This document outlines a course on research methods. The course is worth 1 credit unit and involves 15 hours of theory. Students will be assessed through quizzes, assignments, and an exam. The course will cover topics such as formulating research questions, reviewing literature, research designs, data collection methods, writing research papers, and research ethics. It will teach students to understand different types of research and how to conduct academic research and present their findings. The overall aim is to provide an overview of research methods and skills for designing and conducting research studies.
The document provides an overview of research methods. It defines research as systematically studying a problem to find solutions through gathering information, analyzing facts, and drawing conclusions. The value of research is that it uses strict methods to gain expert knowledge that can be objectively verified. Research aims to discover general principles and new knowledge to improve understanding of human behavior and systems.
The document discusses several social science research methods including sample surveys, case studies, experiments, interviews, and observation. Sample surveys ask questions of a representative group to understand broader populations, while case studies examine individuals or small communities. Experiments test how changing one factor impacts another, commonly used in natural sciences. Interviews collect detailed explanations from a few people, and observation learns about people in their normal settings through unstructured, structured, or participant methods.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research as a method for understanding one's surroundings. It discusses that qualitative research values people's perspectives and takes place in soft sciences. It examines reality through causes and effects in natural settings. Characteristics include human interpretation of data, an active research process, multiple approaches, moving from specific to general conclusions, and examining real-life contexts. Types of qualitative research discussed are case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, content/discourse analysis, historical analysis, and grounded theory. Advantages include a naturalistic approach, understanding human behavior, and facilitating social change. Disadvantages include subjectivity, unknown reliability/validity, and time consumption. The document also provides example questions for understanding qualitative research concepts
This document discusses scientific social science research and the scientific method. It explains that social science research refers to the scientific study of human behavior and interaction. The scientific method relies on evidence, concepts, objectivity, and logical reasoning processes like induction and deduction. Induction involves studying individual cases to draw generalizations, while deduction applies general principles to specific cases. For research to be considered scientific, it must follow a systematic process including defining the problem, formulating hypotheses, collecting quantitative data, stating clear generalizations, and fully reporting the research process and methods of analysis.
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The systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources, etc, in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Research is what we do when we have a question or a problem we want to resolve. Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. The first module highlights an overview of all concepts adopted in Research.
This document provides an overview of naturalistic qualitative inquiry. It discusses key aspects of this research approach including:
- Naturalistic inquiry examines phenomena in their natural context and views reality as dynamic and interconnected.
- Several types of naturalistic qualitative research are described, including phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case studies.
- Characteristics of qualitative inquiry are outlined, such as using an emergent design, purposive sampling, and inductive analysis to generate theories and descriptions.
- Issues of trustworthiness in qualitative research are covered, including techniques to ensure credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability of findings.
This document discusses various types of research. It begins by introducing common types like descriptive, analytical, applied, basic, quantitative, and qualitative research. It then explores additional types categorized by time (cross-sectional, longitudinal), environment (field, laboratory, simulation), purpose (clinical, exploratory, formalized, historical, conclusion-oriented, decision-oriented). Each type is briefly defined. The document concludes that research types are important across many fields for studying relationships and solving problems.
The document discusses research philosophy and approaches, outlining different philosophies like positivism, interpretivism, and realism. It then explains deduction and induction as the two main research approaches, with deduction testing theory through hypotheses and induction building theory from data. Finally, it discusses research design and strategies, highlighting the importance of objectives, data collection sources, and constraints in research design.
Descriptive research aims to describe behaviors as they occur without attempting to answer why. There are three main methods: observational research directly observes behaviors; case studies provide in-depth analysis of a specific person, event, or situation; and surveys collect standardized information from a sample through questionnaires, interviews, or brief discussions to describe a population. Each method has strengths, such as providing rich qualitative data, but also limitations like inability to generalize or potential for researcher bias. The choice of descriptive method depends on the research question.
This document defines research and outlines its key characteristics. Research is defined as a systematic process of investigating problems based on facts and logic rather than opinions. It involves gathering original data, analyzing it critically and reaching evidence-based conclusions. Research is characterized as expert, systematic, objective, patient and carefully documented. The main types of research are applied, basic, historical, descriptive and experimental. Descriptive research seeks to characterize existing situations through techniques like content analysis, case studies, surveys and participant observation.
The document describes the descriptive research method. It defines descriptive research as aiming to describe a situation as it exists at the time of study and explore the causes of phenomena. The document outlines several types of descriptive studies including case studies, surveys, developmental studies, follow-up studies, documentary analysis, and trend analysis. It also discusses various ways of collecting descriptive data such as interviews, questionnaires, observation, and devices. Finally, it provides examples to illustrate different descriptive study types.
This document provides an overview of research methodologies. It defines research as a systematic investigation to discover and revise facts. The objectives of research are to gain new insights, accurately describe phenomena, determine relationships between variables, and test hypotheses. Research can be descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, or empirical. The significance of research is that it leads to progress, promotes logical thinking, and helps address business, economic, social and policy issues.
Language of Research- Adrian Teves DivinoAdrian Divino
The document discusses the language used in research and how it differs from everyday language. Research has its own specialized terminology and language structures used to communicate findings (1). Terms used in research can seem like jargon to non-researchers as they are technical words used within a specific field (2). The formation of research language is influenced by various factors like the use of multi-syllable words, types of questions asked, time spans studied, variable relationships, and how concepts are operationally defined for measurement (3).
What is Social Research
Social research is the combination of Three Words “Social” means society “Re” means again and again and “Search” means to discover, to find and to investigate. Social research is a procedure to investigate the social problems and issues and also it helps us to find the causes and give solution for problems which are faced by society.
Social Research is a method used by social scientists and researchers to learn about people and societies.
social research works to answer many of the questions we have about human behavior. Through scientific study, social research seeks to understand the how and why of human behavior.
Social research is a systematic and logical pursuit made by human beings to find out knowledge from any “phenomenon or relationship”.
Definitions of Social Research
Webster’s Dictionary: “defines it as a careful and critical investigation in the light of newly discovered facts.
Johoda: “It is a continuous investigation for facts is order to solve a problematic situation”,
Roger Bennet: “Research is the discovering of facts through systematic and scientific process.
Fogg: “It is the systematic process of pre-planned inquiry”.
Objectives of Social Research
To discover new ideas
To collect data about an issue, problem or social phenomena.
To provide principles for problems.
Provide knowledge for the solution of a problem.
To remove social tension, misconception, and myths.
To find new ideas and verify old ideas.
To give logical and rational ideas.
Importance of Social Research
Identifying the causes of social problems: social research logically finds the causes of problems from grass root level.
Solution of problems: by the help of Social Research we an be able to effectively solve a particular problem .
New ideas and techniques: social research provides new ideas and technique to solving the individuals, groups, and communities problems.
To develop theories. Many social scientist haves presented their theories through social research. All social, psychological, and environmental theories had been depended on social research.
Increase knowledge: social research is also consider as source of knowledge increase. It increases the knowledge of human being.
This document discusses different research philosophies and methodologies. It outlines positivism and interpretivism as the two major research philosophies in Western science. Positivists believe reality can be observed objectively, while interpretivists believe reality can only be understood through subjective interpretation. The document then provides examples and descriptions of various research methodologies, including experiments, surveys, case studies, and action research, discussing their strengths and weaknesses.
1. The document discusses different types of qualitative research methods and their characteristics. It defines qualitative research as research that values people's perspectives and views, which may be subjective.
2. The document outlines several key characteristics of qualitative research, including a focus on human understanding, flexible research approaches, contextualized data collection in real-life settings, and analysis of people's perceptions rather than physical effects.
3. Several types of qualitative research are described, including case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, narrative analysis, historical analysis, and grounded theory. Examples are provided for each type.
The document discusses different types of research designs including historical, descriptive, experimental, and case study designs. It provides definitions and explanations of each design. Historical design focuses on examining past events. Descriptive design describes present conditions, situations, or phenomena. Experimental design tests the effects of manipulating variables through controlled experiments. Case study design involves an in-depth analysis of an individual, group, or situation over time. The document also discusses key aspects of each design such as methods, procedures, advantages, limitations, and examples.
This document provides guidance on writing the methodology chapter of a research project. It discusses key concepts in research methodology including overall approaches, techniques for data collection, sampling methods, and reflecting on the research process. Specifically, it covers choosing between qualitative and quantitative methods, issues around research philosophies like positivism and interpretivism, how to describe data collection and analysis processes, and considering limitations and ethics. The document aims to help students understand what to include in the methodology chapter and justify their chosen research methods.
The document provides an introduction and overview of business research concepts, resources, and processes for staff training at the LI KA SHING library. It outlines the objectives of business research, roles of research professionals, and common question types. It also details various information resources for business research, including journals, books, reports, databases, directories, and news/media sources. Key points of emphasis are evaluating business questions and matching them to appropriate information resources and sources.
Businesses exist to satisfy the needs and wants of people, organizations, and governments. Businesses process inputs using factors of production like land, labor, capital and enterprise to create goods and services which they sell at a profit. As countries develop, the proportion of businesses in the primary sector decreases while the secondary and tertiary sectors increase due to rising incomes and more leisure time.
The document defines research as a systematic process of investigation to establish new facts or verify existing knowledge through careful data collection and analysis. Business research specifically aims to provide information to guide managerial decisions by systematically acquiring, analyzing, and disseminating relevant data. The role of business research has increased in importance due to factors like global competition, advances in technology, and the need for data-driven decision making in complex business environments.
-Research
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
It is regarded as a systematic efforts to gain new knowledge.
The dictionary meaning of research is “a careful investigation or enquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge”.
-Nature of Research
-Objectives of Research
-Types of Research
-Research Process
-Significance of Research
-Criteria for Good Research
-Limitations of Research
Introduction To Business Research MethodsAnthony Yeong
This document provides an introduction to business research methods. It discusses key concepts such as the purpose of business research, theory, deduction and induction. It also examines research paradigms including ontology, epistemology and different research approaches like quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. The document aims to help readers understand fundamental concepts in business research and identify their own philosophical and practical positions.
Mba604 course materials lecture (RESERCH METHODOLOGY BY NTANSI MAX)balanjo elvis berinyuy
This document provides an overview of research methodology topics presented by Ntangsi Max Memfih. The key points covered include:
- Defining research, methodology, and the basic steps of conducting research using a problem-solving approach.
- Discussing scientific inquiry, including the characteristics of scientific methods and different models of scientific inquiry.
- Explaining the first step of research as problem identification, including determining a well-defined general problem and expressing it clearly.
The document provides information on fundamental aspects of research methodology taught across multiple lecture sessions.
This document provides an overview of a research methodology course taught by Farha Hassan at PIMSR. The course covers key topics in research methods including defining a research problem, research design, data collection methods, data analysis techniques, and writing a research report. Reference texts for the course are also listed. The course aims to teach students the relevant concepts and steps involved in conducting research in management.
1. The document defines research methods as strategies used to collect and analyze data to better understand a topic or uncover new information.
2. Quantitative research uses numerical data and statistical analysis while qualitative research uses narrative descriptions.
3. The main purposes of research are exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory. Exploratory research explores new areas, descriptive research expands knowledge on current issues, and explanatory research examines the impact of changes.
4. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are discussed, including interviews, surveys, observation, and case studies for qualitative and surveys, descriptive, and correlational research for quantitative.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses what research is, different types of research including quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, and longitudinal research. It also outlines the research process and covers topics such as research questions, hypotheses, data collection methods, analysis, and reporting. Research is defined as a systematic and organized way to find answers to questions. It is considered a more valid basis of knowledge than alternatives like authority, tradition, or personal experiences.
This document provides an overview of research basics. It begins by outlining the objectives, introduction, and subject matter of research. It then defines research and lists 10 definitions from various sources. It describes the characteristics of research and objectives of research in general as well as the specific objectives of research in commerce and management. It discusses the motivation for research, including curiosity, finding cause-and-effect relationships, interest in novel events, and refining research techniques. Overall, the document provides foundational information on the meaning, process, objectives, and motivations behind conducting research.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in architecture. It defines research and discusses the meaning, objectives, characteristics, and significance of good research. The document outlines the types of research such as basic, applied, experimental and non-scientific research. It also describes the research cycle and some common problems faced by researchers, such as a lack of resources or self-clarity regarding the research topic. Theories in research are discussed, including the differences between deductive and inductive approaches.
The document discusses research, including defining inquiry and research, describing the research process, outlining characteristics and types of research, and discussing ethics in research. Specifically, it defines research as a systematic investigation aimed at discovering and interpreting facts through a prescribed scientific method. It also differentiates between quantitative and qualitative research methods and describes common research designs such as experimental, survey, case study, and more. Finally, it outlines important ethical considerations in research involving informed consent, risk of harm, and confidentiality.
1. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods (1).pdfEtalemBurako
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methodology. It outlines the aims, philosophical paradigms, definitions, goals, dimensions, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research. Key points covered include:
- The aim is to enhance capacity for conceptualizing, designing, and conducting qualitative health research.
- Qualitative research follows a different philosophical paradigm than quantitative, based on the premise that not everything can be counted.
- Philosophical paradigms like ontology, epistemology, and axiology guide qualitative research design and methods.
- Qualitative research seeks to describe and analyze human behaviors, opinions, and contexts from the participants' perspectives.
This document provides an overview of scientific research methods. It discusses key concepts like the scientific method, basic and applied research, how researchers choose topics, formulating research problems and hypotheses. It also covers literature reviews, choosing variables, research participants, experimental design, and strategies to control bias. The goal of research methods is to conduct valid and reliable studies to advance scientific knowledge in a systematic and objective manner.
This document provides an overview of research approaches, design, and methodology. It defines key terms like research methodology, methods, design, and approach. It discusses the philosophical underpinnings of quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research focuses on measurement and generalization while qualitative research aims to understand behavior from an insider's perspective. The document also provides examples of empirical studies using quantitative and qualitative methods and discusses when each may be most appropriate based on the research question. Mixed methods that combine quantitative and qualitative approaches are also introduced.
This document provides an overview of research topics for a nursing research course. It discusses the definition of research, purposes and importance of research in nursing, ethics in research, types of research studies and designs, developing research questions and hypotheses, and the steps involved in the research process. Key points include that research involves systematic inquiry using the scientific method to solve problems and answer questions. Nursing research specifically aims to improve nursing practice and patient care. Research ethics, informed consent, and institutional review boards are important considerations. Both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies are covered.
This document provides an introduction to business research methodology. It defines research as a systematic process of investigating problems to discover new information and relationships. Research aims to increase knowledge in a logical, objective manner through data collection and analysis. It should be carefully recorded and reported, with conclusions reached cautiously based on evidence. Business research is important as it provides factual information to guide decisions and reduce risk, helping organizations define audiences, monitor competition, and sway public opinion. The nature of research involves finding things out in a systematic way to expand knowledge.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methods. It outlines the aim and objectives of the course which are to give participants an appreciation of the research process and enable them to describe research, prepare proposals, design instruments, collect and analyze data, and write reports. It defines research and describes the importance of research being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. It also discusses the different types of research including basic research, applied research, and evaluation research. The document outlines the overall research process and covers topics such as identifying research areas, the qualities of a good topic, research philosophies including epistemology and axiology, and the different methodologies of quantitative and qualitative research.
This document provides an introduction to business research. It discusses key definitions, objectives, and significance of research. The main points are:
- Research is defined as a systematic process of investigating a topic to develop new knowledge or contribute to existing knowledge. It follows the scientific method.
- The objectives of research are to solve problems, answer research questions, and generate new understanding and knowledge to inform decision making. Good objectives clearly define what is being studied and how.
- Research is important as it advances fields of study and helps address real-world issues. It provides a mental roadmap for investigating topics in a structured, organized manner.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology, including:
1. It defines research as an organized and systematic process of finding answers to questions through a defined set of steps and procedures.
2. It discusses different types of research including quantitative, qualitative, basic, applied, longitudinal, descriptive, classification, comparative, exploratory, explanatory, causal, theory testing, and theory building research.
3. It also discusses alternatives to research-based knowledge such as relying on authority, tradition, common sense, media, and personal experience.
This document outlines the objectives, topics, and assessment schedule of a research methodology and communication skills course. The course aims to establish an understanding of research through exploring research approaches, language, and ethics. Participants will learn to critically review literature, understand research components and designs, and enhance their communication skills. The assessment includes an assignment, presentation, and final test. The document also covers various research definitions, objectives, types, and characteristics of good research.
This document discusses the nature and importance of research. It defines research as an organized investigation to develop facts and reach new conclusions. Research aims to improve quality of life through appropriate problem-solving. There are two main types of research: basic research increases understanding of problems, while applied research seeks specific answers and solutions. The document outlines the key characteristics, processes, and ethics of research, including being empirical, systematic, and objective. Research ethics promote accountability, credibility, and public awareness of research.
Similar to 1 thinking about research & nature of research2 (20)
This document discusses measures used to describe the central tendency and dispersion of a frequency distribution. It describes the arithmetic mean, median, and mode as measures of central tendency and their advantages and disadvantages. Measures of dispersion discussed include range, variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and standard error. The choice of central tendency measure depends on the distribution shape, and the mean is most useful for statistical tests while the median is unaffected by outliers.
This document contains a series of exercises related to biostatistics and research methods. It includes exercises on categorizing variables, designing a questionnaire, different sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling. It also includes exercises on ordering and presenting data in frequency distribution tables, calculating measures of central tendency and dispersion, the normal distribution and confidence intervals. The final exercises are on the chi-square test and t-test, including examples of applying these statistical tests to compare groups.
The document provides guidelines for writing a research protocol, including developing clear objectives, outlining the methodology, addressing ethical considerations, and formatting the protocol. An effective protocol clarifies the research question and plan, guides team-based research, and allows for critical review. Key sections include the introduction stating the problem and rationale, methods describing the design, participants, and analysis, and references supporting the information provided. Attention to detail in the protocol is important to properly plan and communicate the study.
The p-value represents the probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true. A confidence interval provides a range within which the population mean is likely to fall. The variance measures how far data points are spread out from the mean and is calculated as the sum of squared deviations from the mean divided by the sample size minus one. The coefficient of variation allows for more meaningful comparison of distributions with different magnitudes than just comparing standard deviations. The standard error of the sample mean represents the variability of the sample mean as an estimate of the true population mean.
This document provides practice exercises for an introduction to research in information studies course. It includes questions on defining statistical terms, computing descriptive statistics like mean, median and mode for sample data, generating frequency distributions and histograms, hypothesis testing, and constructing confidence intervals. The exercises cover topics like measures of central tendency and dispersion, probability distributions, sampling distributions, and both descriptive and inferential statistics.
This document contains examples of various statistical analyses exercises involving:
1. Categorizing variables as numerical or categorical.
2. Designing a questionnaire and explaining how to enter data.
3. Different sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling.
4. Presenting data in order arrays, frequency distribution tables, and calculating measures of central tendency and dispersion.
5. Explaining the normal distribution and calculating percentages.
6. Calculating confidence intervals and using the chi-square and t-tests to analyze data.
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) compares the means of multiple groups, such as patients with different types of sickle cell disease. ANOVA assesses how much of the overall variation in the data is explained by differences in group means versus differences within groups. If the between-groups variation is large compared to the within-groups variation, then the group means are likely different. ANOVA extends the two-sample t-test to compare more than two groups and provides an F-statistic to test the hypothesis that all group means are equal. Key assumptions are normality of data and equal variances across groups.
The chi-square test is used to determine if differences in frequencies observed in qualitative variable categories are statistically significant or likely due to chance. An example compares influenza rates in a vaccine vs placebo group in a clinical trial. The expected and observed frequencies are calculated. The chi-square test statistic is greater than the critical value, so the null hypothesis that the vaccine and placebo have the same influenza proportion is rejected. Therefore, the difference is likely due to the vaccine's effectiveness rather than chance.
The t test can be used to compare sample means to population means, compare means between independent samples, or compare readings within a single sample taken at different times. It involves testing a hypothesis about whether two means are statistically significantly different. The document provides examples of applying the t test to compare a sample mean to a population mean, compare means between independent male and female samples, and compare blood pressure readings within a single sample taken before and after treatment.
This document discusses measures of central tendency and dispersion used to describe frequency distributions. It describes the four key properties: central tendency, dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis. For measures of central tendency, it defines and compares the arithmetic mean, median, and mode. For measures of dispersion, it explains the range, variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and standard error of the sample mean. It provides advantages and disadvantages of each measure.
Stat 4 the normal distribution & steps of testing hypothesisForensic Pathology
The document discusses the normal distribution and statistical hypothesis testing. It notes that the normal distribution is also called the Gaussian distribution, and has equal mean, median and mode. It then discusses how much of the data falls within standard deviations of the mean for the normal distribution. The document also covers confidence intervals for means, the steps of statistical hypothesis testing including assumptions, hypotheses, significance levels and tests, and different statistical tests used for numerical and categorical data like t-tests, ANOVA, regression and correlation.
This document discusses methods for organizing and summarizing data, including ordered arrays, frequency distributions, and frequency polygons. An ordered array lists values from smallest to largest. A frequency distribution groups observations into class intervals to summarize the data, with 6-15 intervals typically used. Sturge's rule provides a formula for calculating the number of intervals. The width of intervals should be equal if possible. A example frequency distribution table with age data in intervals is provided. Figures also demonstrate a success rate by college graph and frequency polygon displaying age data.
This document discusses correlation and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). It investigates the linear association between body weight and plasma volume in 8 subjects. The correlation coefficient (r) between weight and plasma volume is calculated to be 0.76, indicating a strong positive correlation. A t-test shows this correlation is statistically significant. Values of r range from -1 to 1, where higher positive or negative values indicate stronger linear relationships.
Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to draw conclusions. There are two main types of data: data from measurements and data from counts. Data can come from various sources like records, surveys, experiments, and external reports. Biostatistics analyzes data from biological sciences and medicine. Variables are characteristics that can take different values and are either quantitative (measured) or qualitative (categorical). Variables can be random, continuous, discrete, independent, or dependent. Samples are subsets of populations used for statistical analysis. Common random sampling methods include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling.
1. The document discusses various types of pancreatic cysts including pseudocysts, congenital cysts, and neoplastic cystic tumors.
2. It outlines benign cystic neoplasms like serous cystadenomas and malignant mucinous cystic neoplasms.
3. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is discussed as the fourth leading cause of cancer death which often has KRAS and p16 mutations and a desmoplastic response.
The document describes the anatomy, histology, embryology, congenital anomalies, and types of pancreatitis of the pancreas. It notes that the pancreas has exocrine and endocrine components. It also lists the main congenital anomalies as agenesis, pancreas divisum, annular pancreas, and ectopic pancreas. The document provides details on the pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of both acute and chronic pancreatitis.
This document summarizes liver diseases including α1-antitrypsin deficiency, a genetic disorder causing liver and lung disease. It also describes intrahepatic biliary tract diseases like primary and secondary biliary cirrhosis. Benign liver tumors like hemangiomas and adenomas are outlined as well as primary malignant tumors such as hepatoblastoma and angiosarcoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma is discussed in depth, including risk factors, morphology, clinical features, and prognosis. Metastatic liver tumors from other primary cancers are also noted.
1. Liver cirrhosis is the end stage of many chronic liver diseases and is characterized by diffuse hepatic fibrosis and parenchymal nodule formation.
2. Liver abscesses can be caused by parasitic or pyogenic infections and present as solitary or multiple lesions on gross and microscopic examination.
3. Alcoholic liver diseases include fatty liver, alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), and alcoholic cirrhosis, progressing from steatosis to necroinflammation and fibrosis.
1. Liver lies in right hypochondrium and divided in to right and left lobes.
2. Microarchitecture : liver is divided into 1 to 2 mm hexagonal lobules.
3. There are four methods for liver biopsy.
4. Most hepatic infections are viral in origin.
5. In fulminant hepatitis hepatic insufficiency progresses from onset of symptoms to hepatic encephalopathy within2 to 3 weeks.
1. The gallbladder can be divided into three parts and lacks two layers. It may also have congenital anomalies.
2. Common gallbladder disorders include cholelithiasis and cholecystitis.
3. Extrahepatic bile duct disorders include stones, infections, and atresia in infants.
4. Tumors of the biliary tract include both benign and malignant types such as adenomas and adenocarcinomas.
1. Sherzad Ali Ismael,
Community Medicine Dept,
College of Medicine.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 1
2. Subject Research Methods
Credit units 1
Hours 15 hours theory
Assessment:
Quizzes (3): 30%
Assignments (2): 20%
Course exam (1): 50%
Success: 60%
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 2
3. 1. Thinking about research & nature of
research.
2. Formulating & clarifying research topic
3. Critically reviewing the literature
4. Formulating the research design
(Strategies)
5. Writing & presenting the research
protocol
6. Data collection methods (quantitative &
qualitative)
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 3
4. Designing he questionnaires
Reference writing using Endnote
Technical research skills and IT
Writing & publishing research paper
Research ethics
Academic writing in research
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 4
5. Writing the reference (Harvard and
Vancouver).
Clinical trials.
Critical appraisal.
Plagiarism.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 5
6. 1. Bob Mathews & Liz Ross. Research Methods, a practical guide
for the social sciences. Pearson Education limited 2010.
England.
2. Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis, & Adrian Thornhill. Research
methods for business students. Pearson Education Limited
2009. Edinburgh.
3. Jonathan Grix. The Foundation of Research. Palgrave
Macmillan 2004. London.
4. Geoffrey Marczyk, David DeMatteo & David Festinger.
Essentials of Research Design & Methodology. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc 2005. New Jersey.
5. SK Gupta. Basic principles of clinical research & methodology.
Jaypee brothers medical publishers (P) limited 2007. New
Delhi. Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 6
7. 6. RL Bijlani. Medical Research. Jaypee brothers
medical publishers (P) limited 2008. New Delhi.
7. Mohit Bhandari & Parag Sanchesti. Clinical
Research made easy, a guide to publishing in
medical literature. Jaypee brothers medical
publishers (P) limited 2010. New Delhi.
8. Yugish Kumar Singh. Fundamental of Research
Methodology & Statistics. New Age International
Publishers 2006. New Delhi.
9. Catherin Dawson. Practical Research Methods, A
user-friendly guide to mastering research. British
Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 2002. UK.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 7
8. Provide an understanding and overview of
different types of research methods.
Formulate research topics, design & critically
reviewing the literature.
Identify different types & design of
questionnaire.
Use technical research skills to write &
publish researches.
conduct academic research and present
research protocol.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 8
9. Research Methods
Sherzad Ali Ismael,
Community Medicine Dept,
College of Medicine.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 9
10. Understand the concept of research,
approaches & components.
Distinguish between quantitative and
qualitative researches.
Explain the concepts of quality of researches
in terms of validity and reliability.
Understand research methodology with
other dimensions of research.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 10
11. Knowledge: Information about or awareness
of something, an issue, a fact that you have
gained through learning or experience.
(Longman Dictionary)
Information: Facts or details that tell you
something about a situation, person, events
etc. (Longman Dictionary)
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 11
12. Hypothesis: an idea that is suggested as an
explanation for something, but that has not
been proved to be true.
Theory: a set of ideas or related concepts
which can be used to explain & understand an
event, situation, social phenomena.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 12
13. Science:
the study of the structure and behavior of the
physical and natural world and society, especially
through observation and experiment”. (The
Oxford Dictionary)
Knowledge about the world, especially based on
examining, testing, and providing facts”.
(Longman Dictionary)
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 13
14. Science is empirical
Based on scientific tests or practical experiments,
not on ideas.
Science is rational
Based on reasons rather than emotions
Science is cumulative
Facts that can be built upon by future scientists.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 14
15. The Oxford Dictionary:
Researches [plural], a careful study of a subject,
especially in order to discover new facts or
information about it”.
Research is “a systematic method of finding
solution to a problem” (Kothari, 2004).
the systematic method consisting of stating the
problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting the
data, analyzing the facts & reaching certain
conclusions.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 15
16. Undertaken when:
we have a question to answer.
we need to acquire knowledge (causes of
headache are…)
we want to extend our understanding of the social
world.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 16
17. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon.
To portray accurately the characteristics of a
particular individual, situation or a group.
To determine the frequency with which
something occurs.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 17
18. Desire to get a research degree.
Desire to face the challenge in solving the
unsolved problems.
Desire to be of service to society.
Desire to get respectability.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 18
19. The question.
The research process.
The answer.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 19
20. The nature of research IS NOT:
Simply gathering information or facts.
Divorced from practical life.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 20
21. The nature of research IS:
Structured & purposefulness (both in gathering &
interpreting data)
Accurate.
Strong & defensible.
Systematic.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 21
22. …a search for knowledge
… a scientific & systematic search
… an art of scientific investigation
… a systemized effort to gain new knowledge
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 22
23. Descriptive vs. Analytic.
Applied vs. Fundamental.
Quantitative vs. Qualitative.
Conceptual (Philosophers & thinkers) vs.
Empirical (Experiment or observation).
Other types
Clinical or diagnostic
Cross-sections or longitudinal.
Exploratory or explanatory.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 23
24. 1. Quantitative Research
Generates statistics through the use of large scale
survey methods, questionnaire or structures
interviews.
Words like:
▪ how many?
▪ How often?
▪ test,
▪ verify, are used.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 24
25. Based on measurement – applicable where
quantitative measurements can be applied.
Knowledge of statistical methods helps us
qualify our conclusions-attach scientific
probabilities (levels of significance)- and
provides a basis for accepting or rejecting
hypotheses.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 25
26. Explore attitudes, behavior & experience
through interviews or focus groups.
Attempts to get an in depth opinion from
participants.
Words like:
Discover
Motivation
Experiences
Think/ thoughts
Problems
Behave/ behaviors are used.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 26
27. When phenomenon being studied is
qualitative, not amenable to clear
measurement.
E.g. motivation research (why do you study
research methodology?)
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 27
28. …the term research refers to the systematic
method consisting of enunciating the problem,
formulating a hypothesis,
collecting the facts or data,
analyzing the facts &
reaching certain conclusions either in the form
of solutions toward the concerned problem, or in
certain generalizations for some theoretical
formulation” (Kothari, 2011: p.1-2).
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 28
29. Research Methods
Sherzad Ali Ismael,
Community Medicine Dept,
College of Medicine.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 29
30. The two words are often confused, used
interchangeably & misunderstood.
Methods:
Defined as “techniques or procedures used to collect
& analyze data” (Blaikie 2000: 8).
Can be used in both quantitative & qualitative
researches.
E.g. using questionnaire, interview, statistical
analysis,…etc.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 30
31. Methodology (Philosophy):
A way of systematically solve the research
problem.
Answer the questions:
▪ How the research is done scientifically?
▪ Which methods are used & why?
The term refers to the choice of research strategy.
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 31
32. Key aspects to research quality:
Reliability- or dependability (replicability)
▪ Results may/ can be replicated by other researchers
using the same methods? How?
▪ (e.g. all data is included, & no data is lost)
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 32
33. Key aspects to research quality:
Validity: Do the methods & tools truly measure
what they are intended to measure?
▪ Internal validity: Are the data that I’m gathering
relevant to my research question?
▪ I.e. will they help me to answer my research question or test my
hypothesis?
▪ External validity: can results of my research be
generalized to the wider population?
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 33
34. Quality criteria in Research (Becker et al
2006):
Accessible to appropriate audience.
Clearly addresses the research question.
Transparency in data collection & analysis.
A clear statement of how the research process
was conducted.
The research makes a contribution to knowledge.
More…
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 34
35. Descriptive research: describe subjects
accurately.
Exploratory research: ‘what is happening; to
seek new insights; to ask questions and to
assess phenomena in a new light’ (Robson
2002:59).
Explanatory (causal relationship) research:
between variables of interest.
Evaluation research: What changes in MOH
policy help young men to quit smoking?
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 35
36. THEORY
Inductive Deductive
DATA
Source: Bob Mathews & Liz Ross 2010
Research Methods- Thinking about research & nature of research 36