This chapter overview discusses human development across the lifespan from conception through adulthood. It is divided into four main sections on prenatal development, infant/child development, adolescent development, and adult development. Each section includes study units that cover the physical, cognitive, and social/emotional changes that occur during that life stage. For prenatal development, the units discuss the three domains of development and the three periods of physical growth in the womb. Infant/child development units cover physical, social/emotional, and cognitive milestones. Adolescent development units address puberty and identity formation. Adult development units examine physical and mental changes, as well as relationship and career challenges faced at different stages of adulthood.
Babyhood spans from 2 weeks to 2 years of age. During this time, rapid physical and psychological development occurs. Babies grow in their motor skills like sitting, standing, and walking. They also develop cognitively by gaining object permanence and emotionally by displaying love, anger, and other emotions. Language development starts with crying and then progresses to babbling and first words. Moral and spiritual development involves recognizing familiar faces and expressing preferences. Babyhood establishes patterns that influence personal and social adjustments later in life.
1. The document discusses general patterns of growth and development in infants and children. It describes the cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles, whereby growth occurs from the head down and from the center of the body outward.
2. Brain development is also covered, including myelination, synaptogenesis, and pruning that occurs in the first years of life and during adolescence. Different areas of the brain mature at varying rates.
3. Puberty is discussed as an important transition period, triggered by increases in hormones like estrogen and testosterone that lead to sexual maturation and other physical changes.
The document discusses normal child development and developmental screening. It covers the following key points:
- Normal growth and development is essential for preventing and detecting disease. Development includes increases in size and changes in function influenced by emotional and social environments.
- Child development is monitored by parents, health checks, and involves assessing gross motor, fine motor, language, social-emotional, and cognitive skills.
- Screening checks whole populations for delays, while assessment provides detailed analysis of specific developmental areas.
- Multiple factors like nutrition, stimulation, and diseases can influence motor, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional development. Standard tests are used to evaluate developmental progress and identify children who need further assessment.
Freud believed that all humans pass through psychosexual stages where the libido or pleasure-seeking energy is focused on different erogenous zones. He proposed the id, ego, and superego model of personality. Similarly, Erikson formulated eight stages of psychosocial development where individuals face crises around trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity. Both theorists viewed development as occurring through childhood and believed experiences at each stage impact future development.
Freud believed that all humans pass through psychosexual stages where the libido or pleasure-seeking energy is focused on different erogenous zones. These include the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. He also proposed the id, ego, and superego parts of the psyche. Erikson's stages of psychosocial development include trust vs mistrust in infancy through integrity vs despair in late adulthood. Each stage involves resolving crises through developing virtues like trust and identity.
Child development occurs in distinct periods from prenatal to adolescence. It involves physical, cognitive, and social/emotional growth. During the prenatal period, the zygote develops into an embryo and fetus. Fetal development includes the growth of organs and reflexes. Infancy spans birth to 2 years and involves motor and language milestones. Toddlerhood from 1.5-3 years sees the development of autonomy and gender identity. Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development describes stages from sensorimotor to formal operations. Attachment theory proposes that early relationships impact later relationships.
Child Psychology Module 4 birth and the Neonateprofessorjcc
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The document discusses various topics relating to birth and infant care, including:
1. Birthing practices vary widely across cultures, from hospital births with physicians in the US to home births with midwives in other areas. Water birth and natural childbirth techniques aim to reduce pain.
2. Birth occurs in three stages - dilation of the cervix, delivery of the baby, and delivery of the placenta. Newborns are assessed using the Apgar scale.
3. Preterm and low birth weight babies face greater health risks and bonding with parents is important for infant development, as is avoiding risks like SIDS through practices like having babies sleep on their backs.
The couple faced a difficult decision when the wife became pregnant with their second child. Their first child had congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which can sometimes result in atypical genital development in female newborns. There was a 1 in 8 chance the new baby would also have CAH. The couple could treat the fetus with steroids to reduce this risk, but there were concerns about the long-term effects of these drugs on the fetus. Ultimately, the couple decided against treatment, and when the baby was born it was a healthy girl without any issues.
Human development is the study of growth and change throughout life. It includes physical, perceptual, cognitive, personality and social development. There are 8 stages from prenatal to late adulthood. Prenatal development begins with fertilization and progresses through the germinal, embryonic and fetal stages. During these stages, major organs and body systems develop and the risks of chromosomal abnormalities are highest. Genetics and environmental factors both influence prenatal development.
Human Psychological Development
Nature vs. Nurture describes how both genetics (genotype) and the environment (phenotype) influence human development. Reaction range refers to the upper and lower boundaries set by a person's genetics for how a trait may develop based on environmental factors. Critical and sensitive periods describe windows of time when certain behaviors are most influenced by the environment. Piaget's stages of cognitive development include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages which build on each other sequentially. Parenting styles such as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved impact personality development and behaviors like aggression.
This document provides an introduction to the study of human growth and development by outlining key themes, concepts, and theorists that will be covered. It discusses how human growth and development involves both biological and psychosocial changes across different life stages from prenatal to late adulthood. Major theorists like Piaget and Erikson are introduced who contributed theories about cognitive and socio-emotional development at each stage of life.
1. The document summarizes physical, cognitive, and social development from infancy through childhood. It discusses stages of growth, motor skills development, tooth growth, language acquisition, and cognitive stages described by Piaget.
2. Several studies on Filipino children are summarized that examine patterns of physical growth, cognitive development milestones like conservation, and the impact of Sesame Street on learning.
3. Social development is also covered, noting the importance of relationships with adults in infancy and play with peers in preschool, as well as the development of group identity and friendships in primary school.
This document discusses early childhood development from ages 2 to 6. It notes that early childhood is divided into early childhood (ages 2-6) and late childhood (ages 6 until sexual maturity). During early childhood, children develop physically, learning to walk, talk in sentences, and gain weight and height significantly. They also develop emotionally, learning to relate to others and give/receive affection. Psychologically, this stage is referred to as the "pregang" age, where children explore, question, create, and imitate. Physically, children's bones, muscles and teeth continue developing during this stage.
The document discusses developmental assessment in children, including principles of development, domains of development to assess, screening and diagnostic tests used, developmental milestones, and red flags indicating the need for further evaluation. Development progresses in a predictable sequence but at variable rates, and standardized tools can screen for or further assess delays and abnormalities in motor, language, social, and other skills.
This lesson explores the various aspects of growth and development in early choldhood. It goes on to examine the milestones and the significance of a red flag. The physical, cognitive, aural, linguistic, ethical, socio-emnotional aspects are dealt with in detail.
This document discusses sex and gender differences between males and females across multiple domains:
1. It outlines biological factors that determine sex such as chromosomes, genes, and hormonal influences that can result in intersex conditions.
2. Early developmental differences are seen between infant boys and girls in experiments measuring persistence and emotional responses.
3. Cognitive differences are discussed such as superior spatial skills in boys compared to earlier language development in girls from a young age.
4. Biological vulnerabilities make males more prone to developmental disorders and diseases potentially due to biological and social factors influencing stress responses between the sexes.
This document outlines the key principles and stages of human growth and development from conception through adulthood. It notes that development is a continuous process that proceeds in an orderly sequence at different rates from head to feet and from the center outward. The stages include prenatal development from zygote to fetus, neonatal development and milestones in the first years, preschool cognitive and motor skills ages 2-6, middle childhood physical and cognitive growth ages 6-12, adolescent physical changes and growth spurt ages 10-18, and adulthood with physical peak in early years and declines in middle to late adulthood.
Child Psychology Module 6 Health and Safety professorjcc
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The document discusses several key topics related to children's health:
1. Worldwide childhood mortality is highest in Sub-Saharan Africa due to wars, disease, and famine. The leading cause of death for children under 5 globally is from preventable accidents.
2. The top three causes of death by age are: for infants - SIDS and homicide; for children 2-5 - motor vehicle accidents and drowning, especially in swimming pools; for those 14 and younger - drowning and homicide or suicide for teens.
3. Common childhood illnesses discussed include asthma, which disproportionately affects low-income, African American, and athlete children, and diabetes, which is on the rise in younger children.
This chapter overview discusses key topics in human development across the lifespan, including theories of development, prenatal development, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, later life, and death and dying. It provides a high-level summary of important milestones, changes, and theories related to physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development at each life stage.
Researchers explore infants' mental abilities through tests of habituation, where they measure infants' decreased interest in repeated stimuli over time. This allows researchers to determine what infants prefer to look at, like human faces over other images. Infant brain and motor development occurs rapidly during the first years of life. The brain grows dramatically as new neural connections are formed. Infants develop motor skills like grasping, stepping, and balance. Early experiences and maturation enable new cognitive and physical abilities during this critical period of development.
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This document summarizes several theories of human development, including Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, and Gilligan's stages of care ethics. It describes the key aspects of each theory, including the stages and impacts on education and society. Developmental psychologists use theories like these to understand influences on human behavior.
This document provides an overview of infant development from birth to 2 years old. It discusses the major aspects of development during infancy including perceptual, motor, cognitive, social/emotional, and psychosocial development. Key topics covered include Piaget's sensorimotor stages of cognitive development, Erikson's stage of trust vs. mistrust, and Freud's oral psychosexual stage. Growth milestones are also outlined for 4 months, 9 months, and 12 months.
Early childhood spans ages 3-6 years and is an important period of development. During this time, children experience physical growth and motor skill development. Cognitively, they are in Piaget's preoperational stage, developing the ability to use symbols and representation. Key cognitive concepts developing include time, space, quantity, and relations. Socially and emotionally, children are learning language, emotions, gender roles, and play skills. Common health issues include minor illnesses, major illnesses prevented by immunization, and accidental injuries, which can be influenced by factors like exposure, stress, poverty, and homelessness.
The document discusses several major theories of child development:
1) Psychoanalytic theory proposed by Freud which views development as shaped by unconscious desires and emotions. Freud identified stages of psychosexual development.
2) Erikson's psychosocial theory which describes eight stages of development each involving resolving a psychosocial crisis.
3) Social learning theory proposed by Bandura which emphasizes observational learning and how cognition shapes behavior.
4) Humanistic and cognitive theories which view humans as inherently good and focus on conscious thoughts, creativity, and growth. Key theories discussed are Rogers' humanistic theory and Piaget's stages of cognitive development.
Psychological Development in Pediatric Dentistry.pdfManuelKituzi
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This document summarizes several major theories of psychological development in children. It discusses Freud's psychosexual stages of development, Erikson's psychosocial stages, Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, and causes and characteristics of intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorder. Theories on conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are also reviewed. Understanding child psychology theories is important for pediatric dentistry to effectively treat patients based on their developmental level.
Piagetâs theory of Cognitive development.pptxSujatha Singh
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Piaget's theory proposes that children progress through 4 stages of cognitive development:
1) Sensorimotor (birth to age 2) - children learn through senses and motor skills without use of symbols.
2) Preoperational (ages 2 to 7) - children begin to use language and symbols to think but still egocentric.
3) Concrete operational (ages 7 to 11) - logical thinking emerges but limited to concrete events/objects.
4) Formal operational (age 12+) - abstract reasoning ability develops along with deductive logical thought.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental psychology across the lifespan. It discusses fundamental issues like nature vs nurture and critical periods. It then summarizes development from prenatal stages through infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. For each life stage, it outlines major physical, cognitive, social, and emotional milestones and theories like Piaget's stages of cognitive development and Erikson's psychosocial stages. The document emphasizes that development is shaped by both biological and environmental factors.
Newborns have reflexes that help them interact with the world. Their health is assessed using the Apgar score and Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. They experience states of alertness, waking activity, crying and sleeping. Crying communicates needs. Temperament reflects consistent patterns of behavior and has hereditary and environmental influences. Rapid physical growth in infancy requires good nutrition, ideally from breastfeeding. The brain develops dramatically in early life, with neurons forming connections influenced by experience and environment.
Developmental psychology focuses on how people change across the lifespan. Some key issues debated include whether development is continuous or occurs in discrete stages, the influence of nature vs nurture, and the universality of development. Major theories include Freud's psychosexual stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages, Piaget's cognitive stages, and Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Prenatal development occurs in germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages and is influenced by genetics and environment.
Developmental psychology focuses on how humans change throughout the lifespan. There are distinct phases of intellectual and personality development according to stage theories, while continuity theories view development as a gradual, continuous process. Physical and psychological development are interrelated, as physical maturity influences psychological abilities. Prenatal factors like nutrition, stress, and teratogens can impact lifelong health and intelligence. Infants are born with immature senses and reflex behaviors that develop over time. Temperament and the quality of attachment to caregivers also influence social and personality growth. Language acquisition follows stages from babbling to first words to sentences. Development proceeds through childhood, adolescence, and adulthood with changing physical, cognitive, emotional, and social characteristics and needs at each
This document summarizes principles of growth and development from several perspectives. It discusses what growth and development are, outlining physical and functional changes. It also discusses maturation, noting it refers to changes that occur primarily as a function of aging. Six maturation principles are outlined related to biological basis, chronological vs maturational age, plateaus/regression, readiness for tasks, and training timing. Seven principles of development are also defined related to direction, control, learning/maturation, complexity, continuity, specificity, and individuality. Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development and various aspects of prenatal, motor, language, cognitive, and moral development are also summarized.
The document discusses various psychological theories relevant to orthodontic treatment including psychoanalytic theory, hierarchy of needs, psychosocial theory, classical and operant conditioning, and Piaget's cognitive development theory. It also covers factors influencing patient behavior and compliance, and methods for improving cooperation during treatment. The goal of orthodontic treatment is optimal results, which hinge on the patient's expected level of compliance.
Human Development-Chapter 9, Intellectual Development of Infantsbartlettfcs
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The document discusses intellectual development in infants. It covers how the brain grows rapidly in the first few years of life, reaching nearly adult size by age 2. Neurons and synapses develop through inherited patterns and environmental stimulation. Babies start to learn through remembering experiences, making associations, understanding cause and effect, and paying attention. Piaget's stages of cognitive development are outlined, starting with the sensorimotor period from birth to age 2 where infants learn through senses and actions. Suggestions are provided for encouraging learning in babies.
The document outlines physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development from infancy through preschool age, including major theories from Piaget, Erikson, and Freud. Physical growth slows after infancy while brain development continues rapidly. Cognitive development involves progressing from sensorimotor skills to preoperational thought, and psychosocial development focuses on developing trust, autonomy, and emotional regulation.
Children's bodies and minds develop rapidly in early childhood. Their bodies grow taller and gain weight each year from ages 2 to 6. Their brains reach 90% of adult weight by age 6 due to extensive myelination which speeds neural signaling. Children develop motor skills through play and practice. Piaget's theory of preoperational thought describes young children's egocentric, animistic thinking. Vygotsky emphasized social learning and scaffolding within the zone of proximal development. Language skills like vocabulary and grammar expand greatly. Early education programs vary in their emphasis on child-centered learning through play versus teacher-directed academic instruction.
This document provides an overview of chapter 7 in a developmental psychology textbook. It outlines 20 learning objectives that will be covered in the chapter, including how development is studied through longitudinal, cross-sectional and cross-sequential research designs. Other topics that will be discussed are the relationship between heredity and environment, genetic inheritance, prenatal development of twins, physical changes from infancy to childhood, cognitive development theories from Piaget and Vygotsky, and adolescent identity formation.
Children learn more from what they are than from what you teach. A child is going through a tremendous number of changes and many external factors can contribute to the kidâs problems. Therefore, it is crucial to understand what influences a childâs development and foster help from psychological problems during childhood. Our 2 Month Program in Child Psychology focuses on the mental, behavioural and emotional development of a child, mainly from birth to adolescence. As an aspiring child psychologist, you must possess the requisite skills and knowledge to grow in this field and this course will get you a step closer to success!
Early childhood spans from birth to age 5 and involves remarkable physical, cognitive, socio-emotional, and language development. Key physical milestones include walking, running, and fine motor skills like scribbling and cutting. Cognitively, children progress from sensorimotor thinking to representational thought, such as pretend play and understanding of symbols. Socio-emotionally, children develop self-awareness and understanding of emotions while learning social skills through family and peer interactions. This period lays the groundwork for further development across multiple domains.
The document discusses research methods in human development, including the scientific method, various data collection techniques (such as observation, interviews, questionnaires, and physiological measures), and research designs like case studies, experiments, and longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. It also covers important ethical principles like beneficence, nonmaleficence, integrity, justice, respect for autonomy, and the responsibilities of researchers to obtain informed consent from participants and ensure their protection.
A theory is a comprehensive explanation for how something works that organizes facts and observations. Hypotheses are proposed explanations that can be tested through research. Major developmental perspectives include psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, contextual, and evolutionary approaches. Each perspective has key ideas about human behavior and development, major proponents, and examples of how the perspective might explain a situation.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the textbook "Interactive Psychology: People in Perspective". It discusses that psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. The textbook uses learning tools like study units to break down chapters into subtopics and apply psychological knowledge to engage students in learning. It emphasizes the importance of thinking like a psychological scientist by being critical and considering multiple sources of evidence rather than absolute conclusions. It also discusses the brief history of psychology and how early approaches have merged into today's emphasis on research ethics and transparency. Popular psychology is distinguished from empirical psychological science and the importance of critical thinking is highlighted. Diversity of perspectives is important for fully understanding human behavior.
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This document discusses key concepts in lifespan human development. It defines development as the ways people grow, change, and stay the same from conception to death. Development occurs in multiple phases across the lifespan. It is multidimensional, involving changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional domains. Development is also multidirectional, consisting of both gains and losses. It is influenced by nature and nurture as well as multiple contexts, including family, culture, and historical period. Developmental scientists study how genetics and environment interact to shape growth and change throughout life.
Social psychology examines how people influence each other and how situational factors impact thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It covers topics like emotions/attitudes, the self, and social cognition. Social psychology focuses on how people interpret situations and how those interpretations influence behavior. The fundamental attribution error is when people attribute others' behaviors to internal traits rather than external situational factors. Social roles, norms, and scripts guide expected behaviors. The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated how powerful social roles and situations can be in shaping behavior. Attitudes have affective, cognitive, and behavioral components and can be changed through persuasion if the source is credible and the message is tailored for the audience. Cognitive dissonance occurs when attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent and can
This document provides an overview of various theories and approaches to understanding personality in psychology. It discusses early theories like phrenology and Freud's psychodynamic perspective. It also summarizes the work of neo-Freudians like Adler, Jung, and Horney who built upon Freud's ideas. Additionally, it covers learning approaches like behavioralism and social cognitive theory. The document also discusses humanistic approaches of Maslow and Rogers as well as biological theories involving genetics and temperament. Finally, it summarizes trait theories including the work of Cattell, Eysenck, and the identification of core personality traits.
This document summarizes key concepts about motivation and emotion from psychology. It discusses intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and various theories of motivation including drive reduction theory and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It also outlines the limbic system's role in emotional processing and three major theories of emotion: James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer two-factor theory. Additionally, it explores how early experiences can impact emotions and disorders like PTSD.
Loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings are born knowing how to find the ocean and swim, unlike humans who must learn to swim. The document discusses various types of learning including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Classical conditioning involves associating two stimuli through repeated pairing, like Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate when hearing a tone. Operant conditioning is learning through consequences like reinforcement and punishment. Observational learning occurs when watching others and imitating behaviors.
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It originated in philosophy and later became a science with the application of empirical methods. Experimental psychology began in 1879 with Wundt establishing the first psychology laboratory to identify the basic parts of the conscious mind through introspection and reaction time experiments. Early schools included structuralism which explored the structures of the mind, functionalism which studied the adaptive purposes of mind and behavior, and psychoanalytic theory founded by Freud to understand how unconscious thoughts cause psychological disorders. Later approaches included behaviorism which emphasized environmental influences on behavior, cognitive psychology which studied mental processes like thinking and learning, and humanistic psychology which investigated how people can grow happier and more fulfilled.
This document discusses psychological research methods. It explains that research is important for addressing questions about human behavior and informing public policy and personal decisions. The scientific method involves generating hypotheses and designing studies, such as experiments, surveys, and longitudinal research, to test them. It is important to differentiate facts from opinions and think critically about research claims by evaluating the evidence. Research must be conducted ethically and avoid harming participants.
This document describes several fields of psychology:
- Clinical psychology focuses on diagnosing and treating psychological disorders and problematic behaviors. Related is counseling psychology which focuses on healthy individuals' emotional, social, and physical well-being.
- Biological psychology explores how biology influences our behavior.
- Cognitive psychology studies thoughts and their relationship to experiences and actions.
- Developmental psychology examines development across the lifespan in physical, cognitive, and social-emotional domains.
- Personality psychology focuses on patterns and thoughts that make individuals unique, including personality development and traits.
- Social psychology studies how we interact with and think about others and how behavior can be affected by the presence of others.
- Industrial-organizational psychology applies
Psychology Ch14 Stress, Well-being, and Healthvwagner1
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The document discusses stress, including its definitions, sources, effects on health, and management. It defines stress as a process where an individual perceives and responds to events they appraise as threatening. Stress can be good (eustress) or bad (distress) depending on its level. Key contributors to the understanding of stress include Walter Cannon who studied the fight or flight response and Hans Selye who proposed the general adaptation syndrome of stress. Stress can impact health through psychophysiological disorders and immunosuppression. Managing stress involves problem-focused or emotion-focused coping and social support provides health benefits.
Industrial-organizational psychology is a branch of psychology that studies how human behavior and psychology affect the work environment and how the work environment affects humans. It has four main contexts: academia, government, consulting firms, and business. I-O psychology focuses on selecting and evaluating employees through tasks like creating job analyses, candidate testing and interviews, training, and performance assessment. It also examines how workplace design and the social aspects of organizations impact employees.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 9 of a psychology textbook on motivation and emotion. The chapter is divided into sections on what motivates behavior and experienced emotions. Motivation is influenced by factors like need satisfaction, drive reduction, arousal levels, pleasure, and incentives. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation differ in whether behaviors are motivated by internal enjoyment or external goals. Emotions are influenced by biology and experience, and theories explain them in terms of physiological responses or cognitive labels. Emotions affect thoughts, decisions, and social relationships through communication of feelings.
This chapter discusses thinking, intelligence, and problem solving. It defines thinking as the mental manipulation of representations. Schemas and categorization are important aspects of thinking, and schemas can lead to stereotypes. There are three main ways thinking is used: reasoning, decision making, and problem solving. Various heuristics and biases can influence decision making. Intelligence is measured using psychometric tests and is influenced by both genes and environment. Problem solving strategies include using subgoals, working backward, finding analogies, and gaining insight.
This chapter discusses theories and research on personality and self. It explores how people develop a sense of self and self-esteem, which are influenced by culture and social factors. Several theories are described that seek to understand personality, including psychodynamic, humanistic, social cognitive, and trait approaches. Research suggests personality has biological bases and is shaped by both innate temperament and environmental experiences. Personality can be assessed through various methods like self-reports, projective tests, observation, and electronic monitoring of behavior.
The document discusses various psychological treatments for mental disorders. It covers different types of psychotherapy like psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, humanistic therapy, behavior therapy, and cognitive therapy. It also discusses biological therapies using psychotropic medications, electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep brain stimulation. Specific treatments are most effective for certain disorders: cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety/OCD, many options for depression, lithium/antipsychotics for bipolar disorder, and antipsychotics for schizophrenia.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 14 from a psychology textbook. It discusses psychological disorders, including what constitutes a disorder and perspectives on the causes of disorders. Specific topics covered include anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and how psychological disorders are assessed and categorized. The chapter examines how people experience disorders through emotions, thoughts, and symptoms. It also explores biological, psychological, and social factors that influence several common disorders.
The chapter discusses factors that influence health and well-being. It covers how biology, psychology, social factors and stress impact health. Stress can negatively affect the body and lead to health issues like heart disease depending on one's personality and coping abilities. Positive psychology research emphasizes the benefits of well-being, happiness, optimism, and social support for physical and mental health. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and coping strategies can help enhance well-being.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 5 from a psychology textbook, which discusses sensation and perception. It begins with key questions about how sensation and perception affect individuals and the specific senses. It then outlines the 14 study units that will be covered, focusing on vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. These study units describe the physical stimuli detected by sensory receptors in each sensory system, and how the brain processes this sensory information into perceptions. Thresholds, adaptation, depth perception, motion perception, and object constancy are some of the topics addressed.
PRESS RELEASE - UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, JULY 16, 2024.pdfnservice241
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The University of Ghana has launched a new vision and strategic plan, which will focus on transforming lives and societies through unparalleled scholarship, innovation, and result-oriented discoveries.
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In Odoo, a module represents a unit of functionality that can be added to the Odoo system to extend its features or customize its behavior. Each module typically consists of various components, such as models, views, controllers, security rules, data files, and more. Lets dive into the structure of a module in Odoo 17
How to Use Pre Init hook in Odoo 17 -Odoo 17 SlidesCeline George
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In Odoo, Hooks are Python methods or functions that are invoked at specific points during the execution of Odoo's processing cycle. The pre-init hook is a method provided by the Odoo framework to execute custom code before the initialization of the module's data. ie, it works before the module installation.
Benchmarking Sustainability: Neurosciences and AI Tech Research in Macau - Ke...Alvaro Barbosa
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In this talk we will review recent research work carried out at the University of Saint Joseph and its partners in Macao. The focus of this research is in application of Artificial Intelligence and neuro sensing technology in the development of new ways to engage with brands and consumers from a business and design perspective. In addition we will review how these technologies impact resilience and how the University benchmarks these results against global standards in Sustainable Development.
Codeavour 5.0 International Impact Report - The Biggest International AI, Cod...Codeavour International
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Unlocking potential across borders! đ⨠Discover the transformative journey of Codeavour 5.0 International, where young innovators from over 60 countries converged to pioneer solutions in AI, Coding, Robotics, and AR-VR. Through hands-on learning and mentorship, 57 teams emerged victorious, showcasing projects aligned with UN SDGs. đ
Codeavour 5.0 International empowered students from 800 schools worldwide to tackle pressing global challenges, from bustling cities to remote villages. With participation exceeding 5,000 students, this year's competition fostered creativity and critical thinking among the next generation of changemakers. Projects ranged from AI-driven healthcare innovations to sustainable agriculture solutions, each addressing local and global issues with technological prowess.
The journey began with a collective vision to harness technology for social good, as students collaborated across continents, guided by mentors and educators dedicated to nurturing their potential. Witnessing the impact firsthand, teams hailing from diverse backgrounds united to code for a better future, demonstrating the power of innovation in driving positive change.
As Codeavour continues to expand its global footprint, it not only celebrates technological innovation but also cultivates a spirit of collaboration and compassion. These young minds are not just coding; they are reshaping our world with creativity and resilience, laying the groundwork for a sustainable and inclusive future. Together, they inspire us to believe in the limitless possibilities of innovation and the profound impact of young voices united by a common goal.
Read the full impact report to learn more about the Codeavour 5.0 International.
Life of Ah Gong and Ah Kim ~ A Story with Life Lessons (Hokkien, English & Ch...OH TEIK BIN
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A PowerPoint Presentation of a fictitious story that imparts Life Lessons on loving-kindness, virtue, compassion and wisdom.
The texts are in Romanized Hokkien, English and Chinese.
For the Video Presentation with audio narration in Hokkien, please check out the Link:
https://vimeo.com/manage/videos/987932748
ASP.NET Core Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHat.pdf
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Week 4 Presentation
1. Chapter 4 Overview: Big Questions
⢠How Does Development Happen in the Womb?
⢠How Do Infants and Children Develop?
⢠How Do Adolescents Develop?
⢠How Do Adults Develop?
2. Chapter 4 Overview: Study Units
⢠4.1 Humans Develop Across Three Domains
⢠4.2 Prenatal Development Includes Three Periods of Physical
Growth
⢠4.3 Substances Affect Prenatal Development in All Three Domains
⢠4.4 Infants and Children Change Physically
⢠4.5 Infants and Children Change Socially and Emotionally
⢠4.6 Infants and Children Change Cognitively
⢠4.7 Language Develops in an Orderly Way
⢠4.8 Adolescents Develop Physically
⢠4.9 Adolescents Develop Socially and Emotionally
⢠4.10 Adolescents Develop Cognitively
⢠4.11 Bodies Change in Adulthood
⢠4.12 Adults Develop Lifelong Social and Emotional Bonds
⢠4.13 The Mental Abilities of Adults Begin to Decline
3. How Does Development Happen in the
Womb?
4.1 Humans Develop Across Three Domains
4.2 Prenatal Development Includes Three Periods of Physical Growth
4.3 Substances Affect Prenatal Development in All Three Domains
4. 4.1 Humans Develop Across Three Domains (1)
Developmental psychology: The scientific study of
how humans change over the life span, from
conception until death.
⢠Developmental changes can be grouped into three
domains:
1. Physical
2. Socio-emotional
3. Cognitive
6. 4.2 Prenatal Development Includes Three Periods of Physical
Growth (1)
Germinal period
⢠The period in prenatal development from
conception to 2 weeks after conception, when the
zygote divides rapidly and implants in the uterine
wall
Embryonic period
⢠The period in prenatal development from 3 to 8
weeks after conception, when the brain, spine,
major organs, and bodily structures begin to form in
the embryo
7. 4.2 Prenatal Development Includes Three Periods of Physical
Growth (2)
Fetal period
⢠The period in prenatal development from 9 weeks
after conception until birth, when the brain
continues developing, bodily structures are refined,
and the fetus grows in length and weight and
accumulates fat in preparation for birth
10. 4.3 Substances Affect Prenatal Development in All Three
Domains (1)
Teratogens
⢠Environmental substances that can harm prenatal
development
o From the Greek word tera, which means
âmonsterâ
11. 4.3 Substances Affect Prenatal Development in All Three
Domains (2)
Drugs and alcohol are common teratogens
⢠The use of recreational drugsâsuch as opiates,
cocaine, or marijuanaâduring pregnancy can affect
the mother and the developing human.
⢠Women who drink alcohol when pregnant are
gambling with their babyâs development; alcohol
can cause a variety of defects.
o The most severe disorder is fetal alcohol
syndrome (FAS).
12. 4.3 Substances Affect Prenatal Development in All Three
Domains (3)
This table will help you understand the various classes of teratogens and their effects on prenatal development.c
Legal Drugs Alcohol: fetal alcohol syndrome, facial malformations,
intellectual disabilities, learning difficulties
Nicotine: miscarriage, still birth, low birth weight,
intellectual disabilities, learning difficulties
Caffeine: miscarriage, low birth weight
Recreational Drugs Cocaine: low birth weight, breathing problems, seizures,
learning difficulties, irritability
Marijuana: irritability, nervousness, tremors
Infections German measles (rubella): blindness, deafness, heart defects,
brain damage
Syphilis: intellectual disabilities, deafness, meningitis
Zika: brain abnormalities, microcephaly (abnormally small
head)
Environmental Factors Radiation (X-rays): higher incidence of cancer, physical
deformities
Mercury: intellectual disabilities, blindness
14. How Do Infants and Children Develop?
4.4 Infants and Children Change Physically
4.5 Infants and Children Change Socially and Emotionally
4.6 Infants and Children Change Cognitively
4.7 Language Develops in an Orderly Way
15. 4.4 Infants and Children Change Physically (1)
As infants and children develop,
the brain changes in two critical
ways:
⢠First, myelinated axons form
synapses with other neurons.
⢠Second, over time and with
experience, the synaptic
connections are refined to
preserve the most important
and helpful connections.
16. 4.4 Infants and Children Change Physically (2)
Inborn reflexes
⢠Babies come into the world hardwired with basic
motor reflexes that aid survival.
o Rooting reflex
o Sucking reflex
o Grasping reflex
17. 4.4 Infants and Children Change Physically (3)
Motor skills
⢠Maturation: Physical development of the brain and
body that prepares an infant for voluntary
movement, such as rolling over, sitting, and walking.
19. 4.4 Infants and Children Change Physically (4)
Sensory development
⢠An infant obtains information
from the world by hearing,
seeing, smelling, tasting, and
perceiving touch. Some of
these sensory abilities are
more fully developed at birth
than others.
o Newborns prefer sweet tastes.
o Newborns can also hear well.
o Newborns have poor vision
20. 4.5 Infants and Children Change Socially and Emotionally (1)
Early attachment
⢠All infants have a fundamental need to form strong
connections with caretakers.
o During the late 1950s, psychologists generally
believed that the care an infant needed was
based primarily on getting food from the
mother.
⢠Harlow monkey attachment experiment
21. 4.5 Infants and Children Change Socially and Emotionally (2)
22. 4.5 Infants and Children Change Socially and Emotionally (3)
Variations in attachment
⢠Separation anxiety occurs in all human cultures.
⢠Ainsworth created the strange-situation test.
o This test has revealed three attachment styles of
children:
⢠Secure attachment
⢠Avoidant attachment
⢠Ambivalent attachment
23. 4.5 Infants and Children Change Socially and Emotionally (4)
24. 4.5 Infants and Children Change Socially and Emotionally (5)
25. 4.5 Infants and Children Change Socially and Emotionally (6)
Secure attachment
⢠The attachment style for most infants, who are
confident enough to play in an unfamiliar
environment as long as the caregiver is present and
are readily comforted by the caregiver during times
of distress
26. 4.5 Infants and Children Change Socially and Emotionally (7)
Insecure attachment styles
⢠Avoidant attachment: The attachment style for
infants who are somewhat willing to explore an
unfamiliar environment but seem to have little
interest in the caregiverâthey may not look at the
caregiver when the caregiver leaves or returns.
⢠Ambivalent attachment: The attachment style for
infants who are unwilling to explore an unfamiliar
environment but seem to have mixed feelings about
the caregiverâthey may cry when the caregiver
leaves the room, but they cannot be consoled by the
caregiver upon his or her return.
27. 4.6 Infants and Children Change Cognitively (1)
Developing theory of mind
⢠Theory of mind: The capacity to understand that
other people have minds and intentions.
o As infants and children acquire theory of mind,
they develop the ability to think in increasingly
sophisticated ways.
28. 4.6 Infants and Children Change Cognitively (2)
Piagetâs theory of cognitive development
⢠The developmental psychologist Jean Piaget
investigated how childrenâs thinking changes as
they develop.
⢠Piaget proposed that we change how we think as we
form new schemas, or ways of thinking about how
the world works.
29. 4.6 Infants and Children Change Cognitively (3)
Piagetâs theory of cognitive development
⢠Assimilation: The process we use to incorporate
new information into existing frameworks for
knowledge.
⢠Accommodation: The process we use to create new
frameworks for knowledge or drastically alter
existing ones to incorporate new information that
otherwise would not fit.
31. 4.6 Infants and Children Change Cognitively (5)
Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years
⢠The first stage in Piagetâs theory of cognitive
development; during this stage, infants acquire
information about the world through their senses and
motor skills.
o Object permanence
Preoperational stage: 2 to 7 years
⢠The second stage in Piagetâs theory of cognitive
development; during this stage, children think
symbolically about objects, but they reason based on
intuition and superficial appearances rather than logic.
o Centration
o Egocentrism
33. 4.6 Infants and Children Change Cognitively (5)
Concrete operational stage, 7 to 12 years
⢠The third stage in Piagetâs theory of cognitive
development; during this stage, children begin to think
about and understand logical operations, and they are
no longer fooled by appearances.
o Law of conservation
Formal operational stage, 12 to adulthood
⢠The final stage in Piagetâs theory of cognitive
development; during this stage, people can think
abstractly, and they can formulate and test hypotheses
through logic.
35. 4.6 Infants and Children Change Cognitively (7)
Other ways of thinking about cognitive development
⢠We now know that Piaget underestimated the ages
at which certain skills develop.
⢠Psychologists now think of cognitive development
in terms of trends rather than strict stages.
36. 4.7 Language Develops in an Orderly Way (1)
From 0 to 60,000
⢠Language is a system in which
sounds and symbols are used
according to grammatical rules.
o Morphemes
o Phonemes
o Syntax
37. 4.7 Language Develops in an Orderly Way (2)
Five stages of language development
⢠Babbling: Intentional vocalization, often by an
infant, with no specific meanings.
⢠Telegraphic speech: The tendency for toddlers to
speak using rudimentary sentences that are missing
words and grammatical markings but follow a
logical syntax and convey a wealth of meaning.
⢠Overregularization: The tendency for young
children to incorrectly use a regular syntax rule
where they should use an exception to the rule.
38. How Do Adolescents Develop?
4.8 Adolescents Develop Physically
4.9 Adolescents Develop Socially and Emotionally
4.10 Adolescents Develop Cognitively
39. 4.8 Adolescents Develop Physically (1)
⢠Puberty: The physical changes
in the body that are a part of
sexual development.
⢠Secondary sex
characteristics: Physical
changes during puberty that are
not directly related to
reproduction but that indicate
the difference between the
sexes.
⢠Primary sex characteristics:
Physical development during
puberty that results in sexually
mature reproductive organs and
genitals.
40. 4.8 Adolescents Develop Physically (2)
Brain changes during adolescence
⢠Synaptic connections are refined and gray matter
increases.
⢠The frontal cortex of the brain is not fully developed
until the early 20s.
⢠An adolescentâs limbic systemâthe motivational
and emotional center of the brainâtends to be
more active than the frontal cortex.
41. 4.9 Adolescents Develop Socially and Emotionally (1)
As adolescents develop a sense
of identity, of who they are, they
are influenced by many factors,
including
⢠The culture in which they are
raised
⢠Their beliefs about personal
characteristics such as race,
ethnicity, gender, and sexual
orientation
42. 4.9 Adolescents Develop Socially and Emotionally (2)
Developing a unique identity
⢠Eriksonâs eight stages of psychosocial development
⢠According to Eriksonâs theory, adolescents face
perhaps the most fundamental challenge: how to
develop an adult identity.
o Identity versus role confusion: The fifth stage
of Eriksonâs theory of psychosocial development,
in which adolescents face the challenge of
figuring out who they are.
44. 4.9 Adolescents Develop Socially and Emotionally (4)
Culture and ethnicity
⢠Culture shapes much of who
we are as we develop a full
sense of identity during
adolescence.
⢠Culture also determines
whether each personâs
identity will be accepted or
rejected.
45. 4.9 Adolescents Develop Socially and Emotionally (5)
Parents and peers
⢠As adolescents develop their own identities, they
come into more conflict with their parents.
⢠Peers play a crucial role in identity development.
46. 4.10 Adolescents Develop Cognitively (1)
Moral reasoning and moral emotions
⢠When is it acceptable to take an action that may
harm others or that may break implicit or explicit
social contracts?
⢠Moral emotions, such as embarrassment and shame,
are considered self-conscious emotions.
47. 4.10 Adolescents Develop Cognitively (2)
Kohlbergâs three levels of moral reasoning
⢠Preconventional level: Earliest level of moral
development; at this level, self-interest and event
outcomes determine what is moral.
⢠Conventional level: Middle level of moral
development; at this level, societal laws and the
approval of others determine what is moral.
⢠Postconventional level: Highest level of moral
development; at this level, decisions about morality
depend on abstract principles and the value of all
life.
48. How Do Adults Develop?
4.11 Bodies Change in Adulthood
4.12 Adults Develop Lifelong Social and Emotional Bonds
4.13 The Mental Abilities of Adults Begin to Decline
49. 4.11 Bodies Change in Adulthood (1)
Early to middle adulthood
⢠Between the ages of 20 and
40, we actually experience a
steady decline in muscle
mass, bone density, eyesight,
and hearing.
50. 4.11 Bodies Change in Adulthood (2)
Transition to old age
⢠By 2030, more than one in
five Americans will be over
age 65, and these older
people will be ethnically
diverse, well educated, and
physically fit.
o The body and mind start
deteriorating more rapidly
at about age 50.
51. 4.12 Adults Develop Lifelong Social and Emotional Bonds (1)
Psychosocial challenges
⢠Eriksonâs theory in later life
o Intimacy versus isolation (sixth stage): Young
adults face the challenge of forming committed
long-term friendships and romances.
o Generativity versus stagnation (seventh stage):
Middle-aged adults face the challenge of leaving
behind a positive legacy and caring for future
generations.
o Integrity versus despair (eighth stage): Older
adults face the challenge of feeling satisfied that
they have lived a good life and developed wisdom.
52. 4.12 Adults Develop Lifelong Social and Emotional Bonds (2)
Marriage
⢠Around the world, the vast majority of people marry
at some point in their lives or form some type of
permanent bond with a relationship partner.
o The benefits of marriage are more significant for
men than for women.
o At any given time, the vast majority of married
people report satisfaction with their marriages.
53. 4.12 Adults Develop Lifelong Social and Emotional Bonds (3)
Having children
⢠The birth of a first child is a profound event for most
couples.
o Children can strain a marriage by putting demands
on time and money.
o Couples with children, especially those with
adolescent children, report less marital satisfaction
than those who are childless.
54. 4.12 Adults Develop Lifelong Social and Emotional Bonds (4)
Finding meaning in later life
⢠Older adults may perceive their time to be limited
and adjust their priorities to emphasize emotionally
meaningful events, experiences, and goals.
⢠Older adults generally want to savor their final
years by putting their time and effort into
meaningful and rewarding experiences like
reflecting on their lives and sharing memories.
55. 4.13 The Mental Abilities of Adults Begin to Decline (1)
⢠A senior moment: The inability to remember
something we knew a moment before.
⢠We may not notice cognitive decline until later
adulthood, although it begins much earlier.
56. 4.13 The Mental Abilities of Adults Begin to Decline (2)
Intelligence, learning, and memory
⢠Verbal and mathematical decline does not tend to
happen until people are in their 60s and 70s;
healthy and mentally active people experience less
decline (Schaie, 1990).
⢠Older adults take longer to learn new information,
but once they learn it, they use that information just
as efficiently.
⢠Older people tend to have difficulty with memory
tasks that require juggling multiple pieces of
information at the same time.
58. 4.13 The Mental Abilities of Adults Begin to Decline (4)
Dementia: Severe impairment in intellectual capacity
and personality, often due to damage to the brain.
⢠Dementia has many causes, including alcohol intake
and HIV, but for older adults the major cause is
Alzheimerâs disease.
⢠Approximately 5 percent of people will develop
Alzheimerâs disease by age 70â75, and 6.5 percent
will develop the disease after age 85.
⢠The initial symptoms of Alzheimerâs are typically
minor memory impairments, but the disease
eventually progresses to more serious difficulties,
such as forgetting daily routines.
59. 4.13 The Mental Abilities of Adults Begin to Decline (5)
Well-being in older adults
⢠Except for dementia, older
adults have fewer mental
health problems, including
depression, than younger
adults (Jorm, 2000).
⢠Despite the physical, social,
and emotional challenges of
aging, most older adults are
healthy and happy.