(Go: >> BACK << -|- >> HOME <<)
Jump to content

ᏎᎷ: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia
Browse history interactively
← Older edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Bot: Adding category To be checked
 
(15 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Taxobox
<!--{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| color = lightgreen
| name = ᏎᎷ (Maize)
| name = ᏎᎷ (Maize)
Line 14: Line 14:
| binomial = ''Zea mays''
| binomial = ''Zea mays''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}} IS THIS STRUCTURE DESIRED? -->
}}
[[File:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese''']]
[[File:Zea mays fraise MHNT.BOT.2011.18.21.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "fraise"'']]


'''ᏎᎷ''' (''Zea mays'' ssp. ''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ''), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''ᏎᎷ''', ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ...
'''ᏎᎷ''' (''Zea mays'' ssp. ''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ''), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ '''ᏎᎷ''', ᎨᏒᎢ [[cereal|ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] [[grain|ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ]] Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Mesoamerica]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ European ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ [[15th century|15th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ [[16th century|16th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏎᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᎹᏰᏟ]], [[Canada|ᎨᎾᏓ]], [[New Zealand|ᎠᏤ Zealand]], ᎠᎴ [[Australia|ᏒᎳᏗᏝ]], ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ '''mealies''' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[southern Africa|ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ]]. [[Hybrid|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ varieties ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ [[heterosis]] ("ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ"). ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ genetically ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ varieties ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏎᎷ varieties ᎠᏛᏍᎬ 7 [[meter|m]] (23 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ 2.5 m (9 ft). [[Sweetcorn]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏠᎨᏏ-ᏎᎷ varieties.

== ᏎᎷ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ==

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ [[bamboo]] ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏫᏢ ([[Node (botany)|ᏂᎯ]]) ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 20–30 [[centimeter|cm]] (8–12 [[inch|ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ]]) ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ. ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ, 50–100 cm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ 5–10 cm ᎠᏯᏖᎾ (2–4 ft ᎾᎥᎢ 2–4 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ); ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ 2–3 m (7–10 ft) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎯ, ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎦᏓᏘ-ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏂᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ.
[[File:Maispflanze.jpg|right|thumbnail|ᏎᎷ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ]]
[[File:Maispflanze.jpg|right|thumbnail|ᏎᎷ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ]]

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏏᎵᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ whorl ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᏏᎵᎩ ᎠᎴ elongated ᎤᏚᎯᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᏎᎷ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ 2–4 ᏗᎦᎴᏂ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ techniques ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ rely ᎾᎿ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.9 (Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ stressed ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ).<ref>[http://maize.agron.iastate.edu/ears.html]</ref> ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[silage]] ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ denser ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ varieties ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ" Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Asian cuisine|Asian ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]].

ᏎᎷ [[cultivar]] ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[temperate zone|ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ [[day neutral plant|ᎢᎦ-ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ > 50° F (10&nbsp;°C). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏎᎷ cultivars ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Central America|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ [[short day plant|ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎢᎦ]] ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏣᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/ag/aGL/aglw/cropwater/maize.stm]</ref> ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ-ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[flower|ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ]]ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ controlled genetically ᎠᎴ regulated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[phytochrome]] ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᏣᎷ, [[inflorescence|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ]] ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏏᎵᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ pollen ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᏣᎷ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ consumed ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ, ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏏᎵᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ tougher ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏏᎵᎩ dries inedibility. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎦᎶᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ [[pericarp|ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ]] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ fused ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ [[Poaceae|grasses]]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ (ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ) ᎥᏝ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ [[pea|ᏒᏙᏂ]], ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏚᏓᏅ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ. ᎦᎴᏂ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏔᎵ ᏅᎩ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 10–25&nbsp;cm (4–10 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ: [[blackish|ᎬᎿᎨ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ]], ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ [[flour|ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ]], ᏎᎷ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ [[bran|ᎤᎦᏔᏁᎦ]], ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏤᎵ [[gluten|ᏤᎵ]] ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ baked ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ.

[[gene]]tic ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ [[starch|ᏗᏍᏓᎦᏯᏙᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ consumed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[vegetable|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]] ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ sweetcorn.

ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏎᎷ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, [[DIMBOA]] (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-ᏌᏊ). DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ hydroxamic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ benzoxazinoids) Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, pathogenic fungi ᎠᎴ [[bacteria|ᎢᎦᎢ]]. DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ grasses, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ. ᏎᎷ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ (bx) ᎦᎷᎶᎩ DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ fungi. DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏎᎷ ᎯᎠ European ᏎᎷ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ (ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ [[Crambidae]]). ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ, DIMBOA ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ.

== ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ==
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ subspecies:
* ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ ᏎᎷ - ''Zea mays'' L. subsp. ''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' Amylacea ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
* [[Popcorn|ᎠᎾᏔᏍᎩᏍᎩ]] - ''Zea mays'' L. subsp. ''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' Everta ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
* ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏎᎷ - ''Zea mays'' L. subsp. ''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' Indentata ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
* ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᏎᎷ - ''Zea mays'' L. subsp. ''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' Indurata ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
* [[Sweetcorn]] - ''Zea mays'' L. subsp. ''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' Saccharata ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
* [[Waxy corn|ᎪᎢ ᏎᎷ]] - '' Zea mays'' L. ceratina Kuleshov
* [[Amylomaize]] - '' Zea mays''
* ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏎᎷ - ''Zea mays'' L. var. ''tunicata'' Larrañaga ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ . ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Hil.
ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 60 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ multi-ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ. Agronomic ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ supplemented ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᎵᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, cytological, ᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ DNA ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ. ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ (ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ), ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, racial complexes, ᎠᎴ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ.

ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ 10 ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (n=10). ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ 1500 [[Centimorgan|cM]]. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "chromosomal ᎦᏂᏴᏗ". ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ repetitive heterochromatic ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ polymorphic ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ [[teosinte]]. [[Barbara McClintock]] ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ markers ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ [[transposon]] ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ "ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ genes".

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏎᎷ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ''ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ - ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ'', funded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ USDA [[Agricultural Research Service|ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎦᏩᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎢᎵᏃᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ Urbana-ᏂᎬᏅ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 80,000 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ genes, ᎧᏁᏉᏨ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ gene ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ heritable variants. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1000 chromosomal ᏧᎾᏍᏗ (e.g., ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ) ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ (e.g., tetraploids). ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ accessed ᎾᎾᎢ [http://www.maizegdb.org/ MaizeGDB], ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Genomics ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005 ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ (NSF), ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ (USDA) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (ᎦᏣᏄᎳ) ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ consortium ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ [[genome]]. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ DNA ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎾᎾᎯ [[GenBank]], ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ genome-ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ. Sequencing ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ genome ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ genome ᎤᎭ 50,000–60,000 genes scattered ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ 2.5 ᎯᏍᎩ ᏗᎳᏗ – ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ DNA – Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ 10 ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ genome ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2.9 ᎯᏍᎩ ᏗᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ 26,000 genes.)

== ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ ==
[[File:Corn parents1.jpg|right|thumbnail|ᏔᎵ teosintes ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏎᎷ]]
[[File:Corn parents1.jpg|right|thumbnail|ᏔᎵ teosintes ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏎᎷ]]

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ theories ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ:
# ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ [[Mexican|ᎠᏍᏆᏂ]] ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ [[teosinte]], ''Zea mays'' ssp. ''parviglumis'', ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ [[Balsas River valley|Balsas ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ]] ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ [[ᎺᎯᎪ]], ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 12% Ꮝ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ otsel igvnelv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ''Zea mays'' ssp. ''mexicana'' ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ;
# ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ hybridization ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ maize—a ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ maize—and teosinte ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ''Luxuriantes'', ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ''Z. luxurians'' ᎠᎴ ''Z. diploperennis'';
# ᎾᏍᎩ underwent ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ teosinte;
# ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ hybridization ''Z. diploperennis'' ᎾᎥᎢ ''Tripsacum dactyloides''. (ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "teosinte" ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ [[species|ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ]] ᎠᎴ subspecies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''Zea'', ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ''Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ'' ssp. ''ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ''.) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1930s, Paul Mangelsdorf ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ hybridization ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ''Tripsacum'', ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ tripsacum ([[gama|ᎦᎹ]] ᎧᏁᏍᎦ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, negating Mangelsdorf’s ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ.

ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ (ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ hypotheses) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏕᎪᏏᏏ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ dauntingly ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Nobel Prize|Nobel ᎠᏌᏍᏛ]] winner [[George Beadle|George ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1939, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ:
# ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ''Zea'' originated,
# ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏆᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ 3500–2700 [[BCE|ᎤᏓᎷᎸ]] (uncorrected) ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ teosinte,
# ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏱᎸᏓ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ teosinte ᎠᎴ ᏎᎷ ᎬᏙᏗ teosintoid ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ca. 1100 [[BCE|ᎤᏓᎷᎸ]],
# ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.
[[File:Guila Naquitz cave.jpg|right|thumbnail|Guila Naquitz ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏎᎷ]]
[[File:Guila Naquitz cave.jpg|right|thumbnail|Guila Naquitz ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏎᎷ]]

ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ researchers—[[archaeologist|ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ]], [[genetics|geneticists]], [[ethnobotany|ethnobotanists]], geographers, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 7,500—12,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ (ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ). ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏎᎷ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ occured 9000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎺᎯᎪ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ [[Oaxaca]] ᎠᎴ [[Jalisco]].[http://www.maizegenetics.net/publications/Matsuoka2002PNAS.pdf] ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ teosinte ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ [[Balsas River|Balsas ᎤᏪᏴ]]. ᏧᏆᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Guila Naquitz ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Oaxaca ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ 6,250 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ; 3450 [[BCE|ᎤᏓᎷᎸ]], uncorrected); ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Tehuacan]], Puebla, ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ca. 2750 [[BCE|ᎤᏓᎷᎸ]]. ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ ca. 1100 [[BCE|ᎤᏓᎷᎸ]] ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ: ᏎᎷ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏆᎫᏔᏅᏒ teosinte ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ.

ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1500 [[BCE|ᎤᏓᎷᎸ]], ᏎᎷ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎢᏤ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎢᏤ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ varieties ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ. ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ [[pre-Columbian|ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Columbian]] [[ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ]], [[Mesoamerican]], [[ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ]], ᎠᎴ [[Caribbean]] ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ [[1st millennium|1st ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ]] [[CE|ᎤᎶᏐᏅ]] (ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ), ᏎᎷ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Mexico|ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ]] ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ [[U.S. Southwest|ᎠᎹᏰᏟ Southwest]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ [[northeastern U.S.|northeastern ᎠᎹᏰᏟ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ [[ᎨᎾᏓ]], ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏧᎸᏌᏛᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᎴ grassland ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ. [[Gavin Menzies]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ''[[1421 hypothesis|1421 - ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ]]'', ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ transplanted ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Chinese|ᏓᎶᏂᎨ]] ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ 15th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ disputed [http://www.hallofmaat.com/modules.php?name=Articles&file=article&sid=91]).

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ precipitated Ꮝ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ bi-ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, George ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ teosinte ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ "popped" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎾᏔᏍᎩᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ argued Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ [[selective breeding|selective ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ intercrossing teosinte ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏎᎷ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005, ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[USDA]] [[United States Forest Service|ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ]] ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᎷ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ 500 1,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ southeastern ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ contributed ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ freshwater [[mussel|ᏓᎫᎾ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ environmental ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ.<ref>[http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/about/newsrelease/nr_2005-06-06-mussels.htm]</ref>

== ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ==
ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ, ᏐᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[China|ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ]], [[Brazil|ᏆᏏᎵᎢ]], [[France|ᎦᎸᏥᏱ]], [[Indonesia]], ᎠᎴ [[South Africa|ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ]]. ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 600 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ [[metric ton|ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003 – ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[rice|ᏗᎵᏊ]] ᎠᎴ [[wheat|ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ]]. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, ᎠᏍᏚᏗ 33 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ [[hectare]] ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ $23 ᎯᏍᎩ.

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ-ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[spring (season)|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]]. Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[C4 plant|C4 ᎦᎪᏘ]] (ᎦᎪᏘ Ꮎ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ C4 photosynthesis), ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ-ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ [[C3 plant|C3 ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ soybeans. ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏏᎵᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ pollination. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ predicted ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "ᎧᏂᎩᏂ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Independence Day (United States)|ᏅᎩᏁ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ]]", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ [[hybrid|ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᏎᎷ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[silage]] ᎨᏒᎢ harvested ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ. ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ harvested ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ", ᎤᎶᏐᏅ pollination ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏗᏍᏓᎦᏯᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ. ᏠᎨᏏ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ harvested ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ [[winter|ᎪᎳ]] ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ [[ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ]], ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ [[drought|ᏓᏣᏁᎬ]] ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ [[famine|ᎠᎪᏄᎳ]] ᎾᎥᎢ causing ᏎᎷ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ.
[[File:Field, corn, Liechtenstein, Mountains, Alps, Vaduz, sky, clouds, landscape.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|ᏠᎨᏏ ᏎᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Liechtenstein]]]]

ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Native American (Americas)|ᎠᏴᏫᏯᎢ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ [[Three Sisters (agriculture)|ᏦᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᎸ]]: [[bean|ᏚᏯ]] ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ [[Squash (fruit)|ᏍᏆᏏ]] ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏚᏏ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏚᏏ 60–120 cm (2–4 ft) ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ 3 ᎠᎴ 4 ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ technique ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ''ᎥᏓᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᏎᎷ'' ᎭᏢᏃ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ 40 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ 10–12 cm (4–5 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ technique ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ.

[[File:Cornheap.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right| ᏎᎷ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]]]]
[[File:Cornheap.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right| ᏎᎷ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, [[India|ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ]]]]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ-[[crop rotation|ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ]] ᎬᏙᏗ [[Nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ]] ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ [[alfalfa|ᎦᎪᏘ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎴ [[soybean]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ, [[winter wheat|ᎪᎳ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ]], ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ [[no-till farming|Ꮭ-ᎩᎳ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏎᎷ cultivars ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ [[ᎨᎾᏓ]] ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ [[genetically modified|genetically ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ]] ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[biotechnology]] ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ agronomic ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ.

ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ [[World War II|ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ]], ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ harvested ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏌᏊ- ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ-ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ pickers ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ [[combine harvester|ᎦᏟᏌᏅ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ picker, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ harvested ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᏎᎷ sheller ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ''ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ'' ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏎᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ-ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ (ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᏗᏲᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏗᏆᎴᏴᏍᏙᏗ) ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ ᏎᎷ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ.

== Pellagra ==
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ enthusiastically ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎾᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ productivity. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ malnutrition ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎾᎿᏇ ᏱᎾᎩ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ malnutrition ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ.{{fact}}

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ [[alkali]]—ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏍᏚ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚᎤᏁᎬ ([[calcium carbonate]]) ᏄᎾᏛᏅ [[Mesoamericans]]—ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ B-vitamin [[niacin]], ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ underlying ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[pellagra]]. ᎪᎯ alkali ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ Nahuatl (Aztec)-derived ᏚᏙᎥ: [[nixtamalization]].

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ niacin, pellagra ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ [[protein|ᏤᎵ]] ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏔᎵ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ [[amino acid|amino ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏎᎷ, [[lysine]] ᎠᎴ [[tryptophan]]. Nixtamalization ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ lysine ᎠᎴ tryptophan ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏎᎷ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎬᏙᏗ [[beans|ᏚᏯ]] ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏤᎵ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[amaranth]] ᎠᎴ [[chia]], ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ amino ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ.

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ cultural ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ alkali ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ, pellagra disappeared. ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ lysine ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎪᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏘᏴᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ contributed Ꮝ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ.

== ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ ==
=== ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ===
[[File:GEM corn.jpg|thumbnail|right|ᎬᏙᏗ varieties ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ [[genetic diversity|ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ]] ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ selectively ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ.]]
* [[Corn earworm|ᏎᎷ earworm]] (''Helicoverpa zea'')
* [[Fall armyworm|ᎤᎶᏒᎩ armyworm]] (''Spodoptera frugiperda'')
* [[Common armyworm|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ armyworm]] (''Pseudaletia unipuncta'')
* [[Stalk borer|ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]] (''Papaipema nebris'')
* [[Corn leaf aphid|ᏎᎷ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ]] (''Rhopalosiphum maidis'')
* [[European corn borer|ᏳᎳᏛ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]] (''Ostrinia nubilalis'') (ECB)
* [[Corn silkfly|ᏎᎷ silkfly]] (''Euxesta stigmatis'')
* [[Lesser cornstalk borer|adatolasdisgi cornstalk ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ]] (''Elasmopalpus lignosellus'')
* [[Corn delphacid|ᏎᎷ delphacid]] (''Peregrinus maidis'')

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏎᎷ ᎯᎠ European ᏎᎷ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ losses, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ [[transgenic plants|transgenic]] Bt ᏎᎷ ᏂᎦᏪᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ [[Bacillus thuringiensis]] (Bt) toxin. Bt ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ [[United States|ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏃᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Europe|ᏳᎳᏛ]].

=== ᎥᏳᎩ ===
* [[Corn smut|ᏎᎷ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ]] ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ (''Ustilago maydis''): fungal ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[ᎺᎯᎪ]] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ''huitlacoche'', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ prized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ.
* [[Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus|ᏎᎷ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ]]
* [[Stewart's Wilt|Stewart ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎦᏛᎾᏨ]] (''Pantoea stewartii'')
* [[Common Rust|ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ]] (''Puccinia sorghi'')
* [[Goss's Wilt|Goss ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎦᏛᎾᏨ]] (''Clavibacter michiganese'')
* [[Grey Leaf Spot|ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ]]
* [[Mal de Río Cuarto Virus|Mal ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Río Cuarto ᎥᏳᎩ]] (MRCV)

== ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏎᎷ ==
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ [[ᎨᎾᏓ]], ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[livestock|ᎦᏂᏝᎢ]], ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, silage ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. [[Silage]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ chopped ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ cornstalks. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ hydrolyzed ᎠᎴ enzymatically ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ fructose [[corn syrup|ᏎᎷ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ]], sweetener, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ fermented ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ [[grain alcohol|ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ]]. ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ [[bourbon whiskey|bourbon ᏫᏍᎩ]]. ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ethanol ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ (10% ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[gasoline|ᎨᏐᎵᏂ]] ([[gasohol]]) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ [[octane]] ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ, ᎡᎳᏗᎨ pollutants, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎪᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ.
[[File:Corncobs.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Multicolored varieties ᏎᎷ]]

ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ [[cornmeal]] ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ [[staple food|ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ: ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ [[polenta]] [[Italy|ᏲᎶ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ [[mămăligă]] [[Romania]] [[mush|ᏩᏂᎨ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ [[sadza]], [[nshima]], [[ugali]] ᎠᎴ [[mealie pap|mealie ᏂᎯ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[tortilla]] ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ [[Mexican food|ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[chicha]], fermented ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ [[Central America|ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ]] ᎠᎴ [[South America|ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ]].

[[Sweetcorn]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏓᎦᏯᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ [[vegetable|ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ]]. [[Popcorn|ᎠᎾᏔᏍᎩᏍᎩ]] ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ varieties Ꮎ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

ᏎᎷ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[hominy|ᎦᏃᎮᎾ]], ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ bleached ᎬᏙᏗ [[lye|ᎣᎳ ᎤᎥola uvysdi]]; ᎠᎴ [[grits|ᏁᏩᏛ]], ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ bleached ᎤᏃᎮᎾ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏎᎷ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[U.S. Southern States|ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ]], ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏭᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ [[Native Americans in the United States|ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ]]. ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ [[corn flakes|ᏎᎷ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ]]. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ([[cornflour|ᏎᎷ ᎢᏌ]] ᎠᎴ [[masa]]) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ [[cornbread|ᏎᎷ ᎦᏚ]] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ [[tortillas]]. Teosinte ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[fodder|ᏎᎳᏬᏱ]], ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ popped ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏔᏍᎩᏍᎩ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ coloured ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ colorful ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᏂᎬᎢ-ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ varieties, ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ 31 ft (9m) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ [http://www.angelfire.com/un/giantcrops/maize.html][Evening Journal; ᏩᏏᏓᏂ, ᎠᏯᏩ; 1946], ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ 24 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ [Journal of Heredity, 1924], ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.


{| align=right
{| align=right
Line 142: Line 29:
|[[File:Cornsilk 7091.jpg|160px|left|thumbnail|ᏎᎷ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, .k.. ᏎᎷ ᏏᎵᎩ]]
|[[File:Cornsilk 7091.jpg|160px|left|thumbnail|ᏎᎷ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, .k.. ᏎᎷ ᏏᎵᎩ]]
|}
|}

Corncobs ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ hollowed ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ [[smoking pipe|ᎪᎦᏍᎬ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ]], ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1869. ᏎᎷ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[biomass]] ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ. ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ-ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᎷ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏎᎷ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ [[cherry|ᎩᏔᏯ]] ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ) ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ.

ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ''ᏎᎷ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ'' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ [[maze|ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ]] ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏎᎷ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏎᎷ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ [[Adrian Fisher]], ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[Pennsylvania|ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ]] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1993. ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[yew|ᎦᎪᏘ]] [[hedge (gardening)|ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ]], ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎬᏯᏗᏢ vistor ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[ᎨᎾᏓ]] ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᏎᎷ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ" ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1983, [[Barbara McClintock]] ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏬᏘ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ [[transposons]] ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᏎᎷ. ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ [[model organism|ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ [[developmental biology|developmental ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ]] ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.

ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[biomass]] ᎪᏛᏙᏗ. [[biomass gasification|biomass ᏙᎢ]] ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Strem ᎾᎥᏂᎨ [[Güssing]], [[Burgenland]], [[Austria]] ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005. ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ [[diesel]] ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ biogas ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ [[Fischer Tropsch]] ᎢᎬᎾᏗ.

ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ [[Bait (luring substance)|ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ]], ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ [[ᏳᎳᏛ]] ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ [[coarse fishing|ᎤᏃᎮᎾ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ]].

== ᎯᎪᏩᏔ ᎾᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᏇ ==
* [[Protein per unit area|ᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ]]
* [[Detasseling]]
* [[Moonshine|ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ]]
* [[Zein]]


== ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ==
== ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ==
* Ferro, D.N. ᎠᎴ Weber, D.C. [http://www.eap.mcgill.ca/CPMP_1.htm Managing Sweet Corn Pests in [[Massachusetts|ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ]]]
* [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42268 ITIS 42268] ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 22 ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 2002
* [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Zea.html A list of Zea taxonomic names] ᎪᎯ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ taxonomists. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ Ꮭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏏᏴᏫ-gene ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ entries ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

== ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ==
* [http://www.ncga.com/WorldOfCorn/main/index.htm NCGA Corn Industry Statistics]
* [http://www.maizegdb.org/ Maize Genetics and Genomics Database project]
* [http://www.cimmyt.org/ International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center]
* [http://www.milpa.nl Maize of Guatemala]
* [http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/2004/04/puzzle_0404.html "Puzzle of Corn's Origins Coming Together"]


[[Category:ᏎᎷ| ]]
[[Category:ᏎᎷ| ]]
[[Category:ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ]]
[[Category:ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ]]
[[Category:To be checked]]

[[af:Mielie]]
[[am:በቆሎ]]
[[an:Zea mays]]
[[ar:ذرة (نبات)]]
[[arz:دره]]
[[ast:Zea mays]]
[[av:ЦIоросаролъ]]
[[ay:Tunqu]]
[[az:Qarğıdalı]]
[[bar:Gugaruz]]
[[be:Кукуруза]]
[[be-x-old:Кукуруза]]
[[bg:Царевица]]
[[bm:Kaba]]
[[bn:ভুট্টা]]
[[bo:ཨ་ཤོམ།]]
[[br:Maiz]]
[[bs:Kukuruz]]
[[ca:Dacsa]]
[[ce:ХьаьжкIа]]
[[chy:Ová'kemâhaemenôtse]]
[[ckb:گەنمەشامی]]
[[cs:Kukuřice setá]]
[[cy:Indrawn]]
[[da:Majs]]
[[de:Mais]]
[[dsb:Majs]]
[[el:Καλαμπόκι]]
[[eml:Furmintòun]]
[[en:Maize]]
[[eo:Maizo]]
[[es:Zea mays]]
[[et:Mais]]
[[eu:Arto]]
[[ext:Zea mays]]
[[fa:ذرت]]
[[ff:Masarji]]
[[fi:Maissi]]
[[fiu-vro:Mais]]
[[fr:Maïs]]
[[fy:Stynske weet]]
[[ga:Arbhar Indiach]]
[[gan:粟米]]
[[gd:Cruithneachd Innseanach]]
[[gl:Millo]]
[[gn:Avati]]
[[gu:મકાઇ]]
[[ha:Masara]]
[[he:תירס]]
[[hi:मक्का (अनाज)]]
[[hr:Kukuruz]]
[[hsb:Prawa kukurica]]
[[ht:Mayi]]
[[hu:Kukorica]]
[[ia:Mais]]
[[id:Jagung]]
[[io:Maizo]]
[[is:Maís]]
[[it:Zea mays]]
[[ja:トウモロコシ]]
[[jbo:zumri]]
[[jv:Jagung]]
[[ka:სიმინდი]]
[[kbd:Нартыху]]
[[kk:Жүгері]]
[[kn:ಮೆಕ್ಕೆ ಜೋಳ]]
[[ko:옥수수]]
[[krc:Нартюх]]
[[ku:Garis]]
[[la:Zea mays]]
[[lbe:Шагьнал лачӀа]]
[[lij:Granon]]
[[lmo:Zea mays]]
[[ln:Lisángú]]
[[lt:Paprastasis kukurūzas]]
[[lv:Kukurūza]]
[[map-bms:Jagung]]
[[mg:Katsaka (zavamaniry)]]
[[mk:Пченка]]
[[ml:ചോളം]]
[[mr:मका]]
[[ms:Jagung]]
[[nah:Cintli]]
[[nap:Granone]]
[[ne:मकै]]
[[new:कःनि]]
[[nl:Mais]]
[[nn:Mais]]
[[no:Mais]]
[[nv:Naadą́ą́ʼ]]
[[oc:Milh]]
[[os:Нартхор]]
[[pam:Mais]]
[[pl:Kukurydza zwyczajna]]
[[pnb:مکی]]
[[pnt:Λαζούδ]]
[[ps:جوار]]
[[pt:Milho]]
[[qu:Sara]]
[[ro:Porumb]]
[[ru:Кукуруза сахарная]]
[[rw:Ikigori]]
[[sah:Маис]]
[[sc:Trigumoriscu]]
[[sco:Maize]]
[[sh:Kukuruz]]
[[simple:Maize]]
[[sk:Kukurica siata]]
[[sl:Koruza]]
[[sn:Chibage]]
[[so:Galey]]
[[sq:Misri]]
[[sr:Кукуруз]]
[[su:Jagong]]
[[sv:Majs]]
[[sw:Mhindi]]
[[ta:மக்காச்சோளம்]]
[[te:మొక్కజొన్న]]
[[tg:Сӯта]]
[[th:ข้าวโพด]]
[[tl:Mais]]
[[to:Koane]]
[[tr:Mısır (bitki)]]
[[tt:Кукуруз]]
[[tum:Chingoma]]
[[uk:Кукурудза]]
[[ur:مکئی]]
[[vec:Zea mays]]
[[vep:Kukuruz]]
[[vi:Ngô]]
[[wa:Dinrêye d' awousse]]
[[war:Maís]]
[[yi:קוקורוזע]]
[[yo:Àgbàdo]]
[[zh:玉米]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hoan-be̍h]]
[[zh-yue:粟米]]

Latest revision as of 12:49, 20 ᎧᏩᏂ 2018

Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese'
Zea mays "fraise"

ᏎᎷ (Zea mays ssp. ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ...

ᏎᎷ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ
ᏔᎵ teosintes ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏎᎷ
Guila Naquitz ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏎᎷ
ᏎᎷ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ
ᏎᎷ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, .k.. ᏎᎷ ᎤᏥᏣᎷ
ᏎᎷ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, .k.. ᏎᎷ ᏏᎵᎩ

ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ[ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎰᏪᎸᎦ]

Retrieved from "https://chr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ᏎᎷ&oldid=42326"