Abbr|N.J. (reg)|New Jersey (Regular)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Gain}}
! {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|17}}<br/>{{Small|Hold}}
! {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|16}}<br/>{{Small|Hold}}
! {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|15}}<br/>{{Small|Re-elected}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|14}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|13}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|12}}

|-
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|2}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|3}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|4}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|5}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|6}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|7}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|8}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|9}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|10}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|11}}

|-
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|1}}
| colspan=9 | &nbsp;

|}

=== At the beginning of the next Congress ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=750px

|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|1}}
| colspan=9 | &nbsp;

|-
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|2}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|3}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|4}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|5}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|6}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|7}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|8}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|9}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|10}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|11}}

|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|21}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|20}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|19}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|18}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|17}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|16}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|15}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|14}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|13}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|12}}

|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|22}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|23}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|24}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|25}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|26}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|27}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|28}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|29}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|30}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|31}}

|-
| colspan=9 align=right | '''Majority →'''
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|32}}

|-
| {{Party shading/Free Soil}} | FS{{Sub|1}}
| {{Party shading/Vacant}} | V{{Sub|1}}
| {{Party shading/Vacant}} | V{{Sub|2}}
| {{Party shading/Vacant}} | V{{Sub|3}}
| {{Party shading/Vacant}} | V{{Sub|4}}
| {{Party shading/Vacant}} | V{{Sub|5}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|35}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|34}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|33}}


|-
|-
| {{Party shading/Vacant/active}} | V{{Sub|3}}<br/>{{Small|[[#North Carolina|{{Abbr|N.C.|North Carolina}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|W Loss}}
| {{Party shading/Free Soil}} | FS{{Sub|2}}
| {{Party shading/Free Soil}} | FS{{Sub|2}}
| {{Party shading/Know Nothing}} | KN{{Sub|1}}
! {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|19}}<br/>{{Small|Gain}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|18}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|17}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|16}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|15}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|14}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|13}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|12}}

|-
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|2}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|3}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|4}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|5}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|6}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|7}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|8}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|9}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|10}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|11}}

|-
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|1}}
| colspan=9 | &nbsp;

|}

=== At the beginning of the first session, December 5, 1853 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=750px

|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|1}}
| colspan=9 | &nbsp;

|-
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|2}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|3}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|4}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|5}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|6}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|7}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|8}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|9}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|10}}
| width=50px {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|11}}

|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|21}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|20}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|19}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|18}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|17}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|16}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|15}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|14}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|13}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|12}}

|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|22}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|23}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|24}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|25}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|26}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|27}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|28}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|29}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|30}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|31}}

|-
| colspan=9 align=right | '''Majority →'''
| rowspan=2 {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|32}}

|-
| {{Party shading/Free Soil}} | FS{{Sub|2}}
| {{Party shading/Vacant}} | V{{Sub|2}}
| {{Party shading/Vacant}} | V{{Sub|2}}
| {{Party shading/Vacant}} | V{{Sub|3}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|37}}<br/>{{Small|Gain}}
! {{Party shading/Democratic/active}} | D{{Sub|36}}<br/>{{Small|Gain}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|35}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|34}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | D{{Sub|33}}

|-
| {{Party shading/Free Soil}} | FS{{Sub|1}}
| {{Party shading/Free Soil}} | FS{{Sub|1}}
| {{Party shading/Know Nothing}} | KN{{Sub|1}}
| {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|18}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Tennessee|{{Abbr|Tenn.|Tennessee}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Re-elected}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|19}}
| {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|17}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Massachusetts|{{Abbr|Mass.|Massachusetts}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Hold}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|18}}
| {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|16}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Louisiana (Regular)|{{Abbr|La. (reg)|Louisiana (Regular)}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Gain}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|17}}
| {{Party shading/Whig/active}} | W{{Sub|15}}<br/>{{Small|[[#Delaware|{{Abbr|Del.|Delaware}}]]}}<br/>{{Small|Hold}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|16}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|15}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|14}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|14}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|13}}
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | W{{Sub|13}}
Line 467: Line 298:


|-
|-
! [[#California (Special)|California]]<br/>(Class 1)
! [[#California (special)|California]]<br/>(Class 1)
| colspan=3 | Vacant
| colspan=3 | ''Vacant''
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Legislature had previously [[1850 United States Senate election in California|failed to elect in 1850–1851]].<br/>New senator <!--[[1852 United States Senate special election in California|elected]]-->elected '''January 30, 1852''' on the eighth ballot.<ref name=California/><br/>'''Democratic gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Legislature had previously [[1850 United States Senate election in California|failed to elect in 1850–1851]].<br/>New senator <!--[[1852 United States Senate special election in California|elected]]-->elected '''January 30, 1852''' on the eighth ballot.<ref name=California/><br/>'''Democratic gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[John B. Weller]]''' (Democratic) 71 votes
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[John B. Weller]]''' (Democratic) 71 votes
* [[Pierson B. Reading]] (Whig) 17 votes<ref name="California">{{Cite book |url=https://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/DailyJournal/1852/Volumes/1852_jnl.PDF#page=132 |title=Journal of the Proceedings of the Assembly |page=132}}</ref>
* {{Party stripe|Whig Party (US)}}[[Pierson B. Reading]] (Whig) 17 votes<ref name="California">{{Cite book |url=https://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/sites/clerk.assembly.ca.gov/files/archive/DailyJournal/1852/Volumes/1852_jnl.PDF#page=132 |title=Journal of the Proceedings of the Assembly |page=132}}</ref>
}}
}}


|-
|-
! [[#Mississippi (Special, Class 2)|Mississippi]]<br/>(Class 2)
! [[#Mississippi (special, Class 2)|Mississippi]]<br/>(Class 2)
| [[Henry S. Foote]]
| [[Henry S. Foote]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| 1846 or 1847
| 1846 or 1847
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | Incumbent resigned January 8, 1852 to become <!--[[Governor of Mississippi]].<br/>New senator [[February 1852 United States Senate special election in Mississippi|elected]]-->elected '''February 18, 1852'''.<br/>'''Whig gain'''.<br/>Successor then retired at the end of the term, see below.
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | Incumbent resigned January 8, 1852, to become [[Governor of Mississippi]].<br/>New senator <!--[[February 1852 United States Senate special election in Mississippi|elected]]-->elected '''February 18, 1852'''.<br/>'''Whig gain'''.<br/>Successor then retired at the end of the term, see below.
| nowrap | {{Aye}} '''[[Walker Brooke]]''' (Whig)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Whig Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[Walker Brooke]]''' (Whig)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
! [[#Mississippi (Special, Class 1)|Mississippi]]<br/>(Class 1)
! [[#Mississippi (special, Class 1)|Mississippi]]<br/>(Class 1)
| [[John J. McRae]]
| [[John J. McRae]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| 1851 {{Small|(Appointed)}}
| 1851 {{Small|(Appointed)}}
| {{Party shading/Hold}} | Interim appointee replaced by an elected successor.<br/>New senator <!--[[March 1852 United States Senate special election in Mississippi|elected]]-->elected '''March 17, 1852'''.<br/>Democratic hold.
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Interim appointee replaced by an elected successor.<br/>New senator <!--[[March 1852 United States Senate special election in Mississippi|elected]]-->elected '''March 17, 1852'''.<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Aye}} '''[[Stephen Adams (politician)|Stephen Adams]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[Stephen Adams (politician)|Stephen Adams]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
! [[#Connecticut (Special)|Connecticut]]<br/>(Class 1)
! [[#Connecticut (special)|Connecticut]]<br/>(Class 1)
| colspan=3 | Vacant
| colspan=3 | ''Vacant''
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Legislature failed to elect.<br/>New senator <!--[[1852 United States Senate special election in Connecticut|elected]]-->elected '''May 12, 1852'''.<br/>'''Democratic gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Legislature failed to elect.<br/>New senator <!--[[1852 United States Senate special election in Connecticut|elected]]-->elected '''May 12, 1852'''.<br/>'''Democratic gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Aye}} '''[[Isaac Toucey]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[Isaac Toucey]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
! [[#South Carolina (Special)|South Carolina]]<br/>(Class 2)
! [[#South Carolina (special)|South Carolina]]<br/>(Class 2)
| [[William F. De Saussure]]
| [[William F. De Saussure]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| 1852 {{Small|(Appointed)}}
| 1852 {{Small|(Appointed)}}
| Interim appointee <!--[[1852 United States Senate special election in South Carolina|elected]]-->elected '''November 29, 1852'''.{{Sfn|Byrd & Wolff|page=164}}<br/>Successor was not elected to the next term, see below.
| Interim appointee <!--[[1852 United States Senate special election in South Carolina|elected]]-->elected '''November 29, 1852'''.{{Sfn|Byrd & Wolff|page=164}}<br/>Successor was not elected to the next term, see below.
| nowrap | {{Aye}} '''[[William F. De Saussure]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[William F. De Saussure]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
! [[#Indiana (Special)|Indiana]]<br/>(Class 3)
! [[#Indiana (special)|Indiana]]<br/>(Class 3)
| [[Charles W. Cathcart]]
| [[Charles W. Cathcart]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| 1852 {{Small|(Appointed)}}
| 1852 {{Small|(Appointed)}}
| {{Party shading/Hold}} | Incumbent retired when elected successor qualified.<br/>New senator <!--[[1853 United States Senate special election in Indiana|elected]]-->elected '''January 18, 1853'''.<br/>Democratic hold.
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Incumbent retired when elected successor qualified.<br/>New senator <!--[[1853 United States Senate special election in Indiana|elected]]-->elected '''January 18, 1853'''.<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Aye}} '''[[John Pettit]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[John Pettit]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}


|}
|}
Line 537: Line 368:
| [[Jeremiah Clemens]]
| [[Jeremiah Clemens]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | [[1849 United States Senate special election in Alabama|1849 {{Small|(Special)}}]]
| nowrap | [[1849 United States Senate special election in Alabama|1849 {{Small|(special)}}]]
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>Legislature failed to elect.<br/>'''Democratic loss'''.<br/>Seat would remain vacant until November 29, 1853, see below.
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>Legislature failed to elect.<br/>'''Democratic loss'''.<br/>Seat would remain vacant until November 29, 1853, see below.
| nowrap | {{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
Line 545: Line 376:
| [[William K. Sebastian]]
| [[William K. Sebastian]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | 1848 {{Small|(Appointed)}}<br/>[[1848 United States Senate special election in Arkansas|1848 {{Small|(Special)}}]]
| nowrap | 1848 {{Small|(Appointed)}}<br/>[[1848 United States Senate special election in Arkansas|1848 {{Small|(special)}}]]
| Incumbent <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Arkansas|re-elected]]-->re-elected in 1853.
| Incumbent <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Arkansas|re-elected]]-->re-elected in 1853.
| nowrap | {{Aye}} '''[[William K. Sebastian]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[William K. Sebastian]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 554: Line 385:
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | Whig
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | Whig
| nowrap | 1846 or 1847
| nowrap | 1846 or 1847
| {{Party shading/Hold}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>New senator <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Delaware|elected]]-->elected in 1853.<br/>Whig hold.
| {{Party shading/Whig/Hold}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>New senator <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Delaware|elected]]-->elected in 1853.<br/>Whig hold.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[John M. Clayton]]''' (Whig)
* {{Party stripe|Whig Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[John M. Clayton]]''' (Whig)
* Unopposed<ref name=Delaware/>
* ''Unopposed''<ref name=Delaware/>
}}
}}


Line 565: Line 396:
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | 1852 {{Small|(Appointed)}}
| nowrap | 1852 {{Small|(Appointed)}}
| {{Party shading/Hold}} | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.<br/>New senator <!--[[1852 United States Senate election in Georgia|elected]]-->elected in 1852.<br/>Democratic hold.
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.<br/>New senator <!--[[1852 United States Senate election in Georgia|elected]]-->elected in 1852.<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Aye}} '''[[Robert Toombs]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[Robert Toombs]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 575: Line 406:
| Incumbent <!--[[1852 United States Senate election in Illinois|re-elected]]-->re-elected in 1852.
| Incumbent <!--[[1852 United States Senate election in Illinois|re-elected]]-->re-elected in 1852.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[Stephen A. Douglas]]''' (Democratic) 75 votes
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[Stephen A. Douglas]]''' (Democratic) 75 votes
* [[Joseph Gillespie]] (Whig) 19 votes
* {{Party stripe|Whig Party (US)}}[[Joseph Gillespie]] (Whig) 19 votes
* [[James H. Collins]] 1 vote<ref name=Illinois/>
* {{Party stripe|Unknown}}[[James H. Collins]] 1 vote<ref name=Illinois/>
}}
}}


Line 587: Line 418:
| Incumbent <!--[[1852 United States Senate election in Iowa|re-elected]]-->re-elected in 1852.
| Incumbent <!--[[1852 United States Senate election in Iowa|re-elected]]-->re-elected in 1852.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[George Wallace Jones|George W. Jones]]''' (Democratic) 59 votes
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[George Wallace Jones|George W. Jones]]''' (Democratic) 59 votes
* [[George G. Wright]] (Whig) 31 votes
* {{Party stripe|Whig Party (US)}}[[George G. Wright]] (Whig) 31 votes
* [[John F. Kinney]] (Democratic) 1 vote
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[John F. Kinney]] (Democratic) 1 vote
}}
}}
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}
Line 600: Line 431:
| {{Party shading/Know Nothing}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>New senator had [[1851 United States Senate election in Kentucky|already been elected early in 1851]].<br/>'''Know Nothing gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Know Nothing}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>New senator had [[1851 United States Senate election in Kentucky|already been elected early in 1851]].<br/>'''Know Nothing gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[John Burton Thompson]]''' 73 votes
* {{Party stripe|Know Nothing}}{{Aye}} '''[[John Burton Thompson]]''' (Know Nothing) 73 votes
* [[Francis P. Stone]] 65 votes<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ky_state_journals/33 |title=Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, November 3, 1851 - January 9, 1852 |publisher=Albert G. Hodges |year=1851 |location=[[Frankfort, Kentucky]] |page=264}}</ref>
* {{Party stripe|Unknown}}[[Francis P. Stone]] 65 votes<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ky_state_journals/33 |title=Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, November 3, 1851 - January 9, 1852 |journal=Journals of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky |publisher=Albert G. Hodges |year=1851 |location=[[Frankfort, Kentucky]] |page=264}}</ref>
}}
}}


Line 610: Line 441:
| nowrap | [[1847 United States Senate special election in Louisiana|1847]]
| nowrap | [[1847 United States Senate special election in Louisiana|1847]]
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.<br/>New senator <!--[[1852 United States Senate election in Louisiana|elected]]-->elected in 1852.<br/>'''Whig gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.<br/>New senator <!--[[1852 United States Senate election in Louisiana|elected]]-->elected in 1852.<br/>'''Whig gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Aye}} '''[[Judah P. Benjamin]]''' (Whig)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Whig Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[Judah P. Benjamin]]''' (Whig)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 624: Line 455:
| [[John Davis (Massachusetts governor)|John Davis]]
| [[John Davis (Massachusetts governor)|John Davis]]
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | Whig
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | Whig
| nowrap | [[1835 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1835]]<br/>1841 {{Small|(Resigned)}}<br/>[[1845 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts|1845 {{Small|(Special)}}]]<br/>[[1847 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1847]]
| nowrap | [[1835 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1835]]<br/>1841 {{Small|(Resigned)}}<br/>[[1845 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts|1845 {{Small|(special)}}]]<br/>[[1847 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|1847]]
| {{Party shading/Hold}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>New senator <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|elected]]-->elected in 1853.<br/>Whig hold.
| {{Party shading/Whig/Hold}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>New senator <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|elected]]-->elected in 1853.<br/>Whig hold.
| nowrap | {{Aye}} '''[[Edward Everett]]''' (Whig)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Whig Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[Edward Everett]]''' (Whig)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 635: Line 466:
| {{Party shading/Hold}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>New senator <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Michigan|elected]]-->elected in 1853.<br/>Democratic hold.
| {{Party shading/Hold}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>New senator <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Michigan|elected]]-->elected in 1853.<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[Charles E. Stuart]]''' (Democratic) 73.2%{{Efn|name=Average|Average vote in both houses}}
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[Charles E. Stuart]]''' (Democratic) 73.2%{{Efn|name=Average|Average vote in both houses}}
* [[Zachariah Chandler]] (Whig) 26.1%{{Efn|name=Average}}
* {{Party stripe|Whig Party (US)}}[[Zachariah Chandler]] (Whig) 26.1%{{Efn|name=Average}}
}}
}}


Line 643: Line 474:
| [[Walker Brooke]]
| [[Walker Brooke]]
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | Whig
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | Whig
| nowrap | [[United States Senate special election in Mississippi, February 1852|1852 {{Small|(Special)}}]]
| nowrap | [[United States Senate special election in Mississippi, February 1852|1852 {{Small|(special)}}]]
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>Legislature failed to elect.<br/>'''Whig loss'''.<br/>Seat would remain vacant until [[1854 United States Senate special election in Mississippi|1854]].
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>Legislature failed to elect.<br/>'''Whig loss'''.<br/>Seat would remain vacant until [[1854 United States Senate special election in Mississippi|1854]].
| nowrap | {{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
Line 654: Line 485:
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>New senator <!--[[1852 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|elected]]-->elected in 1852.<br/>'''Democratic gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>New senator <!--[[1852 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|elected]]-->elected in 1852.<br/>'''Democratic gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[Charles G. Atherton]]''' (Democratic) 69.3%{{Efn|name=Average}}
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[Charles G. Atherton]]''' (Democratic) 69.3%{{Efn|name=Average}}
* Others 30.7%
* {{Party stripe|Unknown}}Others 30.7%
}}
}}


Line 665: Line 496:
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.<br/>New senator elected in 1852 or 1853.<br/>'''Democratic gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.<br/>New senator elected in 1852 or 1853.<br/>'''Democratic gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[William Wright (United States politician)|William Wright]]''' (Democratic) 62.3%
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[William Wright (United States politician)|William Wright]]''' (Democratic) 62.3%
* [[Jacob W. Miller]] (Whig) 37.7%<ref name=NJRegular/>
* {{Party stripe|Whig Party (US)}}[[Jacob W. Miller]] (Whig) 37.7%<ref name=NJRegular/>
}}
}}


Line 673: Line 504:
| [[Willie Mangum]]
| [[Willie Mangum]]
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | Whig
| {{Party shading/Whig}} | Whig
| nowrap | [[1830 United States Senate election in North Carolina|1830]]<br/>1836 {{Small|(Resigned)}}<br/>[[1840 United States Senate special elections in North Carolina|1840 {{Small|(Special)}}]]<br/>[[1841 United States Senate election in North Carolina|1841]]
| nowrap | [[1830 United States Senate election in North Carolina|1830]]<br/>1836 {{Small|(Resigned)}}<br/>[[1840 United States Senate special elections in North Carolina|1840 {{Small|(special)}}]]<br/>[[1841 United States Senate election in North Carolina|1841]]
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>Leglislature failed to elect.<br/>'''Whig loss'''.<br/>Seat would remain vacant until [[1854 United States Senate special election in North Carolina|1854]].
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>Leglislature failed to elect.<br/>'''Whig loss'''.<br/>Seat would remain vacant until [[1854 United States Senate special election in North Carolina|1854]].
| nowrap | [[Willie Mangum]] (Whig)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Whig Party (US)}}[[Willie Mangum]] (Whig)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 689: Line 520:
| [[William F. De Saussure]]
| [[William F. De Saussure]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | 1852 {{Small|(Appointed)}}<br/>[[1852 United States Senate special election in South Carolina|1852 {{Small|(Special)}}]]
| nowrap | 1852 {{Small|(Appointed)}}<br/>[[1852 United States Senate special election in South Carolina|1852 {{Small|(special)}}]]
| {{Party shading/Hold}} | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.<br/>New senator elected in 1852 or 1853.<br/>Democratic hold.
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.<br/>New senator elected in 1852 or 1853.<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Aye}} '''[[Josiah J. Evans]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[Josiah J. Evans]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 700: Line 531:
| Incumbent <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Tennessee|re-elected]]-->re-elected in 1853.
| Incumbent <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Tennessee|re-elected]]-->re-elected in 1853.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]]''' (Whig) 51 votes
* {{Party stripe|Whig Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]]''' (Whig) 51 votes
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[Cave Johnson]] (Democratic) 23 votes
* [[Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson|Thomas A.R. Nelson]] 18 votes
* {{Party stripe|Whig Party (US)}}[[Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson|Thomas A. R. Nelson]] (Whig) 18 votes
* [[Cave Johnson]] 23 votes
* [[Neill S. Brown]] 4 votes
* {{Party stripe|Whig Party (US)}}[[Neill S. Brown]] (Whig) 4 votes
* [[Aaron V. Brown]] 1 vote<ref name="TennSenate"/>
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[Aaron V. Brown]] (Democratic) 1 vote<ref name="TennSenate" />
}}
}}


Line 714: Line 545:
| Incumbent <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Texas|re-elected]]-->re-elected in 1853.
| Incumbent <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Texas|re-elected]]-->re-elected in 1853.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[Sam Houston]]''' (Democratic) 65 votes
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[Sam Houston]]''' (Democratic) 65 votes
* [[John Hemphill (U.S. senator)|John Hemphill]] (Democratic) 14 votes
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[John Hemphill (U.S. senator)|John Hemphill]] (Democratic) 14 votes
* [[George W. Smyth]] (Democratic) 1 vote<ref name=TexasHouse/>
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[George W. Smyth]] (Democratic) 1 vote<ref name=TexasHouse/>
}}
}}


Line 726: Line 557:
| Incumbent <!--[[1852 United States Senate election in Virginia|re-elected]]-->re-elected in 1852.
| Incumbent <!--[[1852 United States Senate election in Virginia|re-elected]]-->re-elected in 1852.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[Robert M. T. Hunter]]''' (Democratic) 126 votes
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[Robert M. T. Hunter]]''' (Democratic) 126 votes
* Scattering 63 votes<ref name=VirginiaDelegates/>
* {{Party stripe|Unknown}}Scattering 63 votes<ref name=VirginiaDelegates/>
}}
}}


Line 749: Line 580:


|-
|-
! [[#New Jersey (Special)|New Jersey]]<br/>(Class 1)
! [[#New Jersey (special)|New Jersey]]<br/>(Class 1)
| [[Robert F. Stockton]]
| [[Robert F. Stockton]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| [[1851 United States Senate election in New Jersey|1851]]
| [[1851 United States Senate election in New Jersey|1851]]
| {{Party shading/Hold}} | Incumbent resigned January 10, 1853 to become president of the [[Delaware and Raritan Canal Company]].<br/>New senator <!--[[1853 United States Senate special election in New Jersey|elected]]-->elected '''March 4, 1853'''.<br/>Democratic hold.
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Incumbent resigned January 10, 1853, to become president of the [[Delaware and Raritan Canal Company]].<br/>New senator <!--[[1853 United States Senate special election in New Jersey|elected]]-->elected '''March 4, 1853'''.<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[John Renshaw Thomson]]''' (Democratic) 64.4%
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[John Renshaw Thomson]]''' (Democratic) 64.4%
* [[William L. Dayton]] (Whig Party) 35.6%<ref name=NJSpecial/>
* {{Party stripe|Whig Party (US)}}[[William L. Dayton]] (Whig) 35.6%<ref name=NJSpecial/>
}}
}}


|-
|-
! [[#Rhode Island (Special)|Rhode Island]]<br/>(Class 2)
! [[#Rhode Island (special)|Rhode Island]]<br/>(Class 2)
| colspan=3 | Vacant
| colspan=3 | ''Vacant''
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Legislature had failed to elect.<br/>New senator <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Rhode Island|elected]]-->elected '''July 20, 1853'''.<br/>'''Democratic gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Legislature had failed to elect.<br/>New senator <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Rhode Island|elected]]-->elected '''July 20, 1853'''.<br/>'''Democratic gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Aye}} '''[[Philip Allen (politician)|Philip Allen]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[Philip Allen (Rhode Island politician)|Philip Allen]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
! [[#Alabama (Regular)|Alabama]]<br/>(Class 2)
! [[#Alabama (Regular)|Alabama]]<br/>(Class 2)
| colspan=3 | Vacant
| colspan=3 | ''Vacant''
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Legislature had failed to elect.<br/>New senator <!--[[November 1853 United States Senate election in Alabama|elected]]-->elected '''November 29, 1853'''.<br/>'''Democratic gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Legislature had failed to elect.<br/>New senator <!--[[November 1853 United States Senate election in Alabama|elected]]-->elected '''November 29, 1853'''.<br/>'''Democratic gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[Clement Claiborne Clay]]''' 85 votes
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[Clement Claiborne Clay]]''' (Democratic) 85 votes
* [[R. W. Walker]] 37 votes
* {{Party stripe|Unknown}}[[R. W. Walker]] (Unknown) 37 votes
* [[Jeremiah Clemens]] 8 votes<ref name=AlabamaSenate/>
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[Jeremiah Clemens]] (Democratic) 8 votes<ref name=AlabamaSenate/>
}}
}}


|-
|-
! [[#Louisiana (Special)|Louisiana]]<br/>(Class 3)
! [[#Louisiana (special)|Louisiana]]<br/>(Class 3)
| [[Pierre Soulé]]
| [[Pierre Soulé]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| [[1847 United States Senate special election in Louisiana|1847 {{Small|(Special)}}]]<br/>1847 {{Small|(Left office)}}<br/>[[1848 United States Senate election in Louisiana|1848]]
| [[1847 United States Senate special election in Louisiana|1847 {{Small|(special)}}]]<br/>1847 {{Small|(Left office)}}<br/>[[1848 United States Senate election in Louisiana|1848]]
| {{Party shading/Hold}} | Incumbent resigned to become [[U.S. Minister to Spain]].<br/>New senator <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Louisiana|elected]]-->elected '''December 5, 1853'''.<br/>Democratic hold.
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Incumbent resigned to become [[U.S. Minister to Spain]].<br/>New senator <!--[[1853 United States Senate election in Louisiana|elected]]-->elected '''December 5, 1853'''.<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[John Slidell]]''' (Democratic) 70 votes
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[John Slidell]]''' (Democratic) 70 votes
* [[T.G. Hunt]] 37 votes<ref name="Louisiana special" />
* {{Party stripe|Unknown}}[[T.G. Hunt]] (Unknown) 37 votes<ref name="Louisiana special" />
}}
}}


|-
|-
! [[#Alabama (Special, Class 3)|Alabama]]<br/>(Class 3)
! [[#Alabama (special, Class 3)|Alabama]]<br/>(Class 3)
| [[Benjamin Fitzpatrick]]
| [[Benjamin Fitzpatrick]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
Line 793: Line 624:
| Interim appointee <!--[[December 1853 United States Senate special election in Alabama|elected]]-->elected '''December 12, 1853'''.{{Sfn|Byrd & Wolff|page=76}}
| Interim appointee <!--[[December 1853 United States Senate special election in Alabama|elected]]-->elected '''December 12, 1853'''.{{Sfn|Byrd & Wolff|page=76}}
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[Benjamin Fitzpatrick]]''' 107 votes
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{Aye}} '''[[Benjamin Fitzpatrick]]''' (Democratic) 107 votes
* [[William D. Dunn]] 14 votes
* {{Party stripe|Unknown}}[[William D. Dunn]] (Unknown) 14 votes
* [[Jeremiah Clemens]] 2 votes
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[Jeremiah Clemens]] (Democratic) 2 votes
* [[Francis Strother Lyon]] 1 vote<ref name=AlabamaSenate/>
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[Francis Strother Lyon]] (Democratic) 1 vote<ref name=AlabamaSenate/>
}}
}}


Line 804: Line 635:
{{See also|List of United States senators from Alabama|1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama}}
{{See also|List of United States senators from Alabama|1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama}}


=== Alabama (Regular) ===
=== Alabama (regular) ===
[[File:Clement C Clay.png|thumb|125px|Senator [[Clement Claiborne Clay]]]]
[[File:Clement C Clay.png|thumb|125px|Senator [[Clement Claiborne Clay]]]]
{{Main|1853 United States Senate election in Alabama}}
{{Main|1853 United States Senate election in Alabama}}
Line 812: Line 643:
* {{Aye}} '''[[Clement Claiborne Clay]]''' 85 votes
* {{Aye}} '''[[Clement Claiborne Clay]]''' 85 votes
* [[R. W. Walker]] 37 votes
* [[R. W. Walker]] 37 votes
* [[Jeremiah Clemens]] 8 votes<ref name="AlabamaSenate">{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.aa0001607530&view=1up&seq=87 |title=Journal of the Senate of the State of Alabama |page=82–83}}</ref>
* [[Jeremiah Clemens]] 8 votes<ref name="AlabamaSenate">{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.aa0001607530&view=1up&seq=87 |title=Journal of the Senate of the State of Alabama |pages=82–83}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


=== Alabama (Special, Class 3) ===
=== Alabama (special, class 3) ===
[[File:Hon. Benjamin Fitzpatrick, Ala - NARA - 528657.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Benjamin Fitzpatrick]]]]
[[File:Hon. Benjamin Fitzpatrick, Ala - NARA - 528657.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Benjamin Fitzpatrick]]]]
{{Main|1853 United States Senate special election in Alabama}}
{{Main|1853 United States Senate special election in Alabama}}
On December 20, 1852, Democrat [[William R. King]] resigned due to poor health. On January 14, 1853, Democrat [[Benjamin Fitzpatrick]] was appointed to continue the term, and he was elected November 28, 1853 to finish the term.{{Sfn|Byrd & Wolff|page=76}}<ref name=AlabamaSenate/>
On December 20, 1852, Democrat [[William R. King]] resigned due to poor health. On January 14, 1853, Democrat [[Benjamin Fitzpatrick]] was appointed to continue the term, and he was elected November 28, 1853, to finish the term.{{Sfn|Byrd & Wolff|page=76}}<ref name=AlabamaSenate/>


{{Plainlist|
{{Plainlist|
Line 834: Line 665:
{{See also|List of United States senators from Arkansas|1852 United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas}}
{{See also|List of United States senators from Arkansas|1852 United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas}}


Democratic senator [[William K. Sebastian]] had been appointed May 12, 1848 to continue the term, to which he was elected later that year to finish.
Democratic senator [[William K. Sebastian]] had been appointed May 12, 1848, to continue the term, to which he was elected later that year to finish.


Sebastian was re-elected to a full term in 1853.
Sebastian was re-elected to a full term in 1853.
Line 841: Line 672:
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


== California (Special) ==
== California (special) ==
[[File:John B Weller by William F Cogswell, 1879.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[John B. Weller]]]]
[[File:John B Weller by William F Cogswell, 1879.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[John B. Weller]]]]
<!--{{Main|1852 United States Senate special election in California}}-->
<!--{{Main|1852 United States Senate special election in California}}-->
Line 847: Line 678:
The [[California legislature]] had failed to elect a successor to Democrat [[John C. Frémont]] in time for the 1851 beginning of the class 1 term.
The [[California legislature]] had failed to elect a successor to Democrat [[John C. Frémont]] in time for the 1851 beginning of the class 1 term.


In fact, this time it took eight ballots for Democrat [[John B. Weller]] (71 votes, 80.7%) to be elected January 30, 1852 over Whig [[Pierson B. Reading]] (17 votes, 19.3%).<ref name=California/>
In fact, this time it took eight ballots for Democrat [[John B. Weller]] (71 votes, 80.7%) to be elected January 30, 1852, over Whig [[Pierson B. Reading]] (17 votes, 19.3%).<ref name=California/>
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


== Connecticut (Special) ==
== Connecticut (special) ==
[[File:Isaac Toucey - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Isaac Toucey]]]]
[[File:Isaac Toucey - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Isaac Toucey]]]]
<!--{{Main|1852 United States Senate election in Connecticut}}-->
<!--{{Main|1852 United States Senate election in Connecticut}}-->
Line 857: Line 688:
The [[Connecticut legislature]] had failed to elect a senator for the term beginning in 1851. Democrat [[Isaac Toucey]] was elected in May 1852 to finish the term.
The [[Connecticut legislature]] had failed to elect a senator for the term beginning in 1851. Democrat [[Isaac Toucey]] was elected in May 1852 to finish the term.


{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable


! Senate (May 11, 1852)<ref>Journal of the Senate of the State of Connecticut, May session 1852, pages 41-42.</ref>
! Senate (May 11, 1852)<ref>Journal of the Senate of the State of Connecticut, May session 1852, pages 41-42.</ref>
Line 890: Line 721:
<!--{{Main|1852 United States Senate election in Georgia}}-->
<!--{{Main|1852 United States Senate election in Georgia}}-->
{{See also|List of United States senators from Georgia|1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia}}
{{See also|List of United States senators from Georgia|1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia}}
Second-term Whig [[John M. Berrien]] resigned May 28, 1852 and Democrat [[Robert M. Charlton]] was appointed May 31, 1852 to finish the term.
Second-term Whig [[John M. Berrien]] resigned May 28, 1852, and Democrat [[Robert M. Charlton]] was appointed May 31, 1852, to finish the term.


Democrat [[Robert Toombs]] was elected in 1852 and would serve through re-election in 1858 and until he withdrew in 1861.
Democrat [[Robert Toombs]] was elected in 1852 and would serve through re-election in 1858 and until he withdrew in 1861.
Line 907: Line 738:
* {{Aye}} '''[[Stephen A. Douglas]]''' (Democratic) 75 votes
* {{Aye}} '''[[Stephen A. Douglas]]''' (Democratic) 75 votes
* State senator [[Joseph Gillespie]] (Whig) 19 votes
* State senator [[Joseph Gillespie]] (Whig) 19 votes
* [[James H. Collins]] 1 vote<ref name="Illinois">{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.15540379&view=1up&seq=31 |title=Journal of the Senate of the Eighteenth General Assembly, of the State of Illinois Convened January 3, 1853 |date=1853 |publisher=Lanphier & Walker, Printers |location=[[Springfield, Illinois]] |page=24–25}}</ref>
* [[James H. Collins]] 1 vote<ref name="Illinois">{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.15540379&view=1up&seq=31 |title=Journal of the Senate of the Eighteenth General Assembly, of the State of Illinois Convened January 3, 1853 |date=1853 |publisher=Lanphier & Walker, Printers |location=[[Springfield, Illinois]] |pages=24–25}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


== Indiana (Special) ==
== Indiana (special) ==
[[File:Pettit.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[John Pettit]]]]
[[File:Pettit.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[John Pettit]]]]
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate special election in Indiana}}-->
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate special election in Indiana}}-->
{{See also|List of United States senators from Indiana|1852 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana}}
{{See also|List of United States senators from Indiana|1852 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana}}


First term Democrat [[James Whitcomb]] died December 4, 1852 and Democrat [[Charles W. Cathcart]] was appointed December 6, 1852, pending a special election to finish the term that would end in 1855.
First term Democrat [[James Whitcomb]] died December 4, 1852, and Democrat [[Charles W. Cathcart]] was appointed December 6, 1852, pending a special election to finish the term that would end in 1855.


Democrat [[John Pettit]] won the January 18, 1853 election.
Democrat [[John Pettit]] won the January 18, 1853, election.


{{Expand section|date=November 2020}}
{{Expand section|date=November 2020}}
Line 929: Line 760:
First-term Democrat [[George Wallace Jones]] was re-elected to a second term.
First-term Democrat [[George Wallace Jones]] was re-elected to a second term.


He received the Democratic nomination on December 20, 1852 by the narrowest of margins: 30 to 29 votes.{{Sfn|Clark|page=56}} The general election was held the next day, December 21, in which Jones easily won.
He received the Democratic nomination on December 20, 1852, by the narrowest of margins: 30 to 29 votes.{{Sfn|Clark|page=56}} The general election was held the next day, December 21, in which Jones easily won.


{{Plainlist|
{{Plainlist|
Line 946: Line 777:
{{See also|List of United States senators from Louisiana|1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana}}
{{See also|List of United States senators from Louisiana|1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana}}


=== Louisiana (Regular) ===
=== Louisiana (regular) ===
[[File:Judah P Benjamin crop.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Judah P. Benjamin]]]]
[[File:Judah P Benjamin crop.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Judah P. Benjamin]]]]
<!--{{Main|1852 United States Senate election in Louisiana}}-->
<!--{{Main|1852 United States Senate election in Louisiana}}-->
Line 953: Line 784:
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


=== Louisiana (Special) ===
=== Louisiana (special) ===
[[File:John Slidell LA 1859.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[John Slidell]]]]
[[File:John Slidell LA 1859.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[John Slidell]]]]
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate special election in Louisiana}}-->
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate special election in Louisiana}}-->
Line 980: Line 811:
Long-time senator Whig [[John Davis (Massachusetts governor)|John Davis]] retired. Whig [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] and former [[Governor of Massachusetts]] [[Edward Everett]] was elected in 1853.
Long-time senator Whig [[John Davis (Massachusetts governor)|John Davis]] retired. Whig [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] and former [[Governor of Massachusetts]] [[Edward Everett]] was elected in 1853.


Everett was resign just one year into his term due to his distaste dealing with the politics of slavery and abolition.
Everett would resign just one year into his term due to his distaste dealing with the politics of slavery and abolition.
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


Line 991: Line 822:


{{Election box begin no change
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Vote for U.S. senator in the [[Michigan House of Representatives]]<ref name="Michigan House">{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2883585&view=1up&seq=54 |title=Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Michigan. 1853 |date=1853 |publisher=Geo. W. Peck, Printer to the State |location=[[Lansing, Michigan]] |page=48–50}}</ref>}}
| title = Vote for U.S. senator in the [[Michigan House of Representatives]]<ref name="Michigan House">{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2883585&view=1up&seq=54 |title=Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Michigan. 1853 |date=1853 |publisher=Geo. W. Peck, Printer to the State |location=[[Lansing, Michigan]] |pages=48–50}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Charles E. Stuart]]
| candidate = [[Charles E. Stuart]]
Line 1,013: Line 844:


{{Election box begin no change
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Vote for U.S. senator in the [[Michigan Senate]]<ref name="Michigan Senate">{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2882128&view=1up&seq=35&q1=Charles%20E.%20Stuart |title=Journal of the Senate of the State of Michigan. 1853 |date=1853 |publisher=Geo. W. Peck, Printer to the State |location=[[Lansing, Michigan]] |page=31–32}}</ref>}}
| title = Vote for U.S. senator in the [[Michigan Senate]]<ref name="Michigan Senate">{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2882128&view=1up&seq=35&q1=Charles%20E.%20Stuart |title=Journal of the Senate of the State of Michigan. 1853 |date=1853 |publisher=Geo. W. Peck, Printer to the State |location=[[Lansing, Michigan]] |pages=31–32}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Charles E. Stuart]]
| candidate = [[Charles E. Stuart]]
Line 1,033: Line 864:
{{See also|List of United States senators from Mississippi|1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Mississippi}}
{{See also|List of United States senators from Mississippi|1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Mississippi}}


=== Mississippi (Special, Class 1) ===
=== Mississippi (special, class 1) ===
[[File:Stephen Adams.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Stephen Adams (politician)|Stephen Adams]]]]
[[File:Stephen Adams.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Stephen Adams (politician)|Stephen Adams]]]]
<!--{{Main|March 1852 United States Senate special election in Mississippi}}-->
<!--{{Main|March 1852 United States Senate special election in Mississippi}}-->


Incumbent Democrat [[Jefferson Davis]] resigned in 1851 to run for [[Governor of Mississippi]]. Democrat [[John J. McRae]] was appointed December 1, 1851 to continue Davis's term, pending a special election. Democrat [[Stephen Adams (politician)|Stephen Adams]] won the March 17, 1852 special election to finish the term that would continue until 1857.
Incumbent Democrat [[Jefferson Davis]] resigned in 1851 to run for [[Governor of Mississippi]]. Democrat [[John J. McRae]] was appointed December 1, 1851, to continue Davis's term, pending a special election. Democrat [[Stephen Adams (politician)|Stephen Adams]] won the March 17, 1852, special election to finish the term that would continue until 1857.


{{Expand section|date=November 2020}}
{{Expand section|date=November 2020}}


{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}

=== Mississippi (Special, Class 2) ===
=== Mississippi (special, class 2) ===
[[File:WBrooke.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Walker Brooke]]]]
[[File:WBrooke.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Walker Brooke]]]]
<!--{{Main|February 1852 United States Senate special election in Mississippi}}-->
<!--{{Main|February 1852 United States Senate special election in Mississippi}}-->


Incumbent Democrat [[Henry S. Foote]] resigned January 8, 1852 to become [[Governor of Mississippi]]. Whig [[Walker Brooke]] was elected February 18, 1852 to finish the term that would end the following year.
Incumbent Democrat [[Henry S. Foote]] resigned January 8, 1852, to become [[Governor of Mississippi]]. Whig [[Walker Brooke]] was elected February 18, 1852, to finish the term that would end the following year.


{{Expand section|date=November 2020}}
{{Expand section|date=November 2020}}


=== Mississippi (Regular) ===
=== Mississippi (regular) ===
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate election in Mississippi}}-->
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate election in Mississippi}}-->


Line 1,071: Line 903:


{{Election box begin no change
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Vote for U.S. senator in the [[New Hampshire House of Representatives]]<ref name="New Hampshire House">{{Cite book |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.095661744?urlappend=%3Bseq=318 |title=Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of New Hampshire, November Session, 1852 |date=1853 |publisher=Butterfield & Hill, State Printers |location=[[Concord, New Hampshire]] |page=55-56 |hdl=2027/chi.095661744?urlappend=%3Bseq=318}}</ref>}}
| title = Vote for U.S. senator in the [[New Hampshire House of Representatives]]<ref name="New Hampshire House">{{Cite book |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.095661744?urlappend=%3Bseq=318 |title=Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of New Hampshire, November Session, 1852 |date=1853 |publisher=Butterfield & Hill, State Printers |location=[[Concord, New Hampshire]] |pages=55–56 |hdl=2027/chi.095661744?urlappend=%3Bseq=318}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Charles G. Atherton]]
| candidate = [[Charles G. Atherton]]
Line 1,085: Line 917:
}}
}}
{{Election box candidate no change
{{Election box candidate no change
| candidate = [[John Preston]]
| candidate = [[John Preston (American politician)|John Preston]]
| party = Unknown
| party = Unknown
| votes = 27
| votes = 27
Line 1,129: Line 961:


{{Election box begin no change
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Vote for U.S. senator in the [[New Hampshire Senate]]<ref name="New Hampshire Senate">{{Cite book |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.095661744?urlappend=%3Bseq=44 |title=Journal of the Honorable Senate of the State of New Hampshire, November Session, 1852 |date=1853 |publisher=Butterfield & Hill, State Printers |location=[[Concord, New Hampshire]] |page=37–38 |hdl=2027/chi.095661744?urlappend=%3Bseq=44}}</ref>}}
| title = Vote for U.S. senator in the [[New Hampshire Senate]]<ref name="New Hampshire Senate">{{Cite book |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.095661744?urlappend=%3Bseq=44 |title=Journal of the Honorable Senate of the State of New Hampshire, November Session, 1852 |date=1853 |publisher=Butterfield & Hill, State Printers |location=[[Concord, New Hampshire]] |pages=37–38 |hdl=2027/chi.095661744?urlappend=%3Bseq=44}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Charles G. Atherton]]
| candidate = [[Charles G. Atherton]]
Line 1,143: Line 975:
}}
}}
{{Election box candidate no change
{{Election box candidate no change
| candidate = [[John Preston]]
| candidate = John Preston
| party = Unknown
| party = Unknown
| votes = 1
| votes = 1
Line 1,157: Line 989:
{{See also|List of United States senators from New Jersey|1852 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey}}
{{See also|List of United States senators from New Jersey|1852 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey}}


=== New Jersey (Regular) ===
=== New Jersey (regular) ===
[[File:William Wright (1794-1866).jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[William Wright (New Jersey politician)|William Wright]]]]
[[File:William Wright (1794-1866).jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[William Wright (New Jersey politician)|William Wright]]]]
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate election in New Jersey}}-->
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate election in New Jersey}}-->
Line 1,164: Line 996:


{{Election box begin no change
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of the [[New Jersey legislature]]<ref name="NJRegular">{{Cite book |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101064301250?urlappend=%3Bseq=746 |title=Journal of the Ninth Senate of the State of New Jersey being the Seventy-seventh Session of The Legislature |date=1853 |publisher=Bernard Connolly |location=[[Freehold, New Jersey]] |page=727–728 |hdl=2027/njp.32101064301250?urlappend=%3Bseq=746}}</ref>
| title = Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of the [[New Jersey legislature]]<ref name="NJRegular">{{Cite book |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101064301250?urlappend=%3Bseq=746 |title=Journal of the Ninth Senate of the State of New Jersey being the Seventy-seventh Session of The Legislature |date=1853 |publisher=Bernard Connolly |location=[[Freehold Borough, New Jersey|Freehold, New Jersey]] |pages=727–728 |hdl=2027/njp.32101064301250?urlappend=%3Bseq=746}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
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{{End}}
{{End}}


Wright would lost re-election in 1859 but be returned to the Senate in 1863.
Wright would lose re-election in 1859 but be returned to the Senate in 1863.


=== New Jersey (Special) ===
=== New Jersey (special) ===
[[File:Hon. Tompson - NARA - 528695 (cropped).jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[John Renshaw Thomson]]]]
[[File:Hon. Tompson - NARA - 528695 (cropped).jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[John Renshaw Thomson]]]]
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate special election in New Jersey}}-->
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate special election in New Jersey}}-->


First-term Democrat [[Robert F. Stockton]] resigned from the Class 1 seat January 10, 1853 to become President of the [[Delaware and Raritan Canal Company]].
First-term Democrat [[Robert F. Stockton]] resigned from the Class 1 seat January 10, 1853, to become President of the [[Delaware and Raritan Canal Company]].


Democrat [[John Renshaw Thomson]] was elected February 11, 1853 over Whig former-senator [[William L. Dayton]] to finish the term.
Democrat [[John Renshaw Thomson]] was elected February 11, 1853, over Whig former-senator [[William L. Dayton]] to finish the term.


{{Election box begin no change
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of the [[New Jersey legislature]]<ref name="NJSpecial">{{Cite book |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101064301250?urlappend=%3Bseq=746 |title=Journal of the Ninth Senate of the State of New Jersey being the Seventy-seventh Session of The Legislature |date=1853 |publisher=Bernard Connolly |location=[[Freehold, New Jersey]] |page=739–740 |hdl=2027/njp.32101064301250?urlappend=%3Bseq=746}}</ref>
| title = Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of the [[New Jersey legislature]]<ref name="NJSpecial">{{Cite book |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101064301250?urlappend=%3Bseq=746 |title=Journal of the Ninth Senate of the State of New Jersey being the Seventy-seventh Session of The Legislature |date=1853 |publisher=Bernard Connolly |location=[[Freehold Borough, New Jersey|Freehold, New Jersey]] |pages=739–740 |hdl=2027/njp.32101064301250?urlappend=%3Bseq=746}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
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== Rhode Island ==
== Rhode Island ==
[[File:Philip Allen (politician).jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Philip Allen (politician)|Philip Allen]]]]
[[File:Philip Allen (politician).jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Philip Allen (Rhode Island politician)|Philip Allen]]]]
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate election in Rhode Island}}-->
{{See also|List of United States senators from Rhode Island|1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island}}
{{See also|List of United States senators from Rhode Island|1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island}}

=== Rhode Island (Regular) ===
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate election in Rhode Island}}-->


The [[Rhode Island General Assembly]] failed to elect, so first-term Whig [[John Hopkins Clarke]] thereby lost re-election.
The [[Rhode Island General Assembly]] failed to elect, so first-term Whig [[John Hopkins Clarke]] thereby lost re-election.


After the term began, Democrat [[Philip Allen (Rhode Island politician)|Philip Allen]] was elected July 20, 1853, to fill the seat. Allen would serve only one term, retiring in 1859.
=== Rhode Island (Special) ===
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate special election in Rhode Island}}-->

Democrat [[Philip Allen (politician)|Philip Allen]] was elected July 20, 1853, to fill the seat. Allen would serve only one term, retiring in 1859.


{{Expand section|date=November 2020}}
{{Expand section|date=November 2020}}
Line 1,239: Line 1,066:
{{See also|List of United States senators from South Carolina|1852 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey}}
{{See also|List of United States senators from South Carolina|1852 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey}}


Democrat [[Robert Rhett]] resigned May 7, 1852 and Democratic judge of the chancery court [[William F. De Saussure]] was appointed May 10, 1852 to continue the term, pending a special election. The term would end in March 1853, so there was an election to finish the term and an election to the next term.
Democrat [[Robert Rhett]] resigned May 7, 1852, and Democratic judge of the chancery court [[William F. De Saussure]] was appointed May 10, 1852, to continue the term, pending a special election. The term would end in March 1853, so there was an election to finish the term and an election to the next term.


=== South Carolina (Special) ===
=== South Carolina (special) ===
[[File:WilliamDeSaussure.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[William F. De Saussure]]]]
[[File:WilliamDeSaussure.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[William F. De Saussure]]]]
<!--{{Main|1852 United States Senate special election in South Carolina}}-->
<!--{{Main|1852 United States Senate special election in South Carolina}}-->
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{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


=== South Carolina (Regular) ===
=== South Carolina (regular) ===
[[File:Hon. Josiah J. Evans, S.C - NARA - 528688.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Josiah J. Evans]]]]
[[File:Hon. Josiah J. Evans, S.C - NARA - 528688.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Josiah J. Evans]]]]
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate election in South Carolina}}-->
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate election in South Carolina}}-->


Democrat [[Josiah J. Evans]] was elected December 1, 1852 on the fourth ballot to the next term.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433010016032?urlappend=%3Bseq=83 |title=Journal of the Senate of the State of South Carolina being the Extra and Annual Sessions of 1852 |publisher=Johnston & Cavis, Printers to the Senate |year=1852 |location=[[Columbia, South Carolina]] |page=77 |hdl=2027/nyp.33433010016032?urlappend=%3Bseq=83}}</ref>
Democrat [[Josiah J. Evans]] was elected December 1, 1852, on the fourth ballot to the next term.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433010016032?urlappend=%3Bseq=83 |title=Journal of the Senate of the State of South Carolina being the Extra and Annual Sessions of 1852 |publisher=Johnston & Cavis, Printers to the Senate |year=1852 |location=[[Columbia, South Carolina]] |page=77 |hdl=2027/nyp.33433010016032?urlappend=%3Bseq=83}}</ref>


{{Expand section|date=November 2020}}
{{Expand section|date=November 2020}}
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== Tennessee ==
== Tennessee ==
[[File:John-bell-brady-handy-cropped restored.jpg|thumb|125px|John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]]
[[File:John-bell-brady-handy-cropped restored.jpg|thumb|125px|John Bell]]
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate election in Tennessee}}-->
<!--{{Main|1853 United States Senate election in Tennessee}}-->
{{See also|List of United States senators from Tennessee|1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia}}
{{See also|List of United States senators from Tennessee|1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia}}


First-term Whig [[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] was re-elected October 29, 1853 on the 49th ballot.
First-term Whig [[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] was re-elected October 29, 1853, on the 49th ballot.


{{Plainlist|
{{Plainlist|
Line 1,271: Line 1,098:
* [[Cave Johnson]] 23 votes
* [[Cave Johnson]] 23 votes
* [[Neill S. Brown]] 4 votes
* [[Neill S. Brown]] 4 votes
* [[Aaron V. Brown]] 1 vote<ref name="TennSenate">{{Cite book | title=Senate Journal of the First Session of the Thirtitieth General Assembly of the State of Tennessee which convened at Nashville, on the First Monday in October, A.D. 1853 | url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112108190155?urlappend=%3Bseq=133 | location=[[Nashville, Tennessee]] | date=1854 | publisher=Nashville Union and American Steam Press | page=125}}</ref>
* [[Aaron V. Brown]] 1 vote<ref name="TennSenate">{{Cite book |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112108190155?urlappend=%3Bseq=133 |title=Senate Journal of the First Session of the Thirtitieth General Assembly of the State of Tennessee which convened at Nashville, on the First Monday in October, A.D. 1853 |date=1854 |publisher=Nashville Union and American Steam Press |location=[[Nashville, Tennessee]] |page=125|hdl=2027/uiug.30112108190155?urlappend=%3Bseq=133 }}</ref>
}}
}}


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== Virginia ==
== Virginia ==
[[File:RbrtMTHntr.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Robert M. T. Hunter]]]]
[[File:RbrtMTHntr (rotated).jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[Robert M. T. Hunter]]]]
<!--{{Main|1852 United States Senate election in Virginia}}-->
<!--{{Main|1852 United States Senate election in Virginia}}-->
{{See also|List of United States senators from Virginia|1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia}}
{{See also|List of United States senators from Virginia|1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia}}
Line 1,301: Line 1,128:
{{Plainlist|
{{Plainlist|
* {{Aye}} '''[[Robert M. T. Hunter]]''' (Democratic) 126 votes
* {{Aye}} '''[[Robert M. T. Hunter]]''' (Democratic) 126 votes
* Scattering 63 votes<ref name=VirginiaDelegates>{{Cite book | title=Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia for the Session of 1852. | location=[[Richmond, Virginia]] | date=1852 | publisher=William F. Ritchie, Public Printer | url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433014925709?urlappend=%3Bseq=79 | page=73}}</ref>
* Scattering 63 votes<ref name="VirginiaDelegates">{{Cite book |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433014925709?urlappend=%3Bseq=79 |title=Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia for the Session of 1852. |date=1852 |publisher=William F. Ritchie, Public Printer |location=[[Richmond, Virginia]] |page=73|hdl=2027/nyp.33433014925709?urlappend=%3Bseq=79 }}</ref>
}}
}}


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* [[1852 United States elections]]
* [[1852 United States elections]]
** [[1852 United States presidential election]]
** [[1852 United States presidential election]]
** [[1852 United States House of Representatives elections]]
** [[1852–53 United States House of Representatives elections]]
* [[32nd United States Congress]]
* [[32nd United States Congress]]
* [[33rd United States Congress]]
* [[33rd United States Congress]]
Line 1,324: Line 1,151:
* {{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Dan Elbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXJDAAAAIAAJ |title=History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa |date=1913 |location=[[Iowa City, Iowa]] |ref={{SfnRef|Clark}} |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Dan Elbert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXJDAAAAIAAJ |title=History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa |date=1913 |location=[[Iowa City, Iowa]] |ref={{SfnRef|Clark}} |via=[[Google Books]]}}
{{United States Senate elections}}
{{United States Senate elections}}
{{1852 United States elections}}
{{1853 United States elections}}


[[Category:1852 United States Senate elections| ]]
[[Category:1852 United States Senate elections| ]]
[[Category:1853 United States Senate elections| ]]
[[Category:1853 United States Senate elections| ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:1852-53 United States Senate elections}}

Latest revision as of 06:05, 5 December 2023

1852–53 United States Senate elections
← 1850 & 1851 Various dates 1854 & 1855 →
20 of the 62 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)
32 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Party Democratic Whig
Last election 33 seats 22 seats
Seats before 37 22
Seats won 10 4
Seats after 35 18
Seat change Decrease 1 Decrease 4
Seats up 10 9
  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Free Soil Know Nothing
Last election 2 seats
Seats before 3 New party
Seats won 2 1
Seats after 2 1
Seat change Decrease 1 Increase 1
Seats up 1
Results:
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
     Whig gain      Whig hold
     Know Nothing Gain      Legislature failed to elect
Majority party before election


Democratic

Elected Majority party


Democratic

The 1852–53 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with the 1852 presidential election. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1852 and 1853, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 2.

The Democratic Party gained two seats in the Senate. Only six of the twenty senators up for election were re-elected.

Results summary[edit]

Senate party division, 33rd Congress (1853–1855)

  • Majority party: Democratic (35–38)
  • Minority party: Whig Party (19–17)
  • Other parties: Free Soiler (2–5); Know Nothing (1)
  • Vacant: 5–1
  • Total seats: 62

Change in composition[edit]

Before the elections[edit]

D1  
D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11
D21
Ala. (sp)
Ran 		D20
Ala. (reg)
Ran 		D19 D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12
D22
Ark.
Ran 		D23
Ga.
Unknown 		D24
Ill.
Ran 		D25
Ind. (sp)
Retired 		D26
Iowa
Ran 		D27
La. (reg)
Unknown 		D28
La. (sp)
Resigned 		D29
Maine
Retired 		D30
Mich.
Retired 		D31
Miss. (sp 1)
Unknown
Majority → D32
Miss. (sp 2)
Miss. (reg)
Resigned
FS1 FS2 FS3
N.H.
Ran 		V2
Conn. (sp) 		V1
Calif. (sp) 		D36
Va.
Ran 		D35
Texas
Ran 		D34
S.C. (sp)
Ran
S.C. (reg)
Unknown 		D33
N.J. (sp)
Resigned
W21
Tenn.
Ran 		W20
R.I.
Unknown 		W19
N.C.
Ran 		W18
N.J. (reg)
Unknown 		W17
Mass.
Retired 		W16
Ky.
Retired 		W15
Del.
Retired 		W14 W13 W12
W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11
W1  

As a result of the elections[edit]

D1  
D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11
D21
Ala. (sp)
Elected[a] 		D20
Ala. (reg)
D Loss
Gain 		D19 D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12
D22
Ark.
Re-elected 		D23
Calif. (sp)
Gain 		D24
Conn. (sp)
Gain 		D25
Ga.
Hold 		D26
Ill.
Re-elected 		D27
Ind. (sp)
Hold 		D28
Iowa
Re-elected 		D29
La. (sp)
Hold 		D30
Mich.
Hold 		D31
Miss. (sp 1)
Hold
Majority → D32
N.H.
Gain
V2
Miss. (sp 2)
Gain
Miss. (reg)
D Loss 		V1
Maine
D Loss 		KN1
Ky.
Gain 		D38
Va.
Re-elected 		D37
Texas
Re-elected 		D36
S.C. (sp)
Hold
S.C. (reg)
Hold 		D35
R.I.
W Loss
Gain 		D34
N.J. (sp)
Hold 		D33
N.J. (reg)
Gain
V3
N.C.
W Loss 		FS2 FS1 W18
Tenn.
Re-elected 		W17
Mass.
Hold 		W16
La. (reg)
Gain 		W15
Del.
Hold 		W14 W13 W12
W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11
W1  
Key:
D# Democratic
FS# Free Soil
KN# Know Nothing
W# Whig
V# Vacant

Race summaries[edit]

Special elections during the 32nd Congress[edit]

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1852 or in 1853 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
California
(Class 1) 		Vacant Legislature had previously failed to elect in 1850–1851.
New senator elected January 30, 1852 on the eighth ballot.[2]
Democratic gain.
Mississippi
(Class 2) 		Henry S. Foote Democratic 1846 or 1847 Incumbent resigned January 8, 1852, to become Governor of Mississippi.
New senator elected February 18, 1852.
Whig gain.
Successor then retired at the end of the term, see below. 		▌Green tickY Walker Brooke (Whig)
[data missing]
Mississippi
(Class 1) 		John J. McRae Democratic 1851 (Appointed) Interim appointee replaced by an elected successor.
New senator elected March 17, 1852.
Democratic hold. 		▌Green tickY Stephen Adams (Democratic)
[data missing]
Connecticut
(Class 1) 		Vacant Legislature failed to elect.
New senator elected May 12, 1852.
Democratic gain. 		▌Green tickY Isaac Toucey (Democratic)
[data missing]
South Carolina
(Class 2) 		William F. De Saussure Democratic 1852 (Appointed) Interim appointee elected November 29, 1852.[3]
Successor was not elected to the next term, see below. 		▌Green tickY William F. De Saussure (Democratic)
[data missing]
Indiana
(Class 3) 		Charles W. Cathcart Democratic 1852 (Appointed) Incumbent retired when elected successor qualified.
New senator elected January 18, 1853.
Democratic hold. 		▌Green tickY John Pettit (Democratic)
[data missing]

Elections leading to the 33rd Congress[edit]

In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1853; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral
history
Alabama Jeremiah Clemens Democratic 1849 (special) Incumbent retired.
Legislature failed to elect.
Democratic loss.
Seat would remain vacant until November 29, 1853, see below. 		[data missing]
Arkansas William K. Sebastian Democratic 1848 (Appointed)
1848 (special) 		Incumbent re-elected in 1853. ▌Green tickY William K. Sebastian (Democratic)
[data missing]
Delaware Presley Spruance Whig 1846 or 1847 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1853.
Whig hold.
Georgia Robert M. Charlton Democratic 1852 (Appointed) Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1852.
Democratic hold. 		▌Green tickY Robert Toombs (Democratic)
[data missing]
Illinois Stephen A. Douglas Democratic 1846 Incumbent re-elected in 1852.
Iowa George W. Jones Democratic 1848 Incumbent re-elected in 1852.
Kentucky Joseph R. Underwood Whig 1846 or 1847 Incumbent retired.
New senator had already been elected early in 1851.
Know Nothing gain.
Louisiana Solomon W. Downs Democratic 1847 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1852.
Whig gain. 		▌Green tickY Judah P. Benjamin (Whig)
[data missing]
Maine James W. Bradbury Democratic 1846 Incumbent retired.
Legislature failed to elect.
Democratic loss.
Seat would remain vacant until 1854. 		[data missing]
Massachusetts John Davis Whig 1835
1841 (Resigned)
1845 (special)
1847 		Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1853.
Whig hold. 		▌Green tickY Edward Everett (Whig)
[data missing]
Michigan Alpheus Felch Democratic 1847 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1853.
Democratic hold.
Mississippi Walker Brooke Whig 1852 (special) Incumbent retired.
Legislature failed to elect.
Whig loss.
Seat would remain vacant until 1854. 		[data missing]
New Hampshire John P. Hale Free Soil 1846 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1852.
Democratic gain.
New Jersey Jacob W. Miller Whig 1841
1846 		Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1852 or 1853.
Democratic gain.
North Carolina Willie Mangum Whig 1830
1836 (Resigned)
1840 (special)
1841 		Incumbent lost re-election.
Leglislature failed to elect.
Whig loss.
Seat would remain vacant until 1854. 		▌Willie Mangum (Whig)
[data missing]
Rhode Island John Hopkins Clarke Whig 1846 or 1847 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
Leglislature failed to elect.
Whig loss.
Seat would remain vacant until July 20, 1853, see below. 		[data missing]
South Carolina William F. De Saussure Democratic 1852 (Appointed)
1852 (special) 		Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1852 or 1853.
Democratic hold. 		▌Green tickY Josiah J. Evans (Democratic)
[data missing]
Tennessee John Bell Whig 1847 Incumbent re-elected in 1853.
Texas Sam Houston Democratic 1846
1847 		Incumbent re-elected in 1853.
Virginia Robert M. T. Hunter Democratic 1846 Incumbent re-elected in 1852.

Elections during the 33rd Congress[edit]

In these elections, the winners were elected in 1853 on or after March 4; ordered by date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
New Jersey
(Class 1) 		Robert F. Stockton Democratic 1851 Incumbent resigned January 10, 1853, to become president of the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company.
New senator elected March 4, 1853.
Democratic hold.
Rhode Island
(Class 2) 		Vacant Legislature had failed to elect.
New senator elected July 20, 1853.
Democratic gain. 		▌Green tickY Philip Allen (Democratic)
[data missing]
Alabama
(Class 2) 		Vacant Legislature had failed to elect.
New senator elected November 29, 1853.
Democratic gain.
Louisiana
(Class 3) 		Pierre Soulé Democratic 1847 (special)
1847 (Left office)
1848 		Incumbent resigned to become U.S. Minister to Spain.
New senator elected December 5, 1853.
Democratic hold.
Alabama
(Class 3) 		Benjamin Fitzpatrick Democratic 1848 (Appointed)
1849 (Elected successor qualified)
1853 (Appointed) 		Interim appointee elected December 12, 1853.[14]

Alabama[edit]

See also: List of United States senators from Alabama and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama

Alabama (regular)[edit]

Senator Clement Claiborne Clay
Main article: 1853 United States Senate election in Alabama

The legislature had failed to elect a senator for the other seat, previously held by Democrat Jeremiah Clemens. On November 28, 1853, Democrat Clement Claiborne Clay was elected late to the seat.[12]

Alabama (special, class 3)[edit]

Senator Benjamin Fitzpatrick
Main article: 1853 United States Senate special election in Alabama

On December 20, 1852, Democrat William R. King resigned due to poor health. On January 14, 1853, Democrat Benjamin Fitzpatrick was appointed to continue the term, and he was elected November 28, 1853, to finish the term.[14][12]

Arkansas[edit]

Senator William K. Sebastian
See also: List of United States senators from Arkansas and 1852 United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas

Democratic senator William K. Sebastian had been appointed May 12, 1848, to continue the term, to which he was elected later that year to finish.

Sebastian was re-elected to a full term in 1853.

California (special)[edit]

Senator John B. Weller
See also: List of United States senators from California and 1852 United States House of Representatives election in California

The California legislature had failed to elect a successor to Democrat John C. Frémont in time for the 1851 beginning of the class 1 term.

In fact, this time it took eight ballots for Democrat John B. Weller (71 votes, 80.7%) to be elected January 30, 1852, over Whig Pierson B. Reading (17 votes, 19.3%).[2]

Connecticut (special)[edit]

Senator Isaac Toucey
See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut

The Connecticut legislature had failed to elect a senator for the term beginning in 1851. Democrat Isaac Toucey was elected in May 1852 to finish the term.

Senate (May 11, 1852)[15] House (May 12, 1852)[16]

Delaware[edit]

Senator John M. Clayton
See also: List of United States senators from Delaware and 1852 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware

First-term Whig Presley Spruance retired and Whig former senator John M. Clayton was elected January 12, 1853.

Clayton received 17 votes and there were 13 blank ballots cast.[4]

Georgia[edit]

Senator Robert Toombs
See also: List of United States senators from Georgia and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia

Second-term Whig John M. Berrien resigned May 28, 1852, and Democrat Robert M. Charlton was appointed May 31, 1852, to finish the term.

Democrat Robert Toombs was elected in 1852 and would serve through re-election in 1858 and until he withdrew in 1861.

Illinois[edit]

Senator Stephen A. Douglas
See also: List of United States senators from Illinois and 1852 United States House of Representatives elections in Illinois

Two-term Democrat Stephen A. Douglas was re-elected January 5, 1853. He would be re-elected in 1859 and serve until his 1861 death.

Indiana (special)[edit]

Senator John Pettit
See also: List of United States senators from Indiana and 1852 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana

First term Democrat James Whitcomb died December 4, 1852, and Democrat Charles W. Cathcart was appointed December 6, 1852, pending a special election to finish the term that would end in 1855.

Democrat John Pettit won the January 18, 1853, election.

Iowa[edit]

Senator George Wallace Jones
See also: List of United States senators from Iowa and 1852 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa

First-term Democrat George Wallace Jones was re-elected to a second term.

He received the Democratic nomination on December 20, 1852, by the narrowest of margins: 30 to 29 votes.[17] The general election was held the next day, December 21, in which Jones easily won.

Kentucky[edit]

Main article: 1851 United States Senate election in Kentucky
See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky, 1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky, and 1851 United States Senate special election in Kentucky

One-term Whig Joseph R. Underwood retired from the class 2 seat and the Know Nothing Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky John Burton Thompson had already been elected early, December 15, 1851, far in advance of the 1853 term.

Louisiana[edit]

See also: List of United States senators from Louisiana and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana

Louisiana (regular)[edit]

Senator Judah P. Benjamin

Democrat Solomon W. Downs lost re-election to Whig businessman Judah P. Benjamin in January 1852. Some Whig newspapers thought Benjamin too young and inexperienced at forty, despite his undoubted talent, but the Whig legislative caucus selected him on the second ballot, and he was elected by the legislature.[18]

Louisiana (special)[edit]

Senator John Slidell

First-term Democrat Pierre Soulé was appointed U.S. Minister to Spain and resigned April 11, 1853.

Former-Democratic congressman and diplomat John Slidell was elected April 28, 1853.

Slidell would be re-elected in 1858 and serve until he withdrew in 1861.

Maine[edit]

See also: List of United States senators from Maine and 1852 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine

First-term Democrat James W. Bradbury retired and the Maine legislature failed to elect his replacement until long after the new Congress began. It wasn't until 1854 that a new senator would be elected.

Massachusetts[edit]

Senator Edward Everett
See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts and 1852 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts

Long-time senator Whig John Davis retired. Whig U.S. Secretary of State and former Governor of Massachusetts Edward Everett was elected in 1853.

Everett would resign just one year into his term due to his distaste dealing with the politics of slavery and abolition.

Michigan[edit]

Senator Charles E. Stuart
See also: List of United States senators from Michigan and 1852 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan

First-term Democrat Alpheus Felch retired. Fellow Democratic congressman Charles E. Stuart was elected January 11, 1853, over Whig Mayor of Detroit Zachariah Chandler.

Vote for U.S. senator in the Michigan House of Representatives[19]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Charles E. Stuart 49 69.0
Whig Zachariah Chandler 21 29.6
Unknown Hovey K. Clarke 1 1.4
Vote for U.S. senator in the Michigan Senate[20]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Charles E. Stuart 24 77.4
Whig Zachariah Chandler 7 22.6

Stuart only served one term, retiring in 1859. Chandler, meanwhile, would be elected to the other seat and serve for three terms.

Mississippi[edit]

See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Mississippi

Mississippi (special, class 1)[edit]

Senator Stephen Adams

Incumbent Democrat Jefferson Davis resigned in 1851 to run for Governor of Mississippi. Democrat John J. McRae was appointed December 1, 1851, to continue Davis's term, pending a special election. Democrat Stephen Adams won the March 17, 1852, special election to finish the term that would continue until 1857.

Mississippi (special, class 2)[edit]

Senator Walker Brooke

Incumbent Democrat Henry S. Foote resigned January 8, 1852, to become Governor of Mississippi. Whig Walker Brooke was elected February 18, 1852, to finish the term that would end the following year.

Mississippi (regular)[edit]

Brooke was not a candidate to the next term.

The Mississippi legislature failed to elect a replacement for Brooke, and the seat remained vacant until early 1854.

New Hampshire[edit]

Senator Charles G. Atherton
See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections in New Hampshire

Free Soil senator John P. Hale ran for U.S. President, coming in third place in the popular vote, but failing to win any states. He lost to the Democratic fellow-New Hampshire senator Franklin Pierce. He then lost re-election to his senate seat when Democrats took over the New Hampshire legislature in 1852 state elections.

Democratic former-senator Charles G. Atherton was returned to the Senate in Hale's place on November 25, 1852.

Vote for U.S. senator in the New Hampshire House of Representatives[21]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Charles G. Atherton 148 55.2
Unknown Ira Perley 81 30.2
Unknown John Preston 27 10.1
Democratic State senator John S. Wells 4 1.5
Free Soil John P. Hale (Incumbent) 4 1.5
Whig Ichabod Goodwin 1 0.4
Unknown Moses A. Cartland 1 0.4
Unknown Joseph E. Bennett 1 0.4
Democratic Charles H. Peaslee 1 0.4
Vote for U.S. senator in the New Hampshire Senate[22]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Charles G. Atherton 10 83.3
Unknown Ira Perley 1 8.3
Unknown John Preston 1 8.3

Atherton died from pulmonary tuberculosis in the first year of his term.

After Republicans retook the New Hampshire legislature in 1854, Hale was re-elected to finish the term.

New Jersey[edit]

See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey and 1852 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey

New Jersey (regular)[edit]

Senator William Wright

Two-term Whig Jacob W. Miller lost re-election to Democratic former-Congressman William Wright.

Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of the New Jersey legislature[7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic William Wright 48 62.3
Whig Jacob W. Miller (Incumbent) 29 37.7

Wright would lose re-election in 1859 but be returned to the Senate in 1863.

New Jersey (special)[edit]

Senator John Renshaw Thomson

First-term Democrat Robert F. Stockton resigned from the Class 1 seat January 10, 1853, to become President of the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company.

Democrat John Renshaw Thomson was elected February 11, 1853, over Whig former-senator William L. Dayton to finish the term.

Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of the New Jersey legislature[11]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic John Renshaw Thomson 47 64.4
Whig William L. Dayton 26 35.6

Thomson would be re-elected in 1857 to a full term and serve until his death in 1862.

North Carolina[edit]

See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina

Long-time Whig Willie Mangum was a candidate for re-election. Although Democratic former-congressman James C. Dobbin was a top choice of the North Carolina Legislature, no candidate received a majority of votes in either house, so the seat was left unfilled.[23]

The seat would remain vacant until a 1854 special election.

Dobbin would then be appointed U.S. Secretary of the Navy and Magnum retired from public service.

Rhode Island[edit]

Senator Philip Allen
See also: List of United States senators from Rhode Island and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Rhode Island

The Rhode Island General Assembly failed to elect, so first-term Whig John Hopkins Clarke thereby lost re-election.

After the term began, Democrat Philip Allen was elected July 20, 1853, to fill the seat. Allen would serve only one term, retiring in 1859.

South Carolina[edit]

See also: List of United States senators from South Carolina and 1852 United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey

Democrat Robert Rhett resigned May 7, 1852, and Democratic judge of the chancery court William F. De Saussure was appointed May 10, 1852, to continue the term, pending a special election. The term would end in March 1853, so there was an election to finish the term and an election to the next term.

South Carolina (special)[edit]

Senator William F. De Saussure

De Saussure was elected November 29, 1852, just to finish the term.[24]

South Carolina (regular)[edit]

Senator Josiah J. Evans

Democrat Josiah J. Evans was elected December 1, 1852, on the fourth ballot to the next term.[25]

Tennessee[edit]

John Bell
See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia

First-term Whig John Bell was re-elected October 29, 1853, on the 49th ballot.

Bell would fall out of favor with the Tennessee legislature over the sectionalism that was rife in the late 1850s and lost their vote for re-election.

Texas[edit]

Senator Sam Houston
See also: List of United States senators from Texas and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas

Two-term Democrat Sam Houston — a Texas founder who had served as senator since statehood — was re-elected January 15, 1853.

Houston would retire at the end of this term in 1859, and be replaced by John Hemphill.

Virginia[edit]

Senator Robert M. T. Hunter
See also: List of United States senators from Virginia and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia

First-term Democrat Robert M. T. Hunter was re-elected January 22, 1852.

Hunter would be re-elected again in 1858 and serve until his 1861 expulsion.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Appointee elected
  2. ^ a b c Average vote in both houses
  1. ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Journal of the Proceedings of the Assembly (PDF). p. 132.
  3. ^ Byrd & Wolff, p. 164.
  4. ^ a b Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Delaware (PDF). Dover, Delaware. 1853. p. 49.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ a b Journal of the Senate of the Eighteenth General Assembly, of the State of Illinois Convened January 3, 1853. Springfield, Illinois: Lanphier & Walker, Printers. 1853. pp. 24–25.
  6. ^ "Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, November 3, 1851 - January 9, 1852". Journals of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Frankfort, Kentucky: Albert G. Hodges: 264. 1851.
  7. ^ a b Journal of the Ninth Senate of the State of New Jersey being the Seventy-seventh Session of The Legislature. Freehold, New Jersey: Bernard Connolly. 1853. pp. 727–728. hdl:2027/njp.32101064301250.
  8. ^ a b Senate Journal of the First Session of the Thirtitieth General Assembly of the State of Tennessee which convened at Nashville, on the First Monday in October, A.D. 1853. Nashville, Tennessee: Nashville Union and American Steam Press. 1854. p. 125. hdl:2027/uiug.30112108190155.
  9. ^ a b Journals of the House of Representatives of the State of Texas, Fourth Legislature—Extra Session (PDF). Austin, Texas: J.W. Hampton — State printer. 1853. p. 92.
  10. ^ a b Journal of the House of Delegates of the State of Virginia for the Session of 1852. Richmond, Virginia: William F. Ritchie, Public Printer. 1852. p. 73. hdl:2027/nyp.33433014925709.
  11. ^ a b Journal of the Ninth Senate of the State of New Jersey being the Seventy-seventh Session of The Legislature. Freehold, New Jersey: Bernard Connolly. 1853. pp. 739–740. hdl:2027/njp.32101064301250.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Journal of the Senate of the State of Alabama. pp. 82–83.
  13. ^ a b Journal and Official Documents of the House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana. New Orleans, Louisiana: Emile La Sere, State Printer. 1853. p. 231.
  14. ^ a b Byrd & Wolff, p. 76.
  15. ^ Journal of the Senate of the State of Connecticut, May session 1852, pages 41-42.
  16. ^ "Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Connecticut (May session 1852)". 1852. pp. 54, 58.
  17. ^ Clark, p. 56.
  18. ^ Butler, Pierce (1908). Judah P. Benjamin. American Crisis Biographies. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Company. pp. 99–100. OCLC 664335.
  19. ^ Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Michigan. 1853. Lansing, Michigan: Geo. W. Peck, Printer to the State. 1853. pp. 48–50.
  20. ^ Journal of the Senate of the State of Michigan. 1853. Lansing, Michigan: Geo. W. Peck, Printer to the State. 1853. pp. 31–32.
  21. ^ Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of New Hampshire, November Session, 1852. Concord, New Hampshire: Butterfield & Hill, State Printers. 1853. pp. 55–56. hdl:2027/chi.095661744.
  22. ^ Journal of the Honorable Senate of the State of New Hampshire, November Session, 1852. Concord, New Hampshire: Butterfield & Hill, State Printers. 1853. pp. 37–38. hdl:2027/chi.095661744.
  23. ^ See, e.g., "Journals of the Senate and House of Commons of the General Assembly of North-Carolina at its session in 1852". digital.ncdcr.gov. p. 769. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  24. ^ Journal of the Senate of the State of South Carolina being the Extra and Annual Sessions of 1852. Columbia, South Carolina: Johnston & Cavis, Printers to the Senate. 1852. p. 64. hdl:2027/nyp.33433010016032.
  25. ^ Journal of the Senate of the State of South Carolina being the Extra and Annual Sessions of 1852. Columbia, South Carolina: Johnston & Cavis, Printers to the Senate. 1852. p. 77. hdl:2027/nyp.33433010016032.

References[edit]

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