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Multiplication (often denoted by the cross symbol ×, by the mid-line dot operator ⋅, by juxtaposition, or, on computers, by an asterisk *) is one of the...

50 (fifty) is the natural number following 49 and preceding 51. Fifty is the smallest number that is the sum of two non-zero square numbers in two distinct...

In mathematics, the error function (also called the Gauss error function), often denoted by erf, is a function defined as: erf ⁡ z = 2 π ∫ 0 z e − t 2...

A stochastic differential equation (SDE) is a differential equation in which one or more of the terms is a stochastic process, resulting in a solution...

Stochastic calculus is a branch of mathematics that operates on stochastic processes. It allows a consistent theory of integration to be defined for integrals...

In statistics, G-tests are likelihood-ratio or maximum likelihood statistical significance tests that are increasingly being used in situations where chi-squared...

In probability theory and related fields, Malliavin calculus is a set of mathematical techniques and ideas that extend the mathematical field of calculus...

Anti–computer forensics or counter-forensics are techniques used to obstruct forensic analysis. Anti-forensics has only recently been recognized as a legitimate...

In mathematics, the Malliavin derivative is a notion of derivative in the Malliavin calculus. Intuitively, it is the notion of derivative appropriate to...

In the theories of modulation and of stochastic processes, random modulation is the creation of a new signal from two other signals by the process of quadrature...