BCs thesis for Universitat Rovira i Virgili related to monitoring of sensoring systems by using ZigBee mesh technologies in a healthcare environment. Developed with Matlab.
This document provides an overview and implementation guide for Juniper's Loop-Free Alternate feature, which provides sub-50ms convergence for OSPF and IS-IS networks. It describes the problem of slow convergence in IGP networks and introduces LFA as a solution. The document outlines the operational theory and implementation of LFA, including configuration steps and verification procedures. It also includes examples and details on how LFA provides backup coverage and fast rerouting in the event of link failures.
The Ring programming language version 1.3 book - Part 3 of 88Mahmoud Samir Fayed
This document contains frequently asked questions (FAQ) about the Ring programming language. It discusses topics like why Ring was created, its design choices regarding data types, object orientation, and comparisons to other languages. It also addresses questions around Ring's syntax, execution environment, functions, and common tasks like file I/O, string handling, and working with null values.
This document provides a summary of Linux advanced routing and traffic control techniques. It covers topics like routing with iproute2, policy routing, GRE and other tunneling methods, IPv6 tunneling, IPsec, multicast routing, traffic shaping with different queueing disciplines, load balancing across interfaces, packet marking with Netfilter, advanced packet filtering, kernel network parameters, and other advanced queueing disciplines. The goal is to provide hands-on guidance for configuring and managing routing, traffic control, and related Linux networking functions.
The document describes implementing machine learning algorithms in a robot tank simulator called Robocode. Specifically, it discusses:
1. Using backpropagation neural networks to predict enemy tank movements based on historical heading data, in order to aim the gun more accurately. The network is trained offline on heading data collected from sample battles before being used in real battles.
2. Using reinforcement learning to choose which of three gun functions (linear, point, spray) is most effective against a given enemy tank, to maximize hit chances. The tank learns which gun works best through trials in battles.
3. Various deterministic logic is also implemented for radar sweeping, data storage, target selection, collision avoidance and movement, to provide a stable environment
This document provides lecture notes on applied cryptography and data security. It covers topics such as symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems, cryptanalysis techniques, stream and block ciphers like DES and AES, public key cryptography including RSA, and the discrete logarithm problem. The notes are intended for education on the fundamentals of cryptography and cybersecurity.
Notes and Description for Xcos Scilab Block Simulation with Suitable Examples...ssuserd6b1fd
This notes on xcos are similar to Simulink of Matlab. Suitable for easy block drawing and simulations for systems or mathematical problems. This notes also explains about the working of blocks, mathematics behind them - used for block computation - their structures and input-output data.
This document is a reference manual for Libgcrypt version 1.6.4, which was released on September 7, 2015. Libgcrypt is a cryptographic library developed by GNU that provides cryptographic primitives like symmetric ciphers, public-key ciphers, hashes, and MACs. The manual provides documentation on using the various cryptographic algorithms and functions provided by Libgcrypt. It also covers topics like error handling, multi-threading, and the use of self-tests and FIPS mode. The manual is published under the GNU GPL license.
This document is the Software Guide for version 3.20 of the ORFEO Toolbox (OTB). OTB is a set of algorithms encapsulated in a software library developed by CNES to efficiently exploit results from methodological remote sensing research and development studies. It is implemented in C++ and based on the Insight Toolkit (ITK). The guide provides an introduction to OTB, instructions for downloading and installing it, and overviews of the system organization and essential concepts like the data processing pipeline and spatial objects.
This document is the Akka Java documentation for release 2.3.9 from Typesafe Inc. It provides an introduction to Akka, which is a toolkit for building scalable, resilient applications using the actor model. Akka aims to make writing concurrent, fault-tolerant and scalable applications easier by providing higher-level abstractions and tools based on the actor model. The documentation covers concepts like actors, actor systems, fault tolerance, and provides examples of using Akka for common patterns like scheduling periodic messages.
This document provides instructions for configuring IPS security policies on Juniper Networks SRX Series services gateways using the command line interface, Juniper Networks Security Management, and J-Web. It describes how to configure basic networking and security settings like interfaces, security zones, and firewall policies. It also covers enabling IPS functionality through licensing, creating IPS security policies, updating IPS signatures, and verifying the IPS configuration.
This document provides legal notices and trademark information regarding Pro Tools | S6 software and hardware. It lists many Avid and third party trademarks. It also provides information on patents, specifications that may change, and a guide part number. The document is copyrighted by Avid Technology, Inc and prohibits duplication without written consent.
How use Modelica? Read this note for better understanding. Professionally written and explained. Good for software development by beginners in Modelica .
Java Programming Notes for Beginners by Arun Umraossuserd6b1fd
Shot notes for quick revision. Not explained extensively but suitable for last night preparation. Fit for CBSE Class XII board students for their last minute preparation.
This document is a product reference guide for the LS 9208 scanner. It contains information about setting up, using, maintaining and specifying the technical details of the scanner. The guide includes chapters on getting started with setup and configuration, scanning functionality, maintenance, technical specifications, and customizing user preferences. It provides instructions and definitions for key aspects of using the scanner such as interface connection, scanning modes, beeper tones, LED indicators, aiming and decoding performance.
Notes for GNU Octave - Numerical Programming - for Students 01 of 02 by Arun ...ssuserd6b1fd
The document provides an introduction to GNU Octave, an open-source software program for numerical computations. It covers various topics in mathematics, including expressions, arithmetic operators, comparison operators, evaluation, algebra, complex numbers, geometry, logarithms, and trigonometric functions. For each topic, it lists and briefly describes the relevant Octave commands and functions that can be used for computations and analysis.
The document is a user guide for the AVR STK500 Flash Microcontroller Starter Kit. It describes the starter kit features, hardware components, and software installation and usage. The starter kit includes components for programming and debugging AVR microcontrollers, such as LEDs, switches, programming headers, and an RS-232 interface for connecting to a PC.
Think Like Scilab and Become a Numerical Programming Expert- Notes for Beginn...ssuserd6b1fd
The document discusses Scilab, an open-source numerical computation software. It provides an introduction to Scilab's core functionality, including how it represents all data as matrices, performs simple arithmetic operations on matrices, and uses keywords to control program flow and perform other tasks. Some of the major keywords and functions covered are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, square root, exponent, logical operators, for loops, if/else statements, and help functions like version and get memory.
This document provides a tutorial for building ontologies using the Protege-OWL plugin. It introduces OWL ontology concepts and demonstrates how to construct classes, properties, and relationships in Protege-OWL. The tutorial builds an example OWL-DL pizza ontology and uses a reasoner to check for inconsistencies and automatically compute the class hierarchy. It also describes other OWL constructs and features of Protege-OWL like namespaces, importing ontologies, and annotation properties. The overall aim is to guide users through practical exercises for developing OWL ontologies using Protege-OWL's graphical interface and reasoning capabilities.
This thesis seeks to improve communication between a host computer and onboard peripherals of an existing low-cost robot used for teaching autonomous systems at University of Innsbruck. Several prototypes were evaluated to find the best solution, including a microcontroller board and single-board computers. The final solution uses an ATmega32 microcontroller programmed to read data from an Android phone and control the robot. Firmware was written for the microcontroller along with an Android application. This improved the robot's modularity and provides easy-to-use interfaces for students.
Antennas in practice - EM fundamentals and antenna selectionAndre Fourie
This book “Antennas in Practice” has been in existence in a multitude of forms since about 1989. It has been run as a Continuing Engineering Education (CEE) course only sporadically in those years.
It has been revamped on several occasions, mainly reflecting changing typesetting and graphics capabilities, but this (more formal) incarnation represents a total re-evaluation, re-design and re-implementation. Much (older) material has been excised, and a lot of new material has been researched and included.
Wireless technology has really moved out of the esoteric and into the commonplace arena. Technologies like HiperLAN, Bluetooth, WAP, etc are well known by the layman and are promising easy, wireless “connectivity” at ever increasing rates. Reality is a little different and is dependent on a practical understanding of the antenna issues involved in these emerging technologies.
Although a fair amount of background theory is covered, its goal is to provide a framework for understanding practical antennas that are useful. Many design issues are covered, but in many cases, the “cookbook” designs offered in this book are good-enough starting points, but still nonoptimal designs, only achievable by simulation, and testing.
As a result, the book places a fair amount of emphasis on antenna simulation software, such as SuperNEC. Ordinarily, if this book is run as a CEE course, it is accompanied by a SuperNEC SimulationWorkshop, a hands-on introduction to SuperNEC. It is only through “playing” with simulation software that a gut feel is attained for many of the issues at stake in antenna design.
Alan Robert Clark
Andre P C Fourie
Version 1.4, December 23, 2002
This document provides an overview of ZigBee wireless communication technology. It discusses the ZigBee protocol which is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and adds network construction, security, and application services. The ZigBee Alliance develops the ZigBee specification and promotes its adoption. ZigBee is designed for low data rate, long battery life applications like home automation, lighting control, and sensor networks. It supports star, tree, and mesh network topologies operating in the 2.4GHz band with data rates up to 250kbps. The document outlines the physical, MAC and network layers of ZigBee and discusses security, topologies, and applications of the protocol.
This document summarizes Ken Boak's 40 years of experience with experimental wireless technology, from building crystal radio sets as a child in the 1970s to modern low-power wireless projects. It provides milestones in Boak's work, including early experiments, building transistor radios from instruction manuals, utilizing super-regenerative receivers, and developing various low-power wireless devices like doorbells and power switches using technologies like SAW resonators and MSP430 microcontrollers. The document emphasizes the potential of super-regenerative circuits for low-cost, low-power wireless applications.
PROJECTS CENTER IN TAMBARAM MAASTECH-ECE PROJECTS TAMBARAMASHOKKUMAR RAMAR
This document discusses the development of an intelligent bus query system using ZigBee technology. The proposed system uses an 8051 microcontroller to collect GPS and sensor data and transmit it wirelessly via ZigBee to track bus locations in real-time. This allows users to easily choose routes and track transfers, improving travel efficiency. The existing system had no vehicle tracking or theft detection. The proposed system addresses this with acceleration and angle sensors, GPS, and ZigBee modules to automatically monitor location and alerts in cases like accidents.
Awarepoint: ZigBee RTLS Solutions for HospitalsValerie Fritz
This document discusses how ZigBee wireless technology can help address various challenges in healthcare through real-time location systems (RTLS). It provides an overview of Awarepoint's RTLS architecture that uses a ZigBee network to track assets and optimize workflows across a large healthcare campus with multiple buildings. The system provides accurate in-room location tracking to drive clinical workflows without requiring additional technologies. It also discusses key considerations for adequate RTLS coverage and how Awarepoint has deployed their ZigBee-based solution across hospitals.
Automatic fire prevteing system in train and busesVasu Manikandan
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system using a ZigBee wireless sensor network to detect and control fire accidents on running trains. The system would monitor temperature and humidity in each train coach in real-time. If a fire is detected, the system would send an alarm signal to alert passengers and the engine driver. It would also automatically activate the train's braking system and a water sprinkler system to extinguish the fire. The proposed network uses low-power ZigBee sensors to monitor coaches and transmit signals to control fire alarms, train braking, and water sprinklers, providing a way to quickly detect and respond to fires on moving trains.
Fire accident avoidance on running train using zigbee wireless sensor networkDivakar Triple H
a advanced automatic fire detection and alarming system in train which uses zig bee technology
i am issuing the basic and core concept in this silde share presentation
This document describes a Zigbee-based patient monitoring system that measures important vital signs like temperature and heart rate from sensors attached to ICU patients. The sensor data is sent wirelessly via Zigbee modules to a receiving system that allows doctors to monitor multiple patients from anywhere in the hospital. This helps reduce the patient to doctor ratio in ICUs and ensures patients can be monitored constantly even when unconscious. The system uses an AT89S52 microcontroller, temperature and heart rate sensors, and Zigbee wireless technology to remotely monitor and alert doctors to changes in patients' conditions.
This document discusses several smart home technologies including X10, INSTEON, Z-Wave, ZigBee, and HomePlug. It provides details on the protocols, standards, frequency ranges and advantages of each technology. X10 uses powerline communication with limited functionality while INSTEON uses both powerline and radio frequency for a dual-mesh network. Z-Wave and ZigBee are wireless technologies that operate in the sub-GHz and 2.4GHz bands respectively, using low power and providing mesh networking capabilities. The document compares the features of these various smart home networking options.
Ibm flex system and pure flex system network implementation with cisco systemsEdgar Jara
This document provides an overview and technical details about implementing a network connecting IBM PureFlex and Flex System servers to Cisco switches. It covers networking concepts from layers 1 through 3, including cabling, switches, routing protocols, and redundancy protocols. Specific IBM and Cisco networking components are discussed, such as Ethernet adapters, switches, and routing protocols like OSPF. The goal is to help users understand and troubleshoot networks combining IBM and Cisco systems.
This document provides instructions for setting up and using Wireless M-Bus devices with the Wireless M-Bus Suite software. It describes the hardware and firmware setup, including supported radio modules, required resources, and how to install firmware. It also provides a quick start guide for using the Wireless M-Bus Suite to test devices, including how to set the COM port, load a demo project, use the collector and meter modes, and perform tests like pinging. Additional chapters cover the Wireless M-Bus protocol monitor for analyzing network packets and a demonstration application.
This document discusses VoLTE and ViLTE services over 4G mobile networks. It covers:
- The network architecture of EPS (Evolved Packet System) and IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) networks, including functional components and protocols.
- Signaling protocols used in the EPS network (NAS, RRC, S1-AP, GTPv2-C) and IMS network (SIP, SDP, DIAMETER).
- Basic network procedures like attachment, registration, session establishment and termination for VoLTE and ViLTE calls.
1) The document discusses the Intel 8031 microcontroller architecture, including its central processing unit, input/output ports, timers/counters, serial port, memory organization, and instruction set.
2) It provides details on the 8031's addressing modes, data transfer instructions, arithmetic instructions, and program control instructions like jumps and calls.
3) The document uses examples of real-life projects designed using 8031 microcontrollers, such as a telephone line interface, stepper motor controller, and frequency counter. It also discusses software tools for programming and debugging 8031 projects.
This document is a final year project report submitted by Ciaran McDonald to the Department of Computer Science at University College Cork in April 2016. The project involved developing a testbed and tools to help OpenStack administrators identify anomalies in network access control policies, including security group policies and perimeter firewall policies. The report provides background on firewalls, OpenStack, and related technologies. It then describes building a testbed with DevStack and analyzing anomalies within and between OpenStack security groups and perimeter firewall policies.
This document provides an overview and summary of the ns Manual, which documents the Network Simulator ns. It describes ns as being written in C++ and using OTcl as a command and configuration interface. The manual contains documentation on topics like the simulator basics, nodes and packet forwarding, links, queue management, delays, and the differentiated services module. It is intended to help users understand and utilize the various components and capabilities of the ns network simulator.
The IBM Flex System platform provides a unique set of features that enable the integration of leading-edge technologies and transformation approaches into the data centers. These IBM Flex System features ensure that the availability, performance, scalability, security, and manageability goals of the data center networking design are met as efficiently as possible. For more information on Pure Systems, visit http://ibm.co/18vDnp6.
Visit http://on.fb.me/LT4gdu to 'Like' the official Facebook page of IBM India Smarter Computing.
The document is the user manual for OMNeT++ version 4.6. It contains 18 chapters that describe the modeling concepts, NED language, simple modules, messages, simulation library, graphics and animation, building simulations, configuring simulations, running simulations, result recording and analysis, eventlog, documenting models, testing, parallel distributed simulation, plug-in extensions, embedding the simulation kernel, NED reference, NED grammar, NED XML binding, NED functions, message definitions grammar, display string tags, configuration options, result file formats, and eventlog file format of the OMNeT++ discrete event network simulator.
This document provides an advanced user's guide for the Fibaro home automation system. It begins with an overview of the Fibaro system and Z-Wave protocol, describing the mesh network topology and two-way communication. It then details several Fibaro system modules, including dimmers, relays, roller shutters, and bypass devices. Finally, it covers the configuration and use of the Home Center 2 hub, including inclusion of Z-Wave devices, creating rooms and scenes, linking devices, and various control panels.
This document provides a technical overview of the Symbol blockchain protocol. It describes the key components of the Symbol system including transactions, blocks, accounts, addresses, cryptography, trees, networking, consensus and more. The goal in developing Symbol was to create a trustless, high-performance, layered blockchain architecture that improves upon the original NEM protocol.
Challenges in VoIP Systems - Mostafa Ahmed Mostafa El Beheiry - First Draft F...Mostafa El-Beheiry
This document is a bachelor's thesis submitted by Mostafa Ahmed Mostafa El Beheiry to the German University in Cairo that examines challenges in VoIP (Voice over IP) systems. The thesis identifies four main categories of challenges - security, quality, dependency, and emergency services. It discusses specific issues within each category such as packet sniffing, bandwidth, power outages, and inability to call emergency services. It also includes a simulation of a SPIT (Spam over IP telephony) attack on a VoIP client/server setup. The thesis aims to comprehensively document challenges in VoIP systems and propose possible solutions to advance the field.
Cenet-- capability enabled networking: towards least-privileged networkingJithu Joseph
In today's IP networks, any host can send packets to any other host irrespective of whether the recipient is interested in communicating with the sender or not. The downside of this openness is that every host is vulnerable to an attack by any other host. We ob- serve that this unrestricted network access (network ambient authority) from compromised systems is also a main reason for data exfiltration attacks within corporate networks. We address this issue using the network version of capability based access control. We bring the idea of capabilities and capability-based access control to the domain of networking. CeNet provides policy driven, fine-grained network level access control enforced in the core of the network (and not at the end-hosts) thereby removing network ambient authority. Thus CeNet is able to limit the scope of spread of an attack from a compromised host to other hosts in the network. We built a capability-enabled SDN network where communication privileges of an endpoint are limited according to its function in the network. Network capabilities can be passed between hosts, thereby allowing a delegation-oriented security policy to be realized. We believe that this base functionality can pave the way for the realization of sophisticated security policies within an enterprise network. Further we built a policy manager that is able to realize Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) policy based network access control using capability operations. We also look at some of the results of formal analysis of capability propagation models in the context of networks.
eclipse is an open source programming tool.
s an open-source software system
whose aim is to serve as a platform for integrating various Logic Programming extensions
Despite its striking ability to avoid congestive losses in the absence of competition, TCP Vegas encounters
a potentially serious fairness problem when competing with TCP Reno, at least for the case when queue
capacity exceeds or is close to the transit capacity (19.7 TCP and Bottleneck Link Utilization). TCP Vegas
will try to minimize its queue use, while TCP Reno happily fills the queue. And whoever has more packets
in the queue has a proportionally greater share of bandwidth.
To make this precise, suppose we have two TCP connections sharing a bottleneck router R, the first using
TCP Vegas and the second using TCP Reno. Suppose further that both connections have a path transit
capacity of 10 packets, and R’s queue capacity is 40 packets. If 𝛼=3 and 𝛽=5, TCP Vegas might keep an
average of four packets in the queue. Unfortunately, TCP Reno then gobbles up most of the rest of the
queue space, as follows. There are 40-4 = 36 spaces left in the queue after TCP Vegas takes its quota, and
10 in the TCP Reno connection’s path, for a total of 46. This represents the TCP Reno connection’s network
ceiling, and is the point at which TCP Reno halves cwnd; therefore cwnd will vary from 23 to 46 with an
average of about 34. Of these 34 packets, if 10 are in transit then 24 are in R’s queue. If on average R has 24
packets from the Reno connection and 4 from the Vegas connection, then the bandwidth available to these
connections will also be in this same 6:1 proportion. The TCP Vegas connection will get 1/7 the bandwidth,
because it occupies 1/7 the queue, and the TCP Reno connection will take the other 6/7.
To put it another way, TCP Vegas is potentially too “civil” to compete with TCP Reno.
Even worse, Reno’s aggressive queue filling will eventually force the TCP Vegas cwnd to decrease; see
Exercise 4.0 below.
This Vegas-Reno fairness problem is most significant when the queue size is an appreciable fraction of the
path transit capacity. During periods when the queue is empty, TCPs Vegas and Reno increase cwnd at the
same rate, so when the queue size is small compared to the path capacity, TCP Vegas and TCP Reno are
much closer to being fair.
In 31.5 TCP Reno versus TCP Vegas we compare TCP Vegas with TCP Reno in simulation. With a transit
capacity of 220 packets and a queue capacity of 10 packets, TCPs Vegas and Reno receive almost exactly
the same bandwidth.
TCP Reno’s advantage here assumes a router with a single FIFO queue. That advantage can disappear
if a different queuing discipline is in effect. For example, if the bottleneck router used fair queuing (to
be introduced in 23.5 Fair Queuing) on a per-connection basis, then the TCP Reno connection’s queue
greediness would not be of any benefit, and both connections would get similar shares of bandwidth with
the TCP Vegas connection experiencing lower delay. See 23.6.1 Fair Queuing and Bufferbloat.
Let us next consider how TCP Vegas behaves when there is an increase in RTT due to the kind of cross
traff
Quagga is a routing software package for TCP/IP networks that supports protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP. The document provides instructions on configuring, building, and installing Quagga on supported platforms like Linux. It also gives overviews of Quagga's components like Zebra (the routing daemon) and the command-line tools for interacting with routing protocols.
This thesis document describes the design and implementation of an intrusion detection and prevention system called Raspberry House for securing Internet of Things (IoT) networks. The system uses a Raspberry Pi as a gateway to monitor IoT traffic and detect attacks using the open-source Snort intrusion detection system. Custom Snort rules are developed to detect various denial of service attacks at different layers of the network stack. An external watchdog timer and system services are also implemented to improve the resilience of the Raspberry House gateway against attacks that aim to crash the system. The thesis outlines the architectural design of Raspberry House and its intrusion detection and prevention capabilities. It then describes the experimental implementation of the system and evaluation of its effectiveness against sample
This document provides an overview and examples of common messaging patterns when programming with IBM MQSeries, including one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, publish/subscribe, and request/reply. It discusses the MQSeries programming interfaces of MQI, AMI, C++, Java/JMS and provides code examples for common patterns using MQI and AMI.
This document is a draft of a book on mathematics for programmers. It covers various topics in mathematics including prime numbers, modular arithmetic, probability, combinatorics, Galois fields, and logarithms. The document provides explanations, examples, and applications of these mathematical concepts for use in computer programming. It is intended to help programmers understand and apply core mathematical principles in their work.
This thesis discusses the technologies needed to develop Java Bluetooth applications for mobile devices, including Bluetooth, Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME), and the Java APIs for Bluetooth Wireless Technology (JABWT). It provides an overview of Bluetooth architecture and profiles, an introduction to J2ME and JABWT, and describes the infrastructure and tools used for developing Java Bluetooth applications. The thesis also includes code samples and discussions of implementing common Bluetooth tasks like device discovery and RFCOMM connections using JABWT.
Similar to RF Management Applications Using ZigBee Networks (20)
El documento resume tres noticias breves: 1) Dilma Rousseff, presidenta de Brasil, cumple un año de gobierno con altos índices de popularidad a pesar de los casos de corrupción. 2) Manu Sareen, un inmigrante de la India, se convirtió en el primer ministro danés no europeo encargado de la igualdad. 3) Albert Abelló, un ingeniero español de 24 años, fundó una empresa en Finlandia que crea colecciones digitales para Internet.
Un joven de Tarragona llamado Albert Abelló ha creado una aplicación llamada Ilustrum que permite a los aficionados crear y compartir colecciones digitales con otros usuarios de todo el mundo. La aplicación ha atraído a más de 5,000 usuarios, principalmente en España y Finlandia, y espera llegar a 50,000 usuarios para el verano de 2012. Ilustrum ofrece colecciones sobre una variedad de temas y espera lanzar nuevas colecciones populares como el rock de los 80. La aplicación pretende adaptar el espíritu del cole
El documento describe a Albert Abelló, un joven emprendedor de 24 años que ha creado 'Ilustrum', una red social para coleccionistas. 'Ilustrum' ha tenido éxito en eventos como SeedCamp en Barcelona y actualmente tiene 5.000 usuarios a pesar de estar disponible solo en inglés y español. Abelló cree que España necesita mejorar su apoyo a las startups y emprendedores para retener el talento local y aprovechar mejor las oportunidades globales.
Ilustrum.com es una red social para coleccionar cromos virtuales lanzada en Tarragona. Actualmente tiene más de 8,300 usuarios de 5 continentes. Los usuarios crean sus propias colecciones y ganan cromos respondiendo preguntas. La plataforma está disponible en varios idiomas y planean expandirse a países nórdicos. Han invertido 600,000 euros inicialmente y planean recuperar la inversión a través de nuevos productos y pagos de usuarios, aunque la mayoría no pagará.
Diari de Tarragona / La red social de cromos Ilustrum capta 40.000 usuariosAlbert Abello Lozano
El documento presenta un periódico local llamado "Kiosko y Más" con fecha 15 de octubre de 2012. En una oración breve, resume el contenido general del periódico sin entrar en detalles específicos.
Expansion Portada / Ilustrum abrira una oficina en Silicon Valley en 2013Albert Abello Lozano
Este documento resume las principales medidas del presupuesto español para 2013. Se contempla el rescate de España por el BCE comprando deuda española. El déficit público alcanzará el 7,4% del PIB debido a las ayudas a la banca. Los empresarios ven los presupuestos como realistas pero echan en falta más estímulos económicos.
Expansion Portada / Ilustrum capta medio millón de euros y prepara su salto a...Albert Abello Lozano
El documento resume varias noticias breves de negocios y economía en Cataluña. La consultora Altair espera alcanzar 100 empleados y 10 millones de euros en facturación en 2015. Deisa, una filial de ingeniería de tratamiento de aguas de Comsa, ganó dos contratos por 10 millones de euros en Argelia. CaixaBank se convirtió en accionista de una empresa ibérica de jamón y lomo en Huelva.
Expansion / Ilustrum saltara a EEUU en 2013 con una oficina en Silicon ValleyAlbert Abello Lozano
Ilustrum es una plataforma online de coleccionismo creada en 2010 en Tarragona, España. Planea expandirse internacionalmente en 2013 abriendo una oficina en Silicon Valley para captar más usuarios en EE.UU. Actualmente tiene 50,000 usuarios, 10 empleados y factura 100,000 euros anuales. Pretende aumentar sus ingresos introduciendo un modelo de suscripción de pago.
El documento resume varias noticias de negocios y política en Cataluña. La Generalitat tendrá que pagar 15 millones en 2012 por dos cárceles terminadas que no estarán abiertas. La empresa Samar't expandirá su negocio de fabricación de placas de matrículas a Brasil construyendo una nueva fábrica. Y la startup Ilustrum busca popularizar el coleccionismo de cromos a través de Internet y planea expandirse a Escandinavia.
Expansion / Ilustrum prepara el desembarco en Escandinavia y Estados Unidos p...Albert Abello Lozano
Samar't construirá una nueva fábrica de placas de matrículas en Brasil en 2012. Actualmente la empresa está llevando a cabo una prospección del mercado brasileño y tramitando los permisos para homologar el producto. La nueva planta tendrá unos 2.000 metros cuadrados y formará parte de los planes de expansión internacional de Samar't, que también incluyen abrir fábricas en Marruecos e India.
The article discusses the ongoing drought conditions in Spain and how they are impacting farmers and agriculture. Many regions are facing water restrictions as reservoirs are dangerously low. Farmers are struggling with parched fields and concern about damaged crops and lost income if it does not rain soon.
ilustrum es un juego online de coleccionismo de cromos digitales sobre la cultura romana. Los usuarios crean colecciones de cromos y trivias y suben de nivel completando colecciones. También pueden comprar objetos con dinero real o ganarlos en el juego. El proyecto fue creado por un emprendedor español y ahora tiene miles de usuarios a nivel mundial.
El Mundo / Ilustrum, desde Tarragona a la conquista de Silicon ValleyAlbert Abello Lozano
Ilustrum es una red social de coleccionistas de cromos con 50,000 usuarios creada por Albert Abelló. Planean expandirse a Estados Unidos en junio para llegar a 200,000 usuarios en 2013. Abelló cree que Estados Unidos es crucial para validar su idea y que Silicon Valley puede valorizar su proyecto. Ilustrum ofrece colecciones de forma gratuita con una moneda virtual y opciones de pago, y planean lanzar un plan premium.
El Economista / Ilustrum quiere llevar los cromos virtuales a los colegiosAlbert Abello Lozano
Ecobike, una empresa de Girona que fabrica bicicletas eléctricas, está potenciando la exportación a países europeos debido a que el mercado español aún no ha experimentado un gran auge en este sector. Actualmente el 30% de su producción se destina a la exportación y esperan que para este año sea el 50%. Por otro lado, Klabs es un nuevo negocio fundado por Jordi Solé que ofrece servicios de análisis financiero y contable para ayudar a pequeñas empresas a mejorar su imagen y obtener financiación. Finalmente
Little bit outdated slides for presenting ilustrum. Numbers should be updated but the meaning is the same :)
Now carrying 20k users and more than 80k trivias in the game.
Blockchain and Cyber Defense Strategies in new genre timesanupriti
Explore robust defense strategies at the intersection of blockchain technology and cybersecurity. This presentation delves into proactive measures and innovative approaches to safeguarding blockchain networks against evolving cyber threats. Discover how secure blockchain implementations can enhance resilience, protect data integrity, and ensure trust in digital transactions. Gain insights into cutting-edge security protocols and best practices essential for mitigating risks in the blockchain ecosystem.
Transcript: Details of description part II: Describing images in practice - T...BookNet Canada
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20240702 QFM021 Machine Intelligence Reading List June 2024
RF Management Applications Using ZigBee Networks
1. RF Management Applications Using ZigBee Networks
TITULACIÓ: Enginyeria Tècnica de Telecomunicacions Especialitat en Telemàtica
AUTORS: Albert Abelló Lozano.
DIRECTORS: Antoni Lazaro Guillén.
DATA: Maig de 2010.
2. RF
Management
Applications
Using
ZigBee
Network
1 Index
1
Index ....................................................................................................................... 2
2
Objectives ............................................................................................................... 4
3
Introducing
ZigBee
Networks................................................................................... 5
3.1
What
Does
ZigBee
Mean?....................................................................................5
3.2
Licensing .............................................................................................................5
3.3
Uses ....................................................................................................................5
3.4
Specification........................................................................................................6
3.5
Battery
Life..........................................................................................................7
3.6
ZigBee
Modulation ..............................................................................................7
3.7
Device
Types .......................................................................................................8
3.7.1
ZigBee
Coordinator.............................................................................................8
3.7.2
ZigBee
Router .....................................................................................................8
3.7.3
ZigBee
End
Device ..............................................................................................9
4
ZigBee
Networking ................................................................................................ 10
4.1
Network
Topologies .......................................................................................... 11
4.2
ZigBee
Stack ...................................................................................................... 12
4.3
ZigBee
Modules................................................................................................. 13
4.3.1
Jennic
JN5148
Evaluation
Kit ............................................................................13
4.3.2
Telegesis
ETRX357DVK
Development
Kit..........................................................14
5
Cirronet
ZMN2405/HP
ZigBee
Module ................................................................... 16
5.1
Specifications .................................................................................................... 16
5.2
Describing
the
Hardware ................................................................................... 17
5.3
Texas
Instruments
CC2430................................................................................. 20
5.3.1
RF/Layout .........................................................................................................20
5.3.2
Low
Power ........................................................................................................21
5.3.3
Microcontroller.................................................................................................21
5.3.4
Peripherals........................................................................................................21
5.4
Module
Pin
Description ..................................................................................... 23
5.5
Cirronet
Standard
Module
(CSM)
API................................................................. 25
5.6
Communication
Protocol ................................................................................... 26
5.7
Clusters ............................................................................................................. 28
5.7.1
Module
I/O
Cluster
(ID
0x01)............................................................................28
5.7.2
Configuration
Cluster
(ID
0x02) ........................................................................30
5.7.3
Reset
Cluster
(ID
0x03) .....................................................................................33
5.7.4
Network
Cluster
(ID
0x07) ................................................................................34
5.7.5
RF
Cluster
(ID
0x08) ..........................................................................................35
5.7.6
Security
Cluster
(ID
0x09) .................................................................................36
5.8
Sending
Commands ........................................................................................... 37
5.8.1
Set
Field
(MSG
Type
0x01)................................................................................38
5.8.2
Set
Reply
(MSG
Type
0x81)...............................................................................38
5.8.3
Get
Field
(MSG
Type
0x05) ...............................................................................38
5.8.4
Get
Reply
(MSG
Type
0x85) ..............................................................................39
5.8.5
Send
String
(MSG
Type
0x0A) ...........................................................................39
5.8.6
Send
String
Reply
(MSG
Type
0x8A) .................................................................40
5.8.7
Get
IEEE
Address
(MSG
Type
0x10) ..................................................................40
2
3. RF
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Network
5.8.8
Get
IEEE
Address
Reply
(MSG
Type
0x90) ........................................................41
5.8.9
Discovery
Request
(MSG
Type
0x64) ................................................................41
5.8.10
Discovery
Reply
(MSG
Type
0xE4) ..................................................................42
5.8.11
Discovery
End
(MSG
Type
0x65).....................................................................42
5.8.12
Link
Announce
(MSG
Type
0xD0) ...................................................................42
5.8.13
Error
(MSG
Type
0xFF)....................................................................................43
5.9
Creating
Sample
Packets ................................................................................... 44
5.9.1
Microcontroller
Reset.......................................................................................44
5.9.2
GI
I/O
Direction.................................................................................................45
5.9.3
Receiving
Data ..................................................................................................47
5.10
Using
the
SPI
Bus............................................................................................. 49
5.11
Radio
TX
Power............................................................................................... 50
6
Using
Cirronet
ZMN2405/HP
Development
Module............................................... 52
6.1
Building
a
Simple
Network ................................................................................ 52
7
Matlab
Libraries
for
ZigBee.................................................................................... 56
7.1
Socket
Opening
(socket_openf) ......................................................................... 56
7.2
Building
the
Packet
(crear_cadena) ................................................................... 57
7.3
Reset
Code
(resetf) ............................................................................................ 57
7.4
Receiving
/
Sampling
Data
(rebre_dada_final) ................................................... 59
7.4.1
Sampling
Examples ...........................................................................................63
7.5
LQI
Test ............................................................................................................. 66
7.5.1
LQI
Test
Function ..............................................................................................66
7.5.2
Tests..................................................................................................................67
8
Radar
Sampling ..................................................................................................... 71
8.1
Theory............................................................................................................... 71
8.2
Radar
Sampling
Using
ZigBee
Network .............................................................. 75
8.2.1
Sampling ...........................................................................................................78
8.2.2
Real
Examples...................................................................................................87
9
Antenna
Array ....................................................................................................... 91
10
Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 97
11
Future
Applications ............................................................................................. 98
12
References .......................................................................................................... 99
3
4. RF
Management
Applications
Using
ZigBee
Network
2 Objectives
This project is the result of the aim to develop new applications for ZigBee
technology. Nowadays lots of wireless technologies are available on the market but society
needs demands a cheaper and more reliable technology, this is the reason to create ZigBee.
This communication method allows a very low power consumption module to be able to
transmit data at enough speed to be applied in most industrial and domestic sectors.
In this project we will demonstrate the capability of this modules to be used in
medical sectors and industrial applies. For example the use of ZigBee to monitor the vital
signs of a patient or even detect buried people in a catastrophe. Being able to monitor a
heart without plugging any device or even touching the patient, at the same time applying
the ZigBee into those environments will help the hospital to monitor all the data into a
server while connected with the doctors using some kind of portable device. All this can be
done because the network topology system of the ZigBee protocol.
Industries are still waiting for a reliable and secure wireless system that allows all
machines to be managed without needing cables; ZigBee might be the answer. Most
industry sensors and machines could be monitored and managed from a central server
using only ZigBee modules distributed in the plant, all this can be done with a tiny amount
of power, and considering the cost of a module, this will suppose an small amount of
money investment compared with other technologies.
Other markets such as building automation are also very interested in developing this
technology, as told before, this system will allow a single user to control and centralize the
management of a building. Home automation is becoming very popular as an access to
disabled people to a proper life quality style; ZigBee technology will deliver the automated
house of the future due to the network topology flexibility and the low-cost modules.
ZigBee was created to address the market need for a cost-effective, standards-based
wireless networking solution that supports low data-rates, low-power consumption,
security and reliability. This is the only technology that addresses the unique needs of most
remote monitoring and sensory network applications. Developing and showing the
possibilities of this growing technology is the main aim of this project.
In particular, the objectives of this project are:
1. Understanding ZigBee networks
2. Sampling data from a radar using ZigBee modules
3. Use ZigBee modules to manage an antenna array
4
5. RF
Management
Applications
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Network
3 Introducing ZigBee Networks
3.1 What Does ZigBee Mean?
ZigBee is a new wireless communication protocol using small, low-power digital
radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard. This technology is considered to be
simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. ZigBee is a good option
when considering a radio-frequency application that require a low data rate, long battery
life and secure networking [1].
This low-cost, low-power, wireless
mesh networking is a proprietary standard.
Very useful when using monitoring
applications, the low-power usage allows
devices to run for long time with small
batteries. Having a mesh type of network
provides the system with a high reliability
and larger range. This technology is
supported by the ZigBee Alliance that
publishes different profiles to be used by
multiple vendors to create interoperable
products. Multiple companies integrate the ZigBee Alliance: Philips, Schneider Electric,
Texas Instruments, Emerson, AT&T, Cisco, etc.
ZigBee is a very useful system to consider when designing Home Automation
systems that require very fast communication between all devices and the main computer.
This project will be focused in the Healthcare profile, which means it is designated to be
used in hospitals or similar.
3.2 Licensing
Luckily ZigBee specification is free for non-commercial uses, this kind of licensing
is very helpful when developing new applications for a new technology like ZigBee. This
part of the specification is controlled trough the ZigBee Alliance, an entry level
membership called Adopter gives permission to create products for market using the
specifications. This way of licensing also makes companies become friendly about this
new technology because if they don’t become part of the Alliance they will not be allowed
to use the specification for developing new products [2].
3.3 Uses
As said before, this protocol is focused in low-data transmission and long battery life.
Even this, applications are very common in our world, due to the low-cost of this
technology creating a wide network is not a problem. The resulting network will use very
small amounts of power so the cost gets even more reduced when talking about battery life.
Some typical areas of usage include (Figure 3.1):
• Home Entertainment
• Home Management
• Home Awareness
• Mobile Services
5
6. RF
Management
Applications
Using
ZigBee
Network
• Industrial Projects
• Healthcare Monitoring
• Car Embedded Systems
• Alarms Systems
• Heating Controls
Figure 3.1: ZigBee Common Applications
3.4 Specification
This protocol has a rated speed of 250kbps and a range of about 500m, heavily
dependent on the particular environment. It operates into the industrial, scientific and
medical radio bands; 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia, and 2.4
GHz in most places worldwide, those bands are free of use. BPSK modulation is used in
the 868 and 915 MHz bands and Offset-QPSK, two bits per symbol, is used in the 2.4 GHz
band. Speed decreases from 250kbps to 40kbps when using the 915 MHz band, and 20kbps
in the 868 MHz as described in Figure 3.2.
Sending data efficiently is the main point in the ZigBee protocol; it uses a total of 26
different channels through the three types of frequency bands. This rich assortment of
6
7. RF
Management
Applications
Using
ZigBee
Network
frequencies allows each device to be configured to work everywhere around the globe,
allowing companies to easily develop new applications. A ZigBee network can join up to
65000 devices.
Figure 3.2: IEE 802.15.4 Provides Three Frequency Bands
3.5 Battery Life
Usually when creating any RF application the problem related to the power
consumption relies to the radio. Sending data via any wireless system uses lots of energy;
this is something very important when talking about ZigBee. Those modules can activate
in 15ms or less, compared to any known wireless device such as Bluetooth, which takes
about three seconds to wake up, makes them be very fast responding to any command even
they are sleeping. Low latency results in power saving, saving power results in long battery
life.
Consider a typical temperature sensor, the sensor itself uses a clock at five seconds
interval to calculate the ambient temperature and send the event to the radio to be sent.
Analyzing any ZigBee module, it’s perfectly reliable to use the sleep system to save energy
while its not sending any data. This means any ZigBee module will work for months with
only one alkaline battery for sending data.
3.6 ZigBee Modulation
Those types of modulations are called Phase-Shift Keying; depending on the number
of bits it will be Quadrature (O-QPSK) with four bytes or Binary (BPSK). The main
difference between both of them is the number of points in the constellation diagram; those
modulations use a rectangular pulse [3].
The BPSK uses two phases which are separated 180º and can modulate one bit per
symbol, for this reason is unsuitable for high data-rate transmissions, even that, this
modulation is the most robust of all the PSK since it takes the highest level of noise or
distortion to make the demodulator reach an incorrect decision.
Offset-QPSK is a variant that uses 4 different values of the phase to transmit. Taking
four values of the phase at the same time to construct a QPSK symbol can allow the phase
of the signal to jump by as much as 180º at a time. When the signal is low-pass filtered,
7
8. RF
Management
Applications
Using
ZigBee
Network
these phase-shifts result in large amplitude fluctuations, this is bad when talking about
communication systems. If we offset the timing of the odd and even by one or half symbol-
period, the components will never change at the same time, resulting in a much lower
amplitude fluctuations that makes it more difficult to make an incorrect decision (Figure
3.3).
Figure 3.3: Differences Between O-QSPK and QPSK
With four phases, this modulation can encode two bits per symbol, that means double
speed rate than a normal BPSK. That makes it reliable when trying to create faster transfer
communications systems.
3.7 Device Types
There are three different types of ZigBee devices: ZigBee Coordinator (ZC), ZigBee
Router (ZR) and ZigBee End Device (ZED). The Coordinator and Router are sometimes
referred to as Full Function Devices or FFDs. The End Device is sometimes called
Reduced Function Device or RFD [4].
3.7.1 ZigBee Coordinator
This is the main device of any ZigBee network; the coordinator forms the root of the
network three. There can be only one coordinator in each network, his work is to path the
communication of all devices and receive the necessary data to be processed. He is also in
charge of discovering new devices when needed and tracing them down in the network
route. If a Personal Area Network ID (Pan ID) has been specified the Routers and End
Devices will look for a Coordinator with the specified Pan ID, if the Coordinator has not
been found or it has a different Pan ID, they will automatically jump to the next channel on
its channel list until this Coordinator is found. The Coordinator will assign a 16-bit
network address to any new device that joins, this address is used to route the data inside
the network.
3.7.2 ZigBee Router
Router function is to pass data trough all devices on the network, this module can
work also as an End Device receiving data form sensors and running applications.
Actually, it is very similar to the Coordinator, it also acts the same way with the Pan ID but
it cannot distribute new addresses.
8
9. RF
Management
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ZigBee
Network
3.7.3 ZigBee End Device
This device is the simplest one, it only has enough functionality to communicate with
any Router or Coordinator and forward all data that has been acquired, and it cannot relay
data from other devices. This is the only device that can remain sleeping until it needs to be
used, it will be asleep a significant amount of time. ZigBee End Devices are much cheaper
to build that any other module because the amount of memory required is less than a
Coordinator or Router.
3.7.3.1 Sleeping Mode
Its important to describe the way ZigBee manages sleeping devices. Routers and
Coordinators will be always awake as other devices may attempt to communicate. On the
other hand, End Devices are expected to send data for a brief period of time and then go to
sleep for the majority of time. When an End Device is sleeping the Router or Coordinator
holds any data addressed to it. Every time an End Device is awake it will send a request for
the parent node to send any data it may be holding. End Devices can also be configured to
stay permanently powered up.
Sleeping End Devices will do two things:
• Wake up periodically and see if their parent is holding any data for them.
• Wake up periodically and perform some events
9
10. RF
Management
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ZigBee
Network
4 ZigBee Networking
ZigBee is a mesh type networking that sits on top of an 802.15.4 MAC layer radio.
802.15.4 specifies the frequency bands, the number of channels, the spreading technique
and the modulation method. On the other side, ZigBee controls the way data is routed
between 802.15.4 physical layer radios.
ZigBee is based on a Wide Area Network (WAN) concept, so the way it resolves
communication is related to layers, we will explain all different layers later on. The most
important part of any ZigBee network is the Coordinator, it is responsible for setting the
channel of use so any Router or End Device can join, it also assigns network addresses to
the other devices keeping the routing tables updated to allow all modules to route the data
trough the network. The Coordinator can work as a gateway for the data, it’s very common
to plug the Coordinator into a computer to process the data received from all devices.
Routers will route data from End Devices to Coordinator, they are also able to work as data
input devices.
Figure 4.1: Typical ZigBee Network Structure
Figure 4.1 describes a typical ZigBee network, we can clearly distinguish three
different levels; we have the Coordinator (C) root level and two Router (R) levels linked
with some End Devices (E). Each device has different communications paths; the solid line
represents the most likely one with backup paths indicated by dashed lines. This is an
example of how to scale a ZigBee network.
10
11. RF
Management
Applications
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ZigBee
Network
4.1 Network Topologies
ZigBee can support three primary network topologies (Figure 4.2):
• Star: Coordinator is situated in the middle surrounded by End Devices.
• Cluster Tree: Coordinator is going to be the root of the network together with
other Routers and End Devices.
• Mesh: At least one of the nodes has more than two connections. Coordinator
can be everywhere.
Figure 4.2: Different ZigBee Topologies
The most significant one is the Mesh networking, the main reason is that it allows the
nodes to still communicate if any of the bridges is lost; this is done by searching an
alternative route trough other devices. The Coordinator does the routes management. In
ZigBee, devices situated in a higher and lower position on the network hierarchy are
referred to as Parents and Children respectively. This hierarchy is clearly described in the
Figure 4.3.
Figure 4.3: ZigBee Hierarchy
11
12. RF
Management
Applications
Using
ZigBee
Network
4.2 ZigBee Stack
ZigBee is based upon stack architecture that resembles standard OSI seven-layer
model but defines only those layers relevant to achieving functionality in the intended
scope (Figure 4.4).
Figure 4.4: ZigBee Stack
12
13. RF
Management
Applications
Using
ZigBee
Network
The ZigBee stack architecture is made up of a set of blocks called layers. Each layer
performs a specific set of services for the layer above. The IEEE 802.15.4 defines the two
lower layers, medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY). The ZigBee
Alliance provides the Network (NWK) layer and the framework for the application layer,
which includes the Application Support (APS) sub-layer, the ZigBee device object (ZDO)
and the manufacturer-defined application objects [5].
IEEE 802.25.4 has two PHY layers that operate in two separate frequency ranges:
868/915 MHz and 2.4 GHz, depending on the country we will be using the device we will
switch between them. The MAC sub-layer controls access to the radio channel using
frames. The network layer provides mechanisms to join and leave network at the same
time as allows security and routing for the frames. The ZigBee application layer consists of
the APS sub-layer, the ZDO, and the manufacturer-defined application objects. The
responsibilities of the APS include maintaining tables for binding, which is the ability to
match two devices together based on their services and their needs, and forwarding
messages between bound devices. ZigBee Device Object (ZDO) defines the role of the
device within the network (coordinator, router or end device), discovering devices on the
network and determining which application services they provide, also relies on the
initiating and establishing secure relationship connection between network devices.
Zigbee stack is relatively small compared with other wireless standards; it only
requires about 32kb of memory for a full implementation of the stack.
4.3 ZigBee Modules
For this project we will be operating with the Cirronet ZMN2405 ZigBee module but
there are other models and brands available in the market. In this part of the project we will
compare some kits and modules we can find in the market today. Lots of expensive kits of
about 2500$ are available on the market but those won’t be explained in here, we will just
compare the ones we consider similar to the Cirronet.
4.3.1 Jennic JN5148 Evaluation Kit
Probably this is one of the best options when considering which kit to buy for
development, but for our application the Cirronet kit fits better. Probably the Jennic kit
provides too many functions for what we were looking for. This kit can include up to 7
ZigBee modules (5 standard power and 2 high power modules), it also incorporates an
LCD screen and all needed software, this is one of the most complete kit available in the
market. Nodes come with pre-programmed software for demonstrating purposes. AT
commands are available for communicating with the devices [6]
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Figure 4.5: Jennic Development Kit
Content description of Figure 4.5:
• JN5148 modules
o 2 x standard power PCB antenna
o 3 x standard power uFl connector
• JN5148 high power uFl connector modules for extended range
• Onboard temperature, light level and humidity sensors
• JN5148 IO expansion port
• 2 x USB cables for PC connection
• Battery or external power supply
• 1 node with bitmapped LCD
Price: 649$
4.3.2 Telegesis ETRX357DVK Development Kit
This kit from Telegesis introduces the new ETRX357 ZigBee module that comes
from the old ET357 chip. That kit is very complete and offers you a good option for
ZigBee developing, it offers the option of AT commands to communicate with the modules
which allows the user to configure them without complex software engineering. It also
works with three parties software such as Hyperterminal or similar. As an especial
characteristic it allows the module to be used under Windows, Linux or MacOS. Lots of
support inside the company website, documents and software available for downloading.
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Figure 4.6: Telegesis Development Kit
The kit contents and the module board connectors are well explained on the product
website [7] (Figure 4.6).
• 3 x USB Development Boards
• 2 x ETRX357 on Carrier-Board
• 2 x ETRX357HR on Carrier-Board
• 2 x ETRX357LR on Carrier-Board
• 2 x ETRX357HR-LR on Carrier-Board
• 1 x ETRX2USB stick
• 2 x Large Antenna
• 2 x Small Stubby Antenna
• 3 x USB Cable
Price: 348$ est.
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5 Cirronet ZMN2405/HP ZigBee Module
5.1 Specifications
For this project we had available a brand new ZMN2405/HP Cirronet ZigBee kit,
this kit contains everything needed to create a versatile and fast network. The contents of
the kit are (Figure 5.1):
• ZigBee Coordinator device.
• ZigBee Router device.
• Pair of dipole antennas.
• Pair of patch antennas.
• Two batteries.
• Two power adaptors.
• CD that includes software and manuals.
Figure 5.1: Kit ZMN2405/HP
We should distinguish the difference between the ZMN2405 and the ZMN2405/HP
model, the main difference between them is the output power, the first one provides about
1mW of RF power while the ZMN2405/HP provides 65mW. If we combine this module
with a 2dB dipole antenna we should be able to get 100mW in the case of ZMN2405/HP.
The one we are using in this project is the ZMN2405/HP; we will appreciate this point
when taking measurements of the LQI between the devices. This amount of output power
provides this kit with a high performance RF system that can be used trough very noisy
environments. The only problem with the ZMN2405/HP is related with the battery
consumption due to the high output power, so probably if we are interested on a limited
battery network we should consider using the ZMN2405 model [8].
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This kit is specially developed to create fast-versatile low-cost networks that
require a fast and reliable data platform for measuring systems. With the high power output
delivered with the supplied antennas we’ll be able to get a strong network.
We also have the possibility to configure the Router device as an End Device
downloading the code supplied with the CD into the module.
5.2 Describing the Hardware
As this kit enables the user to set the board configuration using his/her own criteria
we only need to describe one board, so we have a development board labelled as router and
another one as coordinator. We can describe those boards using a block diagram (Figure
5.2).
Figure 5.2: Development Board Block Diagram
For connecting the board to the PC we have the USB and the RS-232 interfaces.
Only one input can be used at a time, so if the USB connection is used the RS-232 will be
electrically locked out. Our choice for connecting the board will be the USB protocol that
has a hardware flow control implemented on it. Inside the board we have some devices that
will be used to test the correct working condition of the board and also to retrieve some test
data. The thermistor will allow the user to get the ambient temperature and the
potentiometer to retrieve the constant data we want to set on it. Of course, we have some
inputs and outputs in the pins connectors. We are also provided with two demonstration
LEDs so we can check the way to send parameters and activate orders on the device. We
can see the real board component locations (Figure 5.3).
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Figure 5.3: Development Board Components Location
As we said before the GPIOx LEDs are used for demonstration purposes, we also
have the JP1 and JP2 rows of pins to connect into the board (Table 5.1); we are going to
take care of them later on.
JP1
Connector Pin Signal Module Pin
1 Ground 2
2 +3.3V 1
3 PWMA 3
4 PWMB 4
5 GPIO0 5
6 GPIO1 6
7 GPIO2 7
8 GPIO3 8
9 GPIO4 9
10 GPIO5 10
11 Link/TDO 12
12 Ground 2
JP2
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Connector Pin Signal Module Pin
1 Ground 2
2 +5V NC
3 SPI_/MISO 32
4 SPI_MOSI 31
5 SPI_SCLK 30
6 SPI_EN 29
7 ADCZ 27
8 ADCY 26
9 ADCX 25
10 UTX 22
11 URX 21
12 Ground 2
Table 5.1: Board Pin Description
We also have a pair of important LEDs to consider in the Table 5.2.
LED Function
Link On the coordinator, illuminates when a clear channel has been detected and the
coordinator is ready to associate with other devices.
Activity Indicates RF data sending activity.
Table 5.2: LEDs Description
In the board diagram we can also distinguish two jumpers which are very important
for us: JP3 and JP4, those jumpers are related to the potentiometer and thermistor signals.
Those signals are connected to the ADCX and ADCY pins of the module, if we wish to use
the pins for any off-board signal we will have to remove the jumpers from the board
allowing the module to assume the input signal of the pin.
This kit is able to transmit at a data rate of 250Kbps and using a O-QPSK
modulation, we have 15 different channels available in the HP version of the board. The
transmit power of the board is also software adjustable but considering the maximum
amount we are talking of a range -7 dBm until +18 dBm. We also need to consider
operating temperatures of the hardware if we want to use it outdoors or in industry
environment. The minimum operating temperature is -40º, but the normal operating
temperature should be around 25º, it will stop working at 85º.
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5.3 Texas Instruments CC2430
All signals on the ZMN2405HP module are directly connected to the input pins of
the CC2430. This chip is designed by Texas Instruments and the characteristics are
described in the Table 5.3 [10].
Flash/RAM 128kb/8kb
Frequency (Min) (MHz) 2400
Frequency (Max) (MHz) 2483.5
Operating Voltage (Min) 2V
Operating Voltage (Max) 3.6 V
Pin/Package 48VQFN
Operating Temperature Range (Celsius) 40 to 85
Device Type System-on-Chip
Frequency Range 2.4 GHz
Tx Power (dBm) 0
Rx Current (Lowest) (mA) 27
Sensitivity (Best) (dBm) -92
Wake Up Time (PD RX/TX) (uS) 645
Data Rate (Max) (Kbps) 250
Table 5.3: Describes Characteristics Of CC2430 Module
This CC2430 chip is available in three different versions CC2430F32/64/128, with
32/64/128 KB of flash memory respectively. This is a System-On-Chip (SoC) tailored for
the IEEE 802.14.5 that makes it perfect for ZigBee applications such as home monitoring,
industry, healthcare etc. it combines a 8050 MCU with the industry leading ZigBee
protocol stack (Z-Stack) from Texas Instruments. The price of this chip is between 3 – 6
USD; the CC2430 provides one of the market’s most competitive ZigBee SoC solutions.
5.3.1 RF/Layout
• 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 compliant RF transceiver (CC2430 radio core).
o 250 kbps data rate, 2 MChip/s chip rate.
o Reference designs comply with worldwide radio frequency
regulations covered by ETSI EN 300 328 and EN 300 440 class 2
(Europe), FCC CFR47 Part 25 (US) and ARIB STD-T66 (Japan).
Transmit on 2480MHz under FCC is supported by duty-cycling, or by
reducing output power.
• Excellent receiver sensitivity and robustness to interferers.
• Few external components, most parts are integrated into the chip.
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• RoHS compliant 7x7 mm QLP58 package.
• Only a single crystal needed for mesh network systems.
• IEEE 802.15.4 MAC hardware support.
o Automatic preamble generator.
o Synchronization word insertion/detection.
o CRC-16 computation and checking over MAC payload.
o Clear Channel Assessment.
o Energy detection / digital RSSI.
o Link Quality Indication.
5.3.2 Low Power
• Low current consumption (RX: 27 mA, TX: 27 mA, microcontroller running
at 32MHz).
o System clock source can be 16 MHz RC oscillator or 32 MHz crystal
oscillator. The 32 MHz oscillator is used when radio is active.
• Only 0.5 uA current consumption in powerdown mode, where external
interrupts or the RTC can wake up the system.
o Low-power fully static CMOS design.
• 0.3uA current consumption in stand-by mode, where external interrupts can
wake up the system.
• Very fast transition times from low-power modes to active mode enables ultra
low average power consumption in low dutycycle systems.
• Wide supply voltage range (2 V – 3.6 V)
5.3.3 Microcontroller
• High performance and low power 8051-microcontroller core.
• 8 KB RAM, 4 KB with data retention in all power modes.
o 32/64/128 KB of non-volatile flash memory in-system programmable
through a simple two-wire interface or by the 8051 core.
Worst-case flash memory endurance: 1000 write/erase cycles.
Programmable read and write lock of portions of Flash
memory for software security.
o 4096 bytes of internal SRAM with data retention in all power modes.
• Powerful DMA functionality.
• Watchdog timer.
• One IEEE 802.15.4 MAC timer, one general 16-bit timer and two 8-bit
timers.
• Hardware debugs support.
5.3.4 Peripherals
• CSMA/CA hardware support.
o Power On Reset/Brown-Out Detection.
o Real time clock with 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator.
o True random number generator.
• Digital RSSI/LQI support.
• Battery monitor and temperature sensor.
• 12-bit ADC with up to eight inputs and configurable resolution.
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• AES security coprocessor.
• Two powerful USARTs with support for several serial protocols.
• 21 general I/O pins, two with 20 mA sink/source capabilities.
Now we can appreciate the block diagram of the microcontroller in the Figure 5.4.
Figure 5.4: CC2430 Block Diagram
After considering the block diagram the Figure 5.5 represents the top view of the
processor, this will be important if we need to build new systems or upgrade our board.
The modules can be roughly divided into one of three categories: CPU-related modules,
modules related to power, test and clock distribution, and radio related modules.
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Figure 5.5: CC2430 Pinout Top View
The exposed die attached pad must be connected to a solid ground plane, as this is
the ground connection for the chip. For the exact pinout overview please check the
CC2430 full datasheet available on Texas Instruments webpage.
5.4 Module Pin Description
Those are the pins we have on the ZigBee module, we cannot use them for test but
we do know how they work in case we need to repair or replace the module (Figure 5.6).
Pin No. Name Description
1 Vcc Supplies +3.3Vdc to +5.5Vdc.
2,11, 17- GND Power supply grounds, all grounds must be connected to circuit
20, 28, grounds.
33, 34,
36, 37,
39
3, 4 PWMA-B Two-pulse width modulated outputs that can be used to create
an analogue output with the addition of simple RC filters.
5-10 GPIO0-5 Those are just general-purpose input/output pins, we need to
configure them as an input or output using the software.
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12 LINK/TDO Indicates the module link status.
13 RST Reset input, tied to pin 24.
14 NA Not available
16 ADC REF This pin is used to module the +3.3V supply, for use in
ratiometric ADC readings.
21 UART_RX Receive data input signal of module UART. Data to be sent is
transmitted on this pin.
22 UART_TX Transmit data output signal of module UART. Data received by
the module will be transmitted on this pin.
23 NA Not available.
24 RESET Module hardware reset input.
25-27 ADCX-Z Three 10-bit analogues to digital inputs. Inputs are limited to
0Vdc to +2.5Vdc.
29 SPI_EN Active low chip enable output for SPI bus devices.
30 SPI_SCLK SPI port for clock signal.
31 SPI_MOSI SPI port for data output.
32 SPI_MISO SPI port for data input.
35 NA Not available
38 RF RF output pin to connect antenna or antenna connector using a
50 ohm microstrip line.
Figure 5.6: ZMN2405HP Module Pin Description
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5.5 Cirronet Standard Module (CSM) API
When we talk about a ZigBee developing kit we pretend to be able to send
commands to interact with it, the way to do it is using the integrated API of the specific
model we are using. The way to do that is using the resident firmware application to
control the module; this is called profile in the ZigBee parlance. Cirronet has developed the
Cirronet Standard Module (CSM) profile to allow us to access to all the resources on the
module, such as AD converters, inputs, LEDs, etc.
All communications with the ZigBee module are made though the UART interface
using a message/command protocol. Those commands will be used to set configuration
parameters, send and receive data, errors, reset, LEDs, etc. the strong point of using this
method relies on the common packet structure to be sent every time we need to
communicate with the device. This CSM is divided into clusters (Figure 5.7), every cluster
contains different kind of commands, and every command is set with an offset into the
cluster.
ZigBee Module
Module I/O Cluster (ID 0x01)
Configuration Cluster (ID 0x02)
Reset Cluster (ID 0x03)
Network Cluster (ID 0x07)
RF Cluster (ID 0x08)
Security Cluster (ID 0x09)
Figure 5.7: All Module Clusters
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5.6 Communication Protocol
This kit uses a serial protocol for external communication. This protocol allows the
user to send new commands; configurations, status and data transfer to the local device or
remote devices. This will be very important when trying to configure big networks that
require multiple routers or end devices. This protocol uses the standard packet format
described below; we should separate the SOP (Start Of Packet) and the single-byte fields
from the Arguments. Multi-byte parameters are sent using the LSB (Less Significative
Byte) first, we need to remember this to transform the packets we receive prior using them.
1 byte 1 byte 1 byte 1 byte Multiple
SOP (0xFD) Length TransID MSG Type Arguments
Table 5.4: Sample Packet
The first four fields of the packet will contain the SOP, Length, TransID and MSG
Type. The SOP contains always the same data (0xFD); the Length field is the total number
of bytes in the remainder of the packet after the length field (Table 5.4).
When talking about ZigBee protocol we have the possibility of multiple replies, most
cases when data is returned no ACK is sent back to the board so we will need to change the
TransID number in case we want to send more data back to the module. This problem
happen when the ACK is not received in the board so the sender assuming that the data
was not received and keeps the channel open and sends the same data back again. To avoid
this happen and determine which data is redundant and needs to be omitted the TransID
field must be auto-incremented or changed every time we need to send more commands to
the board. This will allow the module to differentiate multiple replies in an interleaved
command/reply application. The MSG Type will determine what kind of operation is to be
performed or what data is being returned; we will know the value of this field taking a look
at the Table 5.5. This structure will also be the same when we get the reply back from the
device, we should consider this to be aware of errors.
Field Description
SOP Beginning of the packet. Value: 0x0FD.
Length Number of bytes in the packet after the Length byte.
TransID This field will be used to differentiate different replies in an interleaved
command/reply application.
MSG Type Will determine what type of operation is to be performed or what data is
being returned:
• 0x01: Set Field
• 0x05: Get Field
• 0x0A: Send String
• 0x0C: Send SPI
• 0x10: Get IEEE Address
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• 0x11: Get NWK Address
• 0x64: Discovery Request
• 0x65: Discovery End
• 0x81: Set Reply
• 0x85: Get Reply
• 0x8A:Send String Reply
• 0x8E: Receive String
• 0x90: Get IEEE Address Reply
• 0x91: Get NWK Address Reply
• 0x95: Receive Field Event
• 0xD0: Link Announce
• 0xE4: Discovery Reply
• 0xF0: Device Registration
• 0xFF: Error
Arguments Actual data used in performing the message function.
Table 5.5: Packet Fields Description
Now we are going to describe the rest of the packet (Table 5.6), the Argument field,
it will contain the information to write the data into the module:
8 bytes 2 bytes 1 byte 1 byte 2 bytes 1 byte Multiple
MAC/NWK ProfileID Endpoint Cluster Offset Length Data
Address
Table 5.6: Last Section of the Packet
Those fields will complete the packet we described before, in the first position we
have the address of the device we are sending the command to, and we can set it with the
MAC or the Network address of the board. This is an 8-byte field, as we know any MAC
address is 8 bytes long but if we want to use the network address (2 bytes) we will need to
fill the rest of the bytes. If we are using Cirronet devices the IEEE address prefix assigned
will be 00:30:66, so the most significant byte will always be 00. If we want to use the
network address we need to fit 80 with the network address in the two most significant
bytes, the rest will be set to 00. The ProfileID field is very useful when combining different
kinds of modules, in our case we will always use 0xC000 for this field, if we want to
communicate with other devices using another kind of profiles we will need to change this
field. Endpoint will be set always as 0x01, but it will be used if we want to treat a single
module as multiple logical devices, this only will happen if we create our own profile, with
the CSM profile it will only accept a single endpoint (0x01).
The Cluster is directly related with the Offset, in the ZigBee module we will need to
store data for the configuration of every independent board, this data is going to be stored
into some different Clusters. Those Clusters are sets of data that include the variables to be
used for the module, those variables are called Offsets, and the Cluster type and an Offset
into the cluster will specify the location of those variables. Some of those clusters will not
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be erased every time we plug the device, some others will be emptied every time we restart
the board. We can define Offset as an index into an array of elements in a data field and
can be found by referring to a particular Cluster.
The Length will tell us the amount of bytes in the Data field. Every time we receive a
reply from the device it will contain also the LQI, this number will indicate the quality of
the signal.
5.7 Clusters
Now we will describe all the clusters with their offsets, some of them will be only
readable, but depending on the meaning of the offset we might also want to write. The
reset row will indicate when it will be returned to default mode; some offsets will contain
the configuration of the board so we should take care of those when restarting the module.
Cluster ID Table Page
Module I/O Cluster 0x01 5.8 29
Configuration Cluster 0x02 5.9 30
Reset Cluster 0x03 5.10 34
Network Cluster 0x07 5.12 35
RF Cluster 0x08 5.13 36
Security Cluster 0x09 5.14 37
Table 5.7: Cluster Index
5.7.1 Module I/O Cluster (ID 0x01)
This cluster contains the In/Out information to be configured; this includes two
DACs, three ADCs, six I/O lines for general purpose, a SPI port and a UART port. We can
say the I/O cluster defines the way we are going to manipulate all the lines and ports
(Table 5.8).
Parameter Offset Bytes R/W Reset Description
ADC X 0x0000 2 R N On board 10-bit A/D converter channel X
(Pin 25)
ADC Y 0x0002 2 R N On board 10-bit A/D converter channel Y
(Pin 26)
ADC Z 0x0004 2 R N On board 10-bit A/D converter channel Z
(Pin 27)
DAC A 0x0006 2 R/W N On board 10-bit D/A converter channel A
(Pin 3)
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DAC B 0x0008 2 R/W N On board 10-bit D/A converter channel B
(Pin 4)
GP I/O 0 0x000A 1 R/W N General purpose I/O line 0 (Pin 5)
GP I/O 1 0x000B 1 R/W N General purpose I/O line 1 (Pin 6)
GP I/O 2 0x000C 1 R/W N General purpose I/O line 2 (Pin 7)
GP I/O 3 0x000D 1 R/W N General purpose I/O line 3 (Pin 8)
GP I/O 4 0x000E 1 R/W N General purpose I/O line 4 (Pin 9)
GP I/O 5 0x000F 1 R/W N General purpose I/O line 5 (Pin 10)
SPI Port 0x0010 Varies R/W N SPI Port data register
UART Port 0x0011 Varies R/W N UART Port data register – Send ASCII
data
GP I/O Direction 0x0012 1 R/W N This bit sets the GP I/O port direction,
input or output. Default = 0 = input, 1 =
output
GP I/O Init 0x0013 1 R/W Y The GP I/O initialization register is a
non-volatile setting for the value of all
the I/O output pins. Bits 0..5 correspond
to GPIO0..GPIO5. If a pin is set as an
input, then the corresponding bit in the
register is a “don’t care”. The individual
bit level is the corresponding bit output
level.
DAC A Init 0x0014 1 R/W Y 16-bit value that defines DAC Channel A
power up value. Default = 0x0000
DAC B Init 0x0016 1 R/W Y 16-bit value that defines DAC Channel B
power up value. Default = 0x0000
Status/GP I/O 0x0018 1 R/W Y Bitmap that selects alternate function
Alternate mode for Status signals and GP I/O pins.
Function Enable
GPIO Interrupts 0x0019 1 R/W N Bitmap that allows GPIO0-GPIO3 to be
used as interrupts that send a
RECEIVE_Field packet to device’s
gateway. Each GPIO uses two bits in the
register.
Bit 0 – 1: GPIO 0
Bit 2 – 3: GPIO 1
Bit 4 – 5: GPIO 2
Bit 6 – 7: GPIO 3
Table 5.8: Describes I/O Cluster Functions
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5.7.2 Configuration Cluster (ID 0x02)
This is probably the most important cluster to care when trying to set up a complex
network (Table 5.9).
Parameter Offset Bytes R/W Reset Description
Firmware 0x0000 2 R Y This field will allow the module firmware
Version version to be read. This version is displayed in
three separated numbers, for example, v1.2.3.
The first byte will contain (1), the second one
will be separated into Upper Nybble and Lower
Nybble. The Upper Nybble is the second
number (2) and the Lower Nybble is the third
one (3).
Device 0x0002 1 R Y Indicates the mode of the module, this will
Mode allow as to set up the module with the
configuration we want.
0x00 = Coordinator
0x01 = Router
0x02 = End Device
Serial Mode 0x0003 2 R/W N We can set up the baud rate we wish to
communicate with the device; this is helpful in
order to match with different hosts.
1200 = 0x03
2400 = 0x04
4800 = 0x05
9600 = 0x06
19200 = 0x07
38400 = 0x08 (Default)
57600 = 0x09
115200 = 0x0B
Model 0x0005 2 R N/A This field identifies the Cirronet device and is
Number read-only. It’s important to note that the Upper
Nybble represents the ZigBee device type.
0x0XXX = Coordinator
0x1XXX = Router
0x2XXX = End Device
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Friendly 0x0007 16 R/W N This is a user defined 16-byte field to identify
Name the devices. When using a custom application
this field must be written. This field can be read
from the other network devices.
Sleep Mode 0x0017 1 R/W N This is used on End Devices only to enable End
Device sleeping.
0x00 = Disabled = Default
0x01 = Enabled
This is useful when staying in a saving battery
environment
UART Data 0x0018 1 R/W N This parameter will switch the board from
Mode Transparent Mode to Protocol Mode. The
Transparent Mode (0x00) has no packet format
so all data received into the UART port is
directly sent to the coordinator. The Protocol
Mode (0x01) uses the UART packet format. To
exit Transparent Mode don’t sent any data for 2
seconds. Then send the following escape
sequence:
0xED 0xAE 0xF9 0x2B 0x07 0x62 0x3C 0xED
Default = 0x01 = Protocol Mode
Option 0x0019 1 R/W N Depending on the bit status this parameter will
Settings 1 control various devices options.
Bit 0 = Device Registration
When selecting this bit high, the device will
send a Device Registration packet for every
new device that joins the network, enabled by
default.
Bit 1 = Link Announcement
The device will output a Link Announce packet
on the UART port when setting this bit high,
enabled by default.
Bit 2 = Interrupt Sleep
When using an End Device setting this bit high
means the device can only be awakened by an
interrupt. This bit turns off the Check Parent
function as the Reporting Mode.
Bit 3 = I/O Sleep State
Setting this bit high causes the module to
change the GPIO lines to the direction selected
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by SleepIODDRstate, and when selected as an
output, to the level selected by SleepIOState.
When selected as an input, the like is high
impedance. This is beneficial if the I/O happens
to be connected to low impedance devices.
Bit 4, 5, 6 & 7 = GPIO0 – 3 Message Enable
Setting this bit high causes the module to issue
various messages when GPIO0 is set as an
interruptible input. When the input changes
from high to low, one message (defined by
Option Settings 2) will be transmitted to the
gateway. This is enabled by default.
Message 0x001A 1 R/W N This register will keep the message options for
Options the interruptible inputs we described above.
(Option 0 – 1 = Message Options for GPIO0
Settings 2)
2 – 3 = Message Options for GPIO1
4 – 5 = Message Options for GPIO2
6 – 7 = Message Options for GPIO3
Only one below can be selected.
0b00: Button Message
0b01: Device Announce Message
0b11: Reserved
Default = 0x00
Reporting 0x001B 1 R/W N This is used when we want the module to report
Mode all the I/O ports in an interval rate, the rate is
indicated below. This works for all kind of
devices.
0x00 = Enabled
0x01 = Disabled = Default
Reporting 0x001C 4 R/W N This is a 32 bit value that sets the reporting
Rate interval for the I/O to be send, this value must
be set in 1ms increments and may vary
anywhere from 1000ms (0x000003E8) to 49.7
days (0xFFFFFFFF).
Default = 0x000003E8
Check 0x0020 2 R/W N This is a 32 bit value that sets the interval when
Parent Rate the End Device will be awaken to ask its parent
(End for any queued messages. The setting resolution
Devices is in ms with a default of 1 second.
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Only)
Reserved 0x0022 2 R/W N Reserved for future use.
Wake 0x0024 2 R/W N These 16-bit setting controls the length of time
Duration a Timer Sleep End Device will remain awake
after it has sent data. The setting resolution is in
milliseconds with a default of 100 milliseconds.
Sleep I/O 0x0026 1 R/W N The six LSBs of this byte are used to control the
Direction direction of the GPIOs during a device’s sleep
(End period. This will help the user to minimize the
Devices power consumption. Bits 0 – 5 correspond to
Only) GPIO0 – GPIO5.
0 = Input, 1 = Output
Default = 0x00
Sleep I/O 0x0027 1 R/W N The six LSBs of this byte are used to set the
Output output leel of the GPIOs selected as outputs by
Level (End SleepIODDR when IOSleepState is enabled
Devices during a device’s sleep period. Bits 0 – 5
Only) correspond to GPIO0 – GPIO5.
0 = Low, 1 = High
Default = 0x3F
Table 5.9: Describes Configuration Cluster Functions
We must remember that in multiple byte fields data must be entered LSB (least
significant bit) first.
5.7.3 Reset Cluster (ID 0x03)
Its important to understand the way the board resets the module, which data is
restored as factory default and which one stays (Table 5.10). When sending one of these
instructions the module will reset automatically (Table 5.11).
Parameter Offset Bytes R/W Reset Description
Microcontroller 0x0000 1 W Auto Resets the microcontroller on the module.
Reset 0x5A is the value to write to reset the
radio.
Reset Factory 0x0001 1 W Auto Resets all Cluster parameters to factory
Defaults default values then resets the
microcontroller.
Table 5.10: Describes Reset Cluster Functions
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Factory Defaults
Parameter Default Value
Friendly Name
• Coordinator • ZigBee Coord
• Router • ZigBee Router
• End Device • ZigBee End Dev
Mode
• Coordinator • 0x00
• Router • 0x01
• End Device • 0x03
Model Number 0x?000
? = Mode
Baud Rate 38400
Sleep Enable 0x00 (Disabled)
Protocol Mode 0x01 (Enabled)
DAC A Initial Value 0x0000
DAC B Initial Value 0x0000
GPIO Initial Output Values 0x00
GPIO Direction 0xFC (All set to outputs)
Table 5.11: Describes Some Factory Default Fields
5.7.4 Network Cluster (ID 0x07)
Parameter Offset Bytes R/W Reset Description
MAC 0x0000 8 R N/A Returns factory programmed MAC address.
Address
Network 0x0008 2 R N/A This register contains the network address
Address assigned by the coordinator/router.
Gateway 0x000A 8 R/W Y This field will contain the 8-byte MAC
Address address of the gateway to be used after
powering up; this helps the device during
power outages.
Static 0x0012 1 R/W Y We can force the device to remain in the
Network same network configuration every time it
powers up. If we set the register to 0x01 the
device will use a static network. When 0x00
is set the device is allowed to join the
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network in a different manner every time it
restarts.
Default = 0x00 = Disabled
Default PAN 0x0013 2 R/W Y Setting this variable to anything other than
ID 0xFFFF will force a Router or End Device
to search for a network with that specific
PAN ID. All other networks will be
rejected. A coordinator will start a network
using this variable as the PAN ID. The two
high order bits are currently masked, so a
PAN ID of 0x7FFF will be the same as
0x3FFF. A value of 0xFFFF causes a
Coordinator to form a network with a
random PAN ID and a Router or End
Device will join any PAN ID.
Link Status 0x0015 1 R N/A This variable informs the user about the link
status of the device. Values:
0x01 – Device is initialized but not
connected
0x02 – device is discovering PANs
0x03 – Device is joining a PAN
0x04 – Device has joined but is not
authenticated yet
0x05 – Device has been authenticated and
has joined as an End Device
0x06 – Device has been authenticated and
has joined as a Router
0x07 – Device is starting the network
0x08 – Device has started a network as the
Coordinator
0x09 – Device has been orphaned
Table 5.12: Descries Network Cluster
5.7.5 RF Cluster (ID 0x08)
Parameter Offset Bytes R/W Reset Description
Channel List 0x0000 4 R/W Y This variable allows the user to give the
device a choice of channels for a
Coordinator to form a network or a Router
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36. RF
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(and End Device) to search for a network.
This is a bitmap that represents the
frequency channels. The lowest channel is
0x00000800 (2405MHz). the highest
channel is 0x04000000 (2480MHz).
Default = 0x00004000 = Channel 12
Channel 0x0004 1 R N/A Represents the channel that the radio is
Used using.
TX Power 0x0005 1 R/W N This will allow the user to set up the power
level that the radio is transmitting. For
example, if regulations require lower output
power, this variable can reduce the nominal
module transmit power by as much as 25dB.
0x00 = 0 dB
0x21 = -1 dB
0x23 = -3 dB
0x25 = -5 dB
0x27 = -7 dB
0x2A = -10 dB
0x2F = -15 dB
0x39 = -25 dB
Default = 0x00 = 0 dB
Network 0x0006 1 R/W Y Energy detected above the corresponding
Formation power level will stop the Coordinator from
Threshold starting a PAN in the tested channel. Helpful
when forcing a network in an area with a lot
of RF noise.
PdBm = -45 + Threshold
Default = 0x56 = -2 dBm
Table 5.13: Describes RF Cluster Fields
5.7.6 Security Cluster (ID 0x09)
Parameter Offset Bytes R/W Description
Security Code 0x0000 10 W The security code is used to provide network and
link level security. If it is used, every device in the
network must use the same code and level of
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security.
Security Pin 0x0010 4 W When set to anything other than the default, all
clusters are locked and cannot be written to or read
from.
Default = 0x76543210
Table 5.14: Describes Security Cluster Fields
5.8 Sending Commands
When sending commands into the device we will likely get an answer message form
the ZigBee module, the way those messages are sent will be described in this section.
Before doing the examples we should take a look at the most commonly used commands
and the way the packets are built prior sending. Its very important to take care when
processing the replies from the device, some of them might be different from others,
sending packets is actually much easier and standard than receiving them. For this project
we will commonly use Set Field and Get Field message types, but all of them are created
the same way as shown. Here we will describe the most important ones (Table 5.15).
Name MSG Type Page Description
Set Field 0x01 38 Puts value into a field
Set Reply 0x02 38 Is send as ACK to Set Field message
Get Field 0x03 38 Used for reading an input port
Get Reply 0x04 39 Returns the value of the port
Send String 0x0A 39 Sends data string to the UART
output
Send String Reply 0x8A 40 Message returned if Send String is
successful
Get IEEE Address 0x10 40 Request the MAC Address
Get IEEE Address Reply 0x90 41 Returns the MAC Address
Discovery Request 0x64 41 Device Discovery process
Discovery Reply 0xE4 42 Answer to Discovery Request
command
Discovery End 0x65 42 Indicates the end of the timeout for
Discovery command
Link Announce 0xD0 42 It is generated when a device joins
the network
Error 0xFF 43 Error code when returned
Figure 5.15: Message Types Used
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5.8.1 Set Field (MSG Type 0x01)
Set Field writes the data to the specified cluster item (Table 5.16). The reply from the
device is provided through a Set Reply message.
Arguments (Set Field)
MAC ProfileID Endpoint Cluster Offset Length Data
Address
8 bytes 2 bytes 1 byte 1 byte 2 bytes 2 byte LSB first
Table 5.16: Describes Set Field Packet Format
• MAC Address: the destination address of the packet. If the device is
connected (local), then the MAC Address = 0x0000000000000000.
• ProfileID: 0xC000
• Endpoint: 0x01
• Cluster: the cluster containing the field to be set.
• Offset: the one desired from the cluster above.
• Length: number of bytes that follow.
• Data: data elements.
Once we put all that data inside the fields we are ready to send the packet and wait
for the reply.
5.8.2 Set Reply (MSG Type 0x81)
This message is sent as acknowledgement to a Set Field packet (Table 5.17), an error
code message type is returned in the event of a Set Field failure.
Arguments (Set Reply)
Reserved LQI
1 byte 1 byte
Table 5.17: Describes Set Reply Packet Format
5.8.3 Get Field (MSG Type 0x05)
This packet format will be used when reading from an input port in the board (Table
5.18), the value is returned through a Get Reply message.
Arguments (Get Field)
MAC ProfileID Endpoint Cluster Offset Length
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