ᎠᏓᎾᏌᏁᏍᎩ: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 13:04, 19 ᏚᎵᎢᏍᏗ 2012

ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ relativity, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ; ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ.

ᎯᎠ **ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ** ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ.

ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ

ᎢᎬᏱ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Aristotle ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 4th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ BC, ᏀᎾᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. Aristotle ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᏀᎾᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮭ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ hypothesized Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ ᎠᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮝ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.

ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎡᎶᎯ Brahmagupta ᎦᎪ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ Brahmasphuta Siddhanta (628 CE), ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ heliocentric ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ Aryabhata (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ 476-550 CE) ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎬ Ꮎ "ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ" ᎠᎴ Ꮎ "ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ, Ꮎ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ... ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ."^[1]^[2]

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Galileo Galilei ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 16th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ 17th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ Pisa ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎴᏍᎬ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ, Galileo ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Aristotle ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ. (Galileo ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ.) Galileo ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ.

ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1687, ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Isaac ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ hypothesizes ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏢᎬ-ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, “I ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏕᏯᏍᏗ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ.”

ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ Ꮝ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ Uranus Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᏂ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏫ ᎠᎴ Urbain Le Verrier ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏀᎾ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ Le Verrier ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Johann Gottfried Galle ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.

ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᏚᏙᎪᏓᏁᎸ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎸ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ) ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1915 ᎾᎥᎢ Albert Einstein ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏤ ᏂᎦᎥ relativity ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏀᎾ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ,^[3] ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᏀᎢ Einstein ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ-ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ-relativistic ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎢᏗᎨ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ.

ᏂᎦᎥ relativity

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ). ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ: ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ relativity, ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ.

ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ, Einstein ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ geodesicᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ, Einstein ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭᏂᎦᎥ relativity, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎯᎠ Einstein ᏠᎨᏏ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 10 ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ, ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ-ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ, ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ. ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ. ᎯᎠ geodesic ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ Einstein ᏠᎨᏏ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:

ᎯᎠ Schwarzschild ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ-ᎤᎪᏒ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ, ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ radial ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Schwarzschild ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Schwarzschild ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ.
ᎯᎠ Reissner-Nordström ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ.
ᎯᎠ Kerr ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏒ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ Robertson-ᎠᎢᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.

ᏂᎦᎥ relativity ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ Ꮝ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ:

ᏂᎦᎥ relativity ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎨᏓ-Rebka ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ Hafele-Keating ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ GPS.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Arthur Eddington ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1919, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ quasar ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Shapiro ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1964 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ interplanetary ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏥᏳ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ.
ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ pulsar.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Robertson-ᎠᎢᏍᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Edwin ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1929.

ᏗᎪᏍᎩ

ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ

ᏂᎦᎥᎢ planetary ᎠᏰᎸ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏀᎢ ᎤᏓᏢᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ g, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 9.8 m/s². ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ, ᎠᏓᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ, ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ 9.807 m/(32.174 ft/ᎠᎴ 22 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ/h) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏔᎵᏁ Ꮝ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ 9.807 m/(32.17 ft/) ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏌᏊ ᏔᎵᏁ, 19.614 m/(64.34 ft/) ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏔᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏀᎾ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ 3rd ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᏂᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ negligible, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ.

ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎸ

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ-ᏩᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏓᏥᏚᎦ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ kinematical ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Newton’s ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ F = mpg, ᎭᏢᏃ m ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ uranus ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏥᏳ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎾᏍᏋ g. ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ P.E. ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ h ( P.E. = mgh). ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ h ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ, $h=u^{2}/2g$ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎦᏘᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ.

ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ

ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏤᎢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏅᎾᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮝ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ galactic ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.

ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ terminology ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ. ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ "ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ" ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ', ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ relativity, ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵlly ᎠᏓᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ. ᏄᏓᎴ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᏗ) ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ Le ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ.

ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ

ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ

ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ
Le ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (1784) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ LeSage ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᏥ-Louis Le ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏀᎾ ᎦᎾ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎧᎵᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ.
Nordström ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (1912, 1913), ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏂᎦᎥ relativity.
ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (1922), ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏂᎦᎥ relativity.

ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ

ᎤᎦᏔᏁᎦ-Dicke ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ (1961)
ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏐᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ (1967), ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯ Sakharov ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ relativity ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ.
Rosen bi-ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (MOND) (1981), Mordehai Milgrom ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ (1982) ᎾᎥᎢ G.. ᏗᏓᏍᏙᏰᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔᏁᎦ-Dicke ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ.
ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ (NGT) (1994) ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᏂ Moffat
ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ (2002, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ")
ᏍᎪᎯ-ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ-scalar ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ (TeVeS) (2004), relativistic ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ MOND ᎾᎥᎢ Jacob Bekenstein

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ

ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ

ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ 75, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ 35: p.956 - ᎠᏯ.Bernard Cohen ᎠᎴ Ꭱ Ꮒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᏁᏢᏙᏗᏍᎩ: Isaac ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ: ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ. ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏯ. Bernard Cohen. ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ California ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ 1999 ISBN 0-520-08816-6 ISBN 0-520-08817-4
Max ᎤᏕᏅ (1924), Einstein ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Relativity (ᎯᎠ 1962 ᏬᏯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 348 ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ.)

ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ

↑ Brahmagupta (628 CE). Brahmasphuta Siddhanta ("ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ").
↑ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Biruni (1030 CE). Ꮤ'rikh ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ("ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ").
↑ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, J. N. (1977). ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. Lettere ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Nuovo Cimento, 18, pp. 181-182. on-line

Halliday, David; Robert Resnick; Kenneth S. Krane (2001). Physics v. 1. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-32057-9.
Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th ed., Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-534-40842-7.
Tipler, Paul (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Mechanics, Oscillations and Waves, Thermodynamics, 5th ed., W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0809-4.

ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ

Gravity - ᎠᏯᏙᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ online ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation ᏀᎾ Project PHYSNET
Gravity Probe B Experiment ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ Einstein ᎧᎾᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏏᎵᏕᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏍᏖᏂ ᏗᎦᏐᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ
Center for Gravity, Electrical, and Magnetic Studies
Alternative theory of gravity explains large structure formation -- without dark matter PhysOrg.com

[1] Brahmagupta (628 CE). Brahmasphuta Siddhanta ("ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ").

[2] ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Biruni (1030 CE). Ꮤ'rikh ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ("ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ").

[3] ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, J. N. (1977). ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. Lettere ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Nuovo Cimento, 18, pp. 181-182. on-line

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 160: / Line 160: @@
 [[lv:Gravitācija]]
 [[mk:Гравитација]]
+[[ml:ഗുരുത്വാകർഷണം]]
-[[ml:ഗുരുത്വാകര്‍ഷണം]]
 [[mn:Гравитаци]]
 [[mr:गुरुत्वाकर्षण]]