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===Etymology=== |
===Etymology=== |
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Borrowed from {{bor|en|la|castrum}}. {{doublet|en|Chester}}. |
Borrowed from {{bor|en|la|castrum}}. {{doublet|en|Caister|Chester}}. |
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===Noun=== |
===Noun=== |
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# {{lb|en|historical}} Among the Ancient Romans, a [[building]] or [[plot]] of [[land]] used as a [[military]] [[defensive]] [[position]]. |
# {{lb|en|historical}} Among the Ancient Romans, a [[building]] or [[plot]] of [[land]] used as a [[military]] [[defensive]] [[position]]. |
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{{C|en|Ancient Rome}} |
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---- |
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==Latin== |
==Latin== |
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{{wp|lang=la}} |
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===Etymology=== |
===Etymology=== |
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From {{inh|la|itc-pro|*kastrom}}, from {{ |
From {{inh|la|itc-pro|*kastrom}}, from {{suffix|la|lang1=ine-pro|lang2=ine-pro|*ḱes-|gloss1=to cut, cut off, separate|*-trom}} (Latin {{af|la|-trum}}) (Watkins, 1969).<ref>{{R:itc:EDL|pages=97-8}}</ref> Cognate with {{cog|sa|शस्त्र|tr=śastrá|t=cutting tool}}.<ref>{{R:Olsen:1988|16|passage=3.1.1. ''*k̂əs-trom/*-trah₂'' “cutting tool”}}</ref> See also {{m|la|castrō}}, {{m|la|careō}}. |
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===Pronunciation=== |
===Pronunciation=== |
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# [[castle]], [[fort]], [[fortress]] |
# [[castle]], [[fort]], [[fortress]] |
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# |
# {{lb|la|chiefly|in the plural}} several [[soldier]]s' [[tents]] situated [[together]]; hence, a [[military]] [[camp]], an [[encampment]] |
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#* {{Q|la|Julius Caesar|Commentarii de Bello Gallico|5|9|quote=Caesar exposito exercitu et loco '''castris''' idoneo capto {{...}}|trans=Caesar, having disembarked his army and chosen a convenient place for the '''camp'''{{...}}}} |
#* {{Q|la|Julius Caesar|Commentarii de Bello Gallico|5|9|quote=Caesar exposito exercitu et loco '''castris''' idoneo capto {{...}}|trans=Caesar, having disembarked his army and chosen a convenient place for the '''camp'''{{...}}}} |
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====Descendants==== |
====Descendants==== |
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{{desc-top|Inherited}} |
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{{desc-bottom}} |
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{{desc-top|Borrowed}} |
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* {{desc|sq|-kastër|bor=1}} |
* {{desc|sq|-kastër|bor=1}} |
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* {{desc|arc|קַצְרָא|tr=qaṣrā|bor=1}} / {{l|syc|ܩܰܨܪܳܐ|tr=qaṣrā}} |
* {{desc|arc|קַצְרָא|tr=qaṣrā|bor=1}} / {{l|syc|ܩܰܨܪܳܐ|tr=qaṣrā}} |
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** {{desc|enm|Chestre}} |
** {{desc|enm|Chestre}} |
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*** {{desc|en|-caster|-cester|-chester|Chester}} |
*** {{desc|en|-caster|-cester|-chester|Chester}} |
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* {{desc|ro|castru|bor=1}} |
* {{desc|ro|castru|bor=1}} |
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{{desc-bottom}} |
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===References=== |
===References=== |
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* {{R:itc:EDL|castrum|pages=97–98}} |
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* {{R:L&S}} |
* {{R:L&S}} |
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* {{R:Elementary Lewis}} |
* {{R:Elementary Lewis}} |
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* {{R:M&A}} |
* {{R:M&A}} |
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* {{R:Peck}} |
* {{R:Peck}} |
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* {{R:ine:IEW |
* {{R:ine:IEW|page=586}} |
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Latest revision as of 08:49, 4 July 2024
English
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Latin castrum. Doublet of Caister and Chester.
Noun
[edit]castrum (plural castra)
- (historical) Among the Ancient Romans, a building or plot of land used as a military defensive position.
Latin
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Italic *kastrom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱes- (“to cut, cut off, separate”) + Proto-Indo-European *-trom (Latin -trum) (Watkins, 1969).[1] Cognate with Sanskrit शस्त्र (śastrá, “cutting tool”).[2] See also castrō, careō.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /ˈkas.trum/, [ˈkäs̠t̪rʊ̃ˑ]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈkas.trum/, [ˈkäst̪rum]
Noun
[edit]castrum n (genitive castrī); second declension
- castle, fort, fortress
- (chiefly in the plural) several soldiers' tents situated together; hence, a military camp, an encampment
- c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 5.9:
- Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo capto […]
- Caesar, having disembarked his army and chosen a convenient place for the camp […]
- Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo capto […]
Usage notes
[edit]Use in singular is rarer than that of castellum.
Declension
[edit]Second-declension noun (neuter).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | castrum | castra |
Genitive | castrī | castrōrum |
Dative | castrō | castrīs |
Accusative | castrum | castra |
Ablative | castrō | castrīs |
Vocative | castrum | castra |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Inherited
Borrowed
- → Albanian: -kastër
- → Aramaic: קַצְרָא (qaṣrā) / ܩܰܨܪܳܐ (qaṣrā)
- → Arabic: قَصْر (qaṣr)
- Hijazi Arabic: قصر (gaṣur)
- Moroccan Arabic: قصر (qṣar)
- → Italian: cassero, cassaro
- → Old Catalan: alcacer
- Catalan: alcàsser
- → Old Galician-Portuguese: alcaçar, alcaçer
- → Old Spanish: alcaçar, alcacer
- Spanish: alcázar (see there for further descendants)
- → Persian: قصر (qasr)
- → Sicilian: càssaru
- → Swahili: kasri
- → Uyghur: قەسىر (qesir)
- → Arabic: قَصْر (qaṣr)
- → Berber [languages?]: aɣasru, ɣasru
- → Byzantine Greek: κάστρον (kástron)
- → English: castrum
- → Hebrew: קְצָרָה (qəṣārā)
- → Old English: ceaster
- → Romanian: castru
References
[edit]- “castrum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “castrum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- castrum in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- castrum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- veterans; experienced troops: qui magnum in castris usum habent
- to disarm a person: armis (castris) exuere aliquem
- to leave troops to guard the camp: praesidio castris milites relinquere
- to mount guard in the camp: vigilias agere in castris (Verr. 4. 43)
- to keep the troops in camp: copias castris continere
- to remain inactive in camp: se (quietum) tenere castris
- veterans; experienced troops: qui magnum in castris usum habent
- “castrum”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 586
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 97-8
- ^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1988) The Proto-Indo-European Instrument Noun Suffix *-tlom and its Variants (Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser; 55), Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, →ISBN, page 16: “3.1.1. *k̂əs-trom/*-trah₂ “cutting tool””
Categories:
- English terms borrowed from Latin
- English terms derived from Latin
- English doublets
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- English nouns with irregular plurals
- English terms with historical senses
- en:Ancient Rome
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms suffixed with -trum
- Latin 2-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin lemmas
- Latin nouns
- Latin second declension nouns
- Latin neuter nouns in the second declension
- Latin neuter nouns
- Latin terms with quotations
- Latin words in Meissner and Auden's phrasebook