Systemic corticosteroids are synthetic derivatives of cortisol that can be taken orally or via injection. They are used to treat various autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Common side effects include increased risk of infection, skin thinning, acne, osteoporosis, diabetes, and psychiatric issues. Risks are higher with longer term or high dose use. Monitoring of blood pressure, weight, and blood sugar is recommended during treatment. Measures like calcium/vitamin D supplementation and bone density scans can help prevent side effects like osteoporosis. Some conditions like active tuberculosis or severe psychiatric disease are contraindications for steroid use due to risk of worsening.
Carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells due to mutations in DNA that disrupt the orderly processes regulating cell proliferation and death. This results in uncontrolled cell division. A series of mutations in proto-oncogenes that promote cell growth and tumor suppressor genes that discourage cell growth are required before a normal cell transforms into a cancer cell. The ras oncogene and p53 tumor suppressor gene are examples that are commonly mutated in cancer. Grading of cancers provides information on prognosis and treatment by assessing how differentiated the cancer cells are from normal cells.
The document discusses pemphigus vulgaris, an autoimmune blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes. It is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against desmoglein 1 and 3, proteins involved in keratinocyte adhesion. The disease primarily involves the oral mucosa and causes flaccid blisters and painful erosions of the skin and mouth. Treatment involves potent topical or systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents.
Working and training in the national health service a guide for im gs finalMUBOSScz
This document provides guidance for international medical graduates thinking about working or training in the UK National Health Service. It outlines the structure of the NHS, opportunities available, and requirements for registration and immigration. Key points covered include an introduction to the NHS in England, benefits of working in the UK, advice for international medical graduates, opportunities in the NHS, registration requirements, immigration information, access to UK training, employment rights, pay and conditions, good employment practices, and important considerations. Contact information and websites are provided for further resources. The document aims to help international medical graduates understand working or training in the NHS in the UK.
1. The document lists 70 anatomical structures and their corresponding numbers.
2. It then provides detailed histological descriptions for several structures, including the lips, tongue, palate, tonsils, tooth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and small intestine.
3. The descriptions highlight the different tissue layers, cell types, and glands present in each structure at the microscopic level.
This document contains a list of various pathologies organized into categories including necrosis, dystrophy, pigmentation, circulation disorders, inflammation, and pathologies affecting different organ systems. Some examples provided are infarction of the myocardium, bronchopneumonia, amyloidosis of the spleen, atherosclerosis of arteries, acute hepatodystrophy, glomerulonephritis, and carcinomas of the prostate, colon, and breast. The pathologies listed provide examples of cellular changes, injuries, degenerations, infections, neoplasms, and other conditions that can occur and be examined in tissues and organs.
The document summarizes various diseases and conditions that can occur during pregnancy. It discusses changes to the breast during pregnancy including hormonal influences. It also describes changes to the uterus such as endometrial stimulation and uterine wall hypertrophy. Various pathological conditions of the placenta are outlined including insufficiency, infections, hematomas, incorrect positioning, and infarcts. Toxemia of pregnancy is discussed in relation to reduced placental blood flow and its manifestations including preeclampsia and eclampsia. Gestational trophoblastic diseases such as complete and partial hydatid moles and choriocarcinoma are also summarized.
This document discusses various hemodynamic disorders of perfusion including hemorrhage, hyperemia, thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, toxemia of pregnancy, embolism, infarction, and cyanosis. It provides definitions, classifications, etiologies, pathophysiological mechanisms, and consequences for each disorder. Key points include definitions of bleeding types and locations, causes and effects of hyperemia and thrombosis, microthrombi formation in DIC and HUS, placental involvement in toxemia of pregnancy, types and migration of emboli, appearance and causes of infarction, and causes of abnormal hemoglobin levels and cyanosis.
This document provides definitions and information about various topics in pathology of the newborn. It discusses basic definitions of terms like abortion, delivery, and fetal maturity. It also describes the Apgar score system used to evaluate newborns and outcomes associated with different scores. Causes of prenatal and neonatal death are explained. Immaturity of organs in preterm infants and various types of lung pathology affecting newborns are also outlined.
The document discusses the classification of leukemias and lymphomas according to the WHO. It describes the different subtypes of leukemias and lymphomas based on the cell of origin and characteristic genetic abnormalities. Key types discussed include chronic lymphocytic leukemia, follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and chronic myeloproliferative disorders like chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera, and essential thrombocytosis.
1. Inflammation is defined as the local response to injury characterized by fluid and leukocyte movement into tissues. Acute inflammation has a rapid onset and short duration dominated by neutrophils, while chronic inflammation has a long duration dominated by mononuclear cells.
2. The classical signs of acute inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Systemic effects include fever, leukocytosis, lymphadenopathy, and acute phase protein production by the liver.
3. Exudative inflammation can be serous, lymphoplasmocytic, purulent, fibrinous, or gangrenous depending on the characteristics and cellular composition of the exudate and tendency for
This document discusses categories of infectious agents including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. It describes resident flora, opportunistic flora, and true pathogens. It discusses local vs systemic infections and extent of host involvement including sepsis, bacteremia, and toxemia. Factors influencing transmission are also summarized such as reservoirs, routes of transmission, and vectors. Characteristics of pathogens that favor environmental transmission and bacterial pathogenicity/virulence properties are outlined. Host factors in transmission and sensitive populations are also described.
1. Autonomní nervý systém (ANS) složka centrální složka periferní sympatikus (pars sympathica) parasympatikus (pars parasympathica) enterický systém
2. systém kranio-sakrální (parasympathicus) systém thorako-lumbální (sympathicus) systém kranio-sakrální (parasympathicus) intramurální paravertebrální prevertebrální
3. ggl. inf. IX. ggl. sup. X. n. jugularis rr. laryngo- pharyngei r. interganglionaris ggl. cervicale sup. a. facialis ggl. submand. gl. subling. gl. submand. a.men.med. gl.parotis ggl. oticum n. card. cerv. sup. n. carot. int. n. carot. ext. ggl. ciliare nn. carotico- tymp. m. dilator pupilae n. petros. prof. ggl. pterygopal. gl. lacr. ggl. cervicale med. Ggl. cervicale sup. m. orbitalis rr. orbitales
4. r. interganglionaris ggl. cervicale sup. ggl. cervicale med. Ggl. cervicale med. et stellatum a. car. com. gl. thyroid. gl. parathyroid. ggl. cervicothorac. (stellatum) n. card. cerv. med. ansa subclav. a. subclav. plexus vertebr. n. card. cerv. inf.
5. Th1 Th6 rr. vasculares - u všech rr. comm. grisei - u všech Th9 n. splanchnicus major ggl. coeliacum (prevertebrální) n. splanchnicus minor n. splanchnicus imus (1/3) paravertebrální ganglia
