淋球菌：修订间差异

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第1行： {{Speciesbox ~~{{Taxobox~~ \| ~~binomial~~taxon = ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae''▼ ~~\| color = lightgrey~~ \| ~~name~~synonyms = ~~淋球菌~~Gonococcus \| image = Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_02.png \| image_caption = 淋病奈瑟菌 \| binomial_authority = (Zopf, 1885) Trevisan, 1885▼ ~~\| domain = [[細菌\|細菌域]] Bacteria~~ ~~\| regnum =~~ ~~\| phylum = [[變形菌門]] Proteobacteria~~ ~~\| classis = [[β-變形菌綱]] Betaproteobacteria~~ ~~\| ordo = [[奈瑟菌目]] Neisseriales~~ ~~\| familia = [[奈瑟菌科]] Neisseriaceae~~ ~~\| genus = [[奈瑟菌屬]] ''Neisseria''~~ ~~\| species = '''淋病奈瑟菌 ''N. gonorrhoeae'''''~~ ▲\| binomial = ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'' ▲\| binomial_authority = (Zopf 1885) Trevisan 1885 \| type_strain = ATCC 19424 = CCUG 26876 = CIP 79.18 = DSM 9188 = NCTC 8375 }} '''淋球菌'''（學名：{{lang\|la\|''Neisseria gonorrhoeae''}}，'''奈瑟氏球菌'''）又稱'''淋病雙球菌'''、'''淋病奈瑟菌'''，是導致[[淋病]]的病原菌，和[[腦膜炎奈瑟菌]]同屬於[[革蘭氏陰性菌\|革蘭氏陰性]]的[[奈瑟菌屬]]。淋球菌为[[好氧生物\|好氧细菌]]，不具备[[移動性 (生物體)\|移动性]]，[[双球菌\|成双排列]]。实验室中一般在巧克力细菌培养基（成分为高压加热的血琼脂）上培养淋球菌，以满足其复杂的营养需要；加入二氧化碳可加速其生長。<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|title=Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy\|last=Bauman\|first=Robert W.\|publisher=Pearson\|year=2019\|isbn=0134832302\|pages=588-590\|edition=6th Edition}}</ref> '''淋球菌'''（{{標音\|字=淋\|拼音=lìn}}），即'''淋病奈瑟菌'''(學名''Neisseria gonorrhoeae'')，是導致[[淋病]]的病原菌，和[[腦膜炎奈瑟菌]]同屬於[[奈瑟菌屬]]。 == 致病性 == 淋球菌只感染人类，通过口交、肛交與陰道性行為传播。<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2022-12-01\|title=Detailed STD Facts - Gonorrhea\|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea-detailed.htm\|access-date=2023-02-24\|website=www.cdc.gov\|language=en-us\|archive-date=2016-09-02\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902004117/http://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea-detailed.htm\|dead-url=no}}</ref> 其[[菌毛]][[黏附]]到生殖道、尿道、消化道的黏膜[[上皮組織\|上皮细胞]]，仅100对细菌就能引发感染。越过上皮细胞后，淋球菌主要通过[[胞吞作用]]进入[[中性粒细胞]]内生长繁殖，并分泌[[过氧化氢酶]]对抗中性粒细胞的免疫反应。<ref name="Sherris">{{cite book\|editor1-last=Ryan\|editor1-first=KJ\|editor2-last=Ray\|editor2-first=CG\|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology\|edition=4th\|publisher=McGraw Hill\|year=2004\|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRRrAAAAMAAJ\|access-date=2023-02-24\|archive-date=2023-04-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403211531/https://books.google.com/books?id=RRRrAAAAMAAJ\|dead-url=no}}{{page needed\|date=February 2015}}</ref><ref name="pmid30627130">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Escobar A, Rodas PI, Acuña-Castillo C \|date=2018 \|title=Macrophage-Neisseria gonorrhoeae Interactions: A Better Understanding of Pathogen Mechanisms of Immunomodulation \|url= \|journal=Frontiers in Immunology \|volume=9 \|issue= \|pages=3044 \|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2018.03044 \|pmc=6309159 \|pmid=30627130 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> 淋球菌还可以分泌蛋白酶溶解抗体凝集物，从[[吞噬作用]]中存活。<ref name=":1" /> 男性被淋球菌感染的风险显著低于女性，但症状比女性更为严重，往往引发急性尿道炎，伴随[[排尿困難\|排尿困难]]和剧烈疼痛，且有機會罹患[[前列腺癌]]。<ref name=":1" /><ref name="CainiGandini2014">{{cite journal \|last1=Caini \|first1=Saverio \|last2=Gandini \|first2=Sara \|last3=Dudas \|first3=Maria \|last4=Bremer \|first4=Viviane \|last5=Severi \|first5=Ettore \|last6=Gherasim \|first6=Alin \|date=August 2014 \|title=Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis \|journal=Cancer Epidemiology \|volume=38 \|issue=4 \|pages=329–338 \|doi=10.1016/j.canep.2014.06.002 \|pmid=24986642}}</ref> 在感染淋球菌的女性中，50%人群不出现明显症状。淋球菌无法附着于阴道细胞上，相对地，它们小概率可以通过子宫颈进入子宫内，引发[[骨盆腔發炎\|骨盆腔发炎]]。<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Sherris2">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRRrAAAAMAAJ\|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology\|publisher=McGraw Hill\|year=2004\|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0\|editor1-last=Ryan\|editor1-first=KJ\|edition=4th\|editor2-last=Ray\|editor2-first=CG\|access-date=2023-02-24\|archive-date=2023-04-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403211531/https://books.google.com/books?id=RRRrAAAAMAAJ\|dead-url=no}}{{page needed\|date=February 2015}}</ref> [[Category:β-變形菌]]▼ 在分娩过程中，从产道感染淋球菌的新生儿还会患[[结膜炎]]，病情在2~5天内发作。<ref name="Sherris" /> 对于确诊的新生儿，应在一小时内使用抗生素（如[[红霉素]]）眼膏进行预防。<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Matejcek \|first=Adela \|last2=Goldman \|first2=Ran D. \|date=2013-11 \|title=Treatment and prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum. \|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3828094/ \|journal=Canadian Family Physician \|volume=59 \|issue=11 \|page=1187-1190 \|access-date=2023-02-23 \|via=PubMed Central \|archive-date=2023-02-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224055316/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3828094/ \|dead-url=no }}</ref> [[硝酸银]]溶液虽然有抗菌效果，但本身也可能造成结膜炎，因此一般情况下不再使用。<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Malika \|first=P. S. \|last2=Asok \|first2=T. \|last3=Faisal \|first3=H. A. \|last4=Aziz \|first4=S. \|last5=Tan \|first5=A. K. \|last6=Intan \|first6=G. \|date=2008-08-31 \|title=Neonatal Conjunctivitis – a Review \|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170304/ \|journal=Malaysian Family Physician \|volume=3 \|issue=2 \|page=77-81 \|access-date=2023-02-23 \|via=PubMed Center \|archive-date=2023-02-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224055317/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170304/ \|dead-url=no }}</ref> ~~[[cs:Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]~~ ~~[[de:Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]~~ == 治疗 == ~~[[en:Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]~~ [[淋病]]對[[青黴素]]、[[四環黴素\|四环素]]、[[红霉素]]及[[氨基糖苷类抗生素]]有抵抗力，現在常用[[頭孢曲松鈉]]（ceftriaxone）（第三代[[頭孢菌素]]cephalosporin ）、[[阿奇霉素]]、[[多西环素]]进行治疗。<ref name=":1" /> 由于淋球菌表面抗原的高频突变，人体对淋球菌不形成长期[[特异性免疫]]，因此被感染过的人依然可能多次重复感染。<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNlRYSC9gScC&q=Galen+coined+the+term+gonorrhea&pg=PA43\|title=Pelvic Inflammatory Disease\|last1=O'Donnell\|first1=Judith A.\|last2=Gelone\|first2=Steven P.\|date=2009\|publisher=Infobase Publishing\|isbn=9781438101590\|language=en\|access-date=2023-02-24\|archive-date=2023-04-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403211548/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNlRYSC9gScC&q=Galen+coined+the+term+gonorrhea&pg=PA43\|dead-url=no}}</ref> 其[[分型\|菌株]]繁多，疫苗的研发也未有突破。最有效的预防措施依然是进行安全性行为。 ~~[[es:Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]~~ ~~[[fr:Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]~~ 怀疑收到淋球菌感染的病人，也应接受衣原体（Chlamydia）检测，因为淋球菌可能激活休眠中的衣原体，造成协同感染。<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Batteiger \|first=B. E. \|last2=Fraiz \|first2=J. \|last3=Newhall V \|first3=W. J. \|last4=Katz \|first4=B. P. \|last5=Jones \|first5=R. B. \|date=1989-04-01 \|title=Association of Recurrent Chlamydial Infection with Gonorrhea \|url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/infdis/159.4.661 \|journal=Journal of Infectious Diseases \|language=en \|volume=159 \|issue=4 \|doi=10.1093/infdis/159.4.661 \|issn=0022-1899}}</ref> ~~[[hu:Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]~~ ~~[[it:Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]~~ == 參考 == ~~[[ja:淋菌]]~~ <!-- --------------------------------------------------------------- ~~[[nl:Neisseria gonorrhea]]~~ See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a ~~[[no:Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]~~ discussion of different citation methods and how to generate ~~[[pl:Dwoinka rzeżączki]]~~ footnotes using the <ref> & </ref> tags and the {{Reflist}} template ~~[[pt:Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]~~ -------------------------------------------------------------------- --> ~~[[ru:Гонококки]]~~ {{Reflist}} ~~[[sv:Gonokocker]]~~ ~~[[tr:Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]~~ ==外部連結== *[http://smallcollation.blogspot.com/2013/01/neisseria-gonorrhoeae.html 微生物免疫學-Neisseria gonorrhoeae(淋病奈特氏菌)] {{Wayback\|url=http://smallcollation.blogspot.com/2013/01/neisseria-gonorrhoeae.html \|date=20191201130927 }} {{Gram-negative proteobacterial diseases}} {{STD/STI}} {{Taxonbar\|from=Q131129}} ▲[[Category:~~β-變形~~奈氏球菌目]] [[Category:革兰氏阴性菌]]