脫髮：修订间差异

{{Infobox medical condition (new)

| name =

| pronounce = Alopecia: {{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|l|oʊ||'|p|iː|ʃ|ə}}

| synonyms = Alopecia, baldness

| image = alopecia.jpg

| caption = 男性掉髮

| field = [[皮肤病学]]

| complications = {{tsl|en|Psychological distress||[[心理壓力}}]]<ref name=Nal2016/>

| onset =

| duration =

| types = {{tsl|en|androgenetic alopecia||男性掉髮}}、{{tsl|en|female-pattern hair loss||女性掉髮}}、[[圓禿]]、[[休止期脫髮]]<ref name=Var2015/>

| causes =
| risks =

| risks diagnosis =

| diagnosis differential =

| differential prevention =

'''脫髮'''，又稱為'''掉髮'''、'''禿髮'''、'''禿頭'''，指的是[[毛髮]]從頭部或是身體上掉落<ref name=":0"NHS2013>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Hair-loss/Pages/Introduction.aspx|title=Hair loss|accessdate=22 September 2013|work=NHS Choices|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927020342/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Hair-loss/Pages/Introduction.aspx|dead-url=no}}</ref>，一般來說至少會包含頭髮的脫落<ref name="Var2015">{{citeCite journal |last=Vary |first=Jay C. |date=2015-11 |title=Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--AcneAppendages—Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis. |dateurl=Novemberhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025712515001200 2015|journal=The Medical clinicsClinics of North America |language=en |volume=99 |issue=6 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003 |volumeaccess-date=992022-07-21 |pagesarchive-date=1195–2112022-06-20 |pmidarchive-url=26476248|last1=Varyhttps://web.archive.org/web/20220620035716/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025712515001200 JC|first1dead-url=Jrno }}</ref>，其嚴重程度可以從一個小範圍，乃至全身受影響<ref name="DermNet2016">{{cite web|url=http://dermnetnz.org/hair-nails-sweat/hair-loss.html|title=Hair loss|accessdate=2016-08-03|work=DermNet|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625012752/http://www.dermnetnz.org/hair-nails-sweat/hair-loss.html|archivedate=2016|deadurl=no}}</ref>。一般來說不會伴隨[[炎症|發炎]]或出現[[疤痕]]<ref name="Var2015" />。

* 處於長期壓力下<ref name="Nal2016">{{citeCite journal |titlelast=AlopeciaNalluri in|first=Rajani general medicine.|last2=Harries |first2=MMatthew |date=February 2016-02 |title=Alopecia in general medicine |url=https://www.rcpjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.7861/clinmedicine.16-1-74 |journal=Clinical medicineMedicine (London,|language=en |volume=16 England)|issue=1 |doi=10.7861/clinmedicine.16-1-74 |volumeissn=161470-2118 |pagespmc=74–84954340 |pmid=26833522|last1=Nalluri|first1=R}}</ref>

脫髮較不常見的原因包括拉扯頭髮、使用特定藥物像是接受[[化学疗法|化療]]、[[艾滋病|愛滋病]]、[[甲狀腺機能低下症|甲狀腺機能低下]]，以及[[營養不良]]，例如缺[[鐵]]和[[蛋白質]]頭髮就會變黃、分叉；缺[[植物油]]、[[維生素A]]、蛋白質和[[碘]]時頭髮會發乾、無光澤、容易折斷；缺[[維生素B]]群時會出現[[脂溢性皮炎]]和頭髮脫落現象。而會表現出發炎或疤痕的脫髮原因包含[[真菌病|真菌感染]]、[[紅斑性狼瘡]]、[[放射線療法|放射性治療]]與[[结节病|結節病]]<ref name="Var2015Nal2016" /><ref name="Nal2016Var2015" />。脫髮的範圍是診斷脫髮的重要指標之一<ref name="Var2015" />。

若選擇藥物治療，可以使用的藥物有[[米诺地尔|米諾地爾]]（Minoxidil）或[[非那斯特莱|非那斯特萊]]（Finasteride）、植物複合[[咖啡因]]萃取液、[[鋸棕櫚]]萃取液 ，或是選擇植髮<ref name=Mc2012>{{citeCite journal |last=McElwee |first=K. J. |last2=Shapiro |first2=J. S. |date=2012-06 |title=Promising therapies for treating and/or preventing androgenic alopecia |url=httphttps://wwwpubmed.skintherapyletterncbi.com/2012/17nlm.6nih.gov/1.html|last2=Shapiro|first2=J.22735503 S.|journal=Skin therapyTherapy Letter letter|issue=6|year=2012|volume=17 |pagesissue=1–46 |pmidissn=227355031201-5989 |last1pmid=McElwee|first1=K.22735503 J.|access-date=20172022-0507-21 |archive-date=20152022-1210-1227 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2015121204092120221027124402/httphttps://wwwpubmed.skintherapyletterncbi.com/2012/17nlm.6/1nih.htmlgov/22735503/ |dead-url=yesno }}</ref><ref name=Le2008>{{citeCite journal |last=Leavitt |first=Matt |date=2008-11 |title=Understanding and Management of Female Pattern Alopecia |url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055%2Fs-0028-1102905 |journal=Facial Plastic Surgery |language=en |volume=24 |issue=404 |doi=10.1055/s-0028-1102905 |yearissn=20080736-6825 |volumeaccess-date=242022-12-09 |pagesarchive-date=414–4272018-06-06 |pmcarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606224730/https://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055%2Fs-0028-1102905 |pmiddead-url=19034818|last1=Leavitt|first1=M.no }}</ref>。圓禿的治療則可以在受到影響的區域注射類固醇，但必須長期注射才有效。