Urera: Difference between revisions
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|name = ''Urera'' |
|name = ''Urera'' |
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|image = Urera simplex (fruit).jpg |
|image = Urera simplex (fruit).jpg |
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|image_caption = ''Urera simplex'' |
|image_caption = ''[[Urera simplex]]'' |
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|regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |
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'''''Urera''''' is a genus of [[ |
'''''Urera''''' is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the nettle family, [[Urticaceae]]. It has a [[pantropical]] distribution.<ref name=st>Steinmann, V. W. (2005). [http://www1.ecologia.edu.mx/publicaciones/resumeness/ABM/ABM.71.2005/acta71(19-43).pdf Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae).] ''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' (71), 19-43.</ref> |
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==Description== |
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''Urera'' are [[liana]]s,<ref name=kew>[http://apps.kew.org/efloras/namedetail.do?flora=fz&taxon=105&nameid=490 ''Urera''.] Flora Zambesiaca.</ref> [[shrub]]s, and small [[tree]]s.<ref name=st/> Climbing species root along the stems and can reach the crowns of the trees they use for support.<ref name=kew/> Some are [[thorns, spines, and prickles|spiny]].<ref name=st/> They almost always have [[urticating hair]]s, often on bumps in the epidermis.<ref name=kew/> These are stiff, stinging [[trichome]]s with swollen bases.<ref name=st/> The leaves are variable in shape and venation, and help in the identification of species. Also useful is the varying appearance and arrangement of [[cystolith]]s on the leaf surface. The [[inflorescence]] is a divided, branching [[panicle]] of flowers. Most species are [[dioecy|dioecious]], but a few are [[Plant reproductive morphology|monoecious]]. Most species have male flowers with either four or five [[stamen]]s and [[tepal]]s.<ref name=st/> Female flowers generally have four uneven, free to mostly fused tepals. The fruit is an [[achene]] covered in orange or red flesh.<ref name=kew/> |
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There are currently 113 published [[Specific name (botany)|species epithet]]s for the genus<ref>IPNI (2005)</ref> of which 103 are likely legitimate. Of these epithets, sixteen have since been placed in ''[[Boehmeria]]'', ''[[Dendrocnide]]'', ''[[Girardinia]]'', ''[[Gyrotaenia]]'', ''[[Laportea]]'' and ''[[Obetia]]'' by subsequent authors. The remaining 87 names are estimated to refer to ca. 35<ref name = friis1989>Friis (1989)</ref> to 75<ref>Pool (2001)</ref> good species. |
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| ⚫ | About 113 [[Specific name (botany)|species epithet]]s have been published for the genus.<ref>{{aut|[[International Plant Names Index]] (IPNI)}} (2005): [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_family=&find_genus=Urera&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ''Urera''].</ref> Many species have been transferred to other genera, including ''[[Boehmeria]]'', ''[[Dendrocnide]]'', ''[[Girardinia]]'', ''[[Gyrotaenia]]'', ''[[Laportea]]'', and ''[[Obetia]]''. It is not clear how many valid species currently belong in ''Urera'', with estimates ranging from 17<ref name=pl>[http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Urticaceae/Urera/ ''Urera''.] The Plant List.</ref> to 75.<ref name=st/> The genus is not well known, with current knowledge dependent mainly on outdated studies, and there is little agreement regarding its [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]].<ref name=st/> |
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| ⚫ | The genus ''Urera'' was first described by [[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré]] in 1826 in his review of the studies done on [[Louis de Freycinet]]'s voyage of the ''[[Uranie]]''.<ref>[[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré|Gaudichaud-Beaupré, C.]] (1826): [Description of ''Urera'']. ''Botanique du voyage'' etc. ''de ''L'Uranie'' et ''La Physicienne: 496-97.</ref> He noted its distinctness, proposing the [[Tribe (biology)|subtribe]] Urereae. This was later raised to the rank of [[tribe (biology)|tribe]],<ref>Weddell, H. A. (1856): ''Urera''. ''In'': Baudry, G. & Baudry, J. (eds.): ''Monographie de la famille des Urticacées'': 143-62. [in French]. G. and J. Baudry, Paris, France.</ref> and subsequently merged into [[Urticeae]].<ref name=friis>Friis, I. (1989): The Urticaceae: a systematic review. ''In'': Crane, P. E. & Blackmore, S. (eds.): ''Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae'' (Vol. 2): 285–308. ''Systematics Association Special Volume'' 40B. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, UK.</ref> |
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==Distribution and ecology== |
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''Urera'' has a nearly [[pantropical]] distribution ([[Neotropic ecozone|Neotropics]], [[Africa]], [[Australasia]] and the [[Pacific Islands]]) but is absent from [[Asia]]. Typically, they are not plants of dense [[old-growth forest]]; in [[Mesoamerica]] for example they most commonly occur in [[Riparian zone|riparian]] and [[Ruderal species|disturbed vegetation]]. |
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''Urera'' was expanded to include the [[monotypic taxon|monospecific genus]] ''Scepocarpus''.<ref name=friis/> Analysis of ''[[trnL-F]]'' [[chloroplast]] [[Plastome|DNA]] [[DNA sequencing|sequence]] data suggests that ''Urera'' could be sister to ''[[Poikilospermum]]'' within the Urticaceae.<ref>Monro, A. K. (2006). [http://www.amjbot.org/content/93/3/426.full The revision of species-rich genera: a phylogenetic framework for the strategic revision of ''Pilea'' (Urticaceae) based on CPDNA, NRDNA and morphology.] ''[[American Journal of Botany]]'' 93(3): 426-41.</ref> |
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Currently a single species, the [[Hawaii]]an [[endemism|endemic]] ''[[Urera kaalae]]'', is known to be [[Endangered species|endangered]]. It is on the [[Critically endangered species|very brink of extinction]] however.<ref>IUCN (2007)</ref> |
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No botanical [[monograph]]s have been devoted to ''Urera'' since 1869.<ref name=st/> Knowledge of the systematics of the genus has accumulated mainly from new descriptions of species and floristic accounts.<ref name=st/> |
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| ⚫ | The genus ''Urera'' was first described by [[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré]] in 1826 |
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''Urera'' was expanded to include the [[Monotype (biology)|monospecific]] genus '''''Scepocarpus'''''.<ref name = friis1989 /> As regards its relationships, a detailed analysis of ''[[trnL-F]]'' [[chloroplast]] [[Plastome|DNA]] [[DNA sequencing|sequence]] data suggests that ''Urera'' could be sister to ''[[Poikilospermum]]'' within the Urticaceae.<ref>Monro (2006)</ref> A less detailed but more comprehensive analysis with additional ''[[ndhF]]'' and ''[[rbcL]]'' data<ref>Sytsma ''et al.'' (2002)</ref> supports the traditional subtribe [[Lecantheae]] uniting ''Poikilosperum'' with ''[[Pellionia]]'' however, with ''Urera'' in a very badly resolved position somewhere near it. |
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''Urera'' has attracted no [[monograph]]ic attention since the late 19th century<ref>Weddell (1856, 1869{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}})</ref> and to date no subgeneric classification has been published (although Weddell did divide the genus into unnamed groups according to inflorescence structure and distribution). Systematic work in ''Urera'' has largely resulted from localized floristic treatments in and adjoining Mesoamerica.<ref>Standley & Steyermark (1952), Burger (1977), Pool (2001), Steinmann (2004)</ref> |
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[[File:urera-caracasana-berries.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Urera caracasana]]'' fruits]] |
[[File:urera-caracasana-berries.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Urera caracasana]]'' fruits]] |
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===Selected species=== |
===Selected species=== |
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[[File:Starr 030405-0219 Urera glabra.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Urera glabra]]'']] |
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Species include:<ref name=pl/> |
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*''[[Urera acuminata]]'' |
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| ⚫ | * ''[[Urera glabra]]'' <small>([[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] & [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]]) Wedd.</small> – ''Ōpuhe'' ([[Hawaii]])<ref name="CFTH">{{cite web |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Urera_glabra.pdf |format=PDF |title=Ōpuhe |first= |
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*''[[Urera aurantiaca]]'' |
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*''[[Urera cameroonensis]]'' |
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*''[[Urera capitata]]'' |
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*''[[Urera elata]]'' |
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| ⚫ | * ''[[Urera glabra]]'' <small>([[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] & [[George Arnott Walker-Arnott|Arn.]]) Wedd.</small> – hopue, ''Ōpuhe'' ([[Hawaii]])<ref name="CFTH">{{cite web |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Urera_glabra.pdf |format=PDF |title=Ōpuhe |first=Little, E. L. |coauthors=R. G. Skolmen |work=Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Native and Introduced) |publisher=United States Forest Service |year=1989 |accessdate=2009-11-28}}</ref> |
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*''[[Urera henriquesii]]'' |
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* ''[[Urera kaalae]]'' <small>[[Heinrich Wawra von Fernsee|Wawra]]</small> – ''Ōpuhe'' ([[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] in Hawaii) |
* ''[[Urera kaalae]]'' <small>[[Heinrich Wawra von Fernsee|Wawra]]</small> – ''Ōpuhe'' ([[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] in Hawaii) |
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*''[[Urera laciniata]]'' |
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* ''[[Urera lobulata]]''{{Verify source|date=November 2008}} <small>[[Ignatz Urban|Urb.]] & [[Erik Leonard Ekman|Ekman]]</small><!-- check Friis 1989 and Pool 2001 for validity --><!-- Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28(4): 277 --> |
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*''[[Urera mannii]]'' |
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* ''[[Urera trinervis]]'' <small>([[Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter|Hochst.]]) Friis & Immelman, 1987</small> ([[Africa]])<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=10IMFSavIMsC&dq |title=Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops |first=Peter |last=Hanelt |volume=3 |publisher=Springer |year=2001 |isbn=978-3-540-41017-1 |page=391}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/NameSubordinateTaxa.aspx?nameid=40021959 |title=Subordinate Taxa of ''Urera'' Gaudich. |work=TROPICOS |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |accessdate=2009-11-28}}</ref> |
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*''[[Urera nitida]]'' |
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*''[[Urera repens]]'' |
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''Urera tenax'' is now ''[[Obetia tenax]]''. |
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*''[[Urera simplex]]'' |
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*''[[Urera sinuata]]'' |
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==Footnotes== |
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*''[[Urera thonneri]]'' |
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{{Reflist}} |
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* ''[[Urera trinervis]]'' <small>([[Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter|Hochst.]]) Friis & Immelman, 1987</small> |
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*''[[Urera verrucosa]]'' – ''chichicastle'', ''mala mujer'' |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{commons category}} |
{{commons category}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* {{aut|[[Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré|Gaudichaud-Beaupré, Charles]]}} (1826): [Description of ''Urera'']. ''Botanique du voyage'' etc. ''de ''L'Uranie'' et ''La Physicienne: 496-497 [in French{{Verify source|date=November 2008}}<!-- Latin? -->]. |
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* {{aut|Friis, I.}} (1989): The Urticaceae: a systematic review. ''In:'' {{aut|Crane, P.E. & Blackmore, S. (eds.)}}: ''Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae'' (Vol. 2): 285–308. ''Systematics Association Special Volume'' '''40'''B. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, UK. |
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* {{aut|[[International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]] (IUCN)}} (2007): ''[http://www.iucnredlist.org 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]''. IUCN, Gland. |
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* {{aut|Monro. A.K.}} (2006): The revision of species-rich genera: a phylogenetic framework for the strategic revision of ''Pilea'' (Urticaceae) based on CPDNA, NRDNA and morphology. ''[[American Journal of Botany|Am. J. Bot.]]'' '''93'''(3): 426-441. [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/93/3/426.pdf PDF fulltext] [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/93/3/426/DC1 Supplementary Data] |
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* {{aut|Steinmann, V.W.}} (2005): Four new neotropical species and a new combination of ''Urera'' (Urticaceae). ''Acta Botánica Mexicana'' '''71''': 19-43. [http://www.ecologia.edu.mx/publicaciones/resumeness/ABM/ABM.71.2005/acta71(19-43).pdf PDF fulltext] |
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| ⚫ | * |
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* {{aut|Weddell, H.A.}} (1856): ''Urera. In:'' {{aut|Baudry, G. & Baudry, J. (eds.)}}: ''Monographie de la famille des Urticacées'': 143-162 [in French]. G. and J. Baudry, Paris, France. |
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[[Category:Urera| ]] |
[[Category:Urera| ]] |
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Revision as of 04:31, 18 September 2013
| Urera | |
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| Urera simplex | |
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| Genus: | Urera |
| Synonyms | |
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Scepocarpus Wedd. | |
Urera is a genus of flowering plants in the nettle family, Urticaceae. It has a pantropical distribution.[1]
Description
Urera are lianas,[2] shrubs, and small trees.[1] Climbing species root along the stems and can reach the crowns of the trees they use for support.[2] Some are spiny.[1] They almost always have urticating hairs, often on bumps in the epidermis.[2] These are stiff, stinging trichomes with swollen bases.[1] The leaves are variable in shape and venation, and help in the identification of species. Also useful is the varying appearance and arrangement of cystoliths on the leaf surface. The inflorescence is a divided, branching panicle of flowers. Most species are dioecious, but a few are monoecious. Most species have male flowers with either four or five stamens and tepals.[1] Female flowers generally have four uneven, free to mostly fused tepals. The fruit is an achene covered in orange or red flesh.[2]
Systematics and taxonomy
About 113 species epithets have been published for the genus.[3] Many species have been transferred to other genera, including Boehmeria, Dendrocnide, Girardinia, Gyrotaenia, Laportea, and Obetia. It is not clear how many valid species currently belong in Urera, with estimates ranging from 17[4] to 75.[1] The genus is not well known, with current knowledge dependent mainly on outdated studies, and there is little agreement regarding its taxonomy.[1]
The genus Urera was first described by Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré in 1826 in his review of the studies done on Louis de Freycinet's voyage of the Uranie.[5] He noted its distinctness, proposing the subtribe Urereae. This was later raised to the rank of tribe,[6] and subsequently merged into Urticeae.[7]
Urera was expanded to include the monospecific genus Scepocarpus.[7] Analysis of trnL-F chloroplast DNA sequence data suggests that Urera could be sister to Poikilospermum within the Urticaceae.[8]
No botanical monographs have been devoted to Urera since 1869.[1] Knowledge of the systematics of the genus has accumulated mainly from new descriptions of species and floristic accounts.[1]
Selected species
Species include:[4]
- Urera acuminata
- Urera aurantiaca
- Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd., 1852 – guaritoto, scratchbush
- Urera cameroonensis
- Urera capitata
- Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaudich. ex Griseb., 1859 – flameberry
- Urera elata
- Urera expansa (Sw.) Griseb.
- Urera glabra (Hook. & Arn.) Wedd. – hopue, Ōpuhe (Hawaii)[9]
- Urera henriquesii
- Urera kaalae Wawra – Ōpuhe (Oʻahu in Hawaii)
- Urera laciniata
- Urera mannii
- Urera nitida
- Urera repens
- Urera simplex
- Urera sinuata
- Urera thonneri
- Urera trinervis (Hochst.) Friis & Immelman, 1987
- Urera verrucosa – chichicastle, mala mujer
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urera.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Steinmann, V. W. (2005). Four new neotropical species and a new combination of Urera (Urticaceae). Acta Botánica Mexicana (71), 19-43.
- ^ a b c d Urera. Flora Zambesiaca.
- ^ International Plant Names Index (IPNI) (2005): Urera.
- ^ a b Urera. The Plant List.
- ^ Gaudichaud-Beaupré, C. (1826): [Description of Urera]. Botanique du voyage etc. de L'Uranie et La Physicienne: 496-97.
- ^ Weddell, H. A. (1856): Urera. In: Baudry, G. & Baudry, J. (eds.): Monographie de la famille des Urticacées: 143-62. [in French]. G. and J. Baudry, Paris, France.
- ^ a b Friis, I. (1989): The Urticaceae: a systematic review. In: Crane, P. E. & Blackmore, S. (eds.): Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae (Vol. 2): 285–308. Systematics Association Special Volume 40B. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, UK.
- ^ Monro, A. K. (2006). The revision of species-rich genera: a phylogenetic framework for the strategic revision of Pilea (Urticaceae) based on CPDNA, NRDNA and morphology. American Journal of Botany 93(3): 426-41.
- ^ "Ōpuhe" (PDF). Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Native and Introduced). United States Forest Service. 1989. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
{{cite web}}:|first=missing|last=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Further reading
- Burger, W. (1977). Urera. Fieldiana Botany 40: 276-80. PDF fulltext
- Pool, A. (2001). Urera. In: Stevens, W. D., et al. (eds.): Flora de Nicaragua (Vol. 3): 2492–95. Monographs in Botany 85. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
- Standley, P. C. & Steyermark, J. A. (1952). Urera. Fieldiana Botany 24(3), 424-28. PDF fulltext
- Sytsma, K. J., et al. (2002). Urticalean rosids: circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL-F, and ndhF sequences.] American Journal of Botany 89(9), 1531–46.
- Weddell, H. A. (1869). Myriocarpa. In: de Candolle, A. P. (ed.): Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis (Vol. 16): 23533–36. Paris, France.