This document summarizes the key aspects of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses three categories of routing protocols: proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. Proactive protocols maintain routing tables through regular table updates, while reactive protocols find routes on demand through route discovery. Common proactive protocols described include DSDV and OLSR, while reactive protocols like AODV are now more widely used due to lower overhead. Hybrid routing protocols incorporate aspects of both approaches.
PERFORMANCE STUDIES ON THE VARIOUS ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN AD-HOC NETWORKSJYoTHiSH o.s
Every protocol has its advantages and disadvantages in different scenarios. The choice of a routing protocol should be made carefully after considering every aspect we provided in this section (and possibly more).
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document provides a literature survey of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs, noting they are self-configuring, infrastructure-less wireless networks that support node mobility. The document then discusses the need for MANETs, applications of MANETs such as disaster relief and military activities, and characteristics of MANETs like dynamic topology and power constraints. Finally, it classifies and briefly describes several routing protocols used in MANETs, including proactive protocols like DSDV and OLSR, reactive protocols like AODV and DSR, and hybrid protocols like ZRP. The overall purpose is to provide an overview of MANETs, including their routing protocols.
ANALYSIS OF PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE MANET ROUTING PROTOCOLS UNDER SELECTED TCP...ijasuc
This document analyzes the performance of two reactive MANET routing protocols, DSR and DSDV, under TCP Vegas and TCP Newreno variants through simulations. The simulations measured packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, and total packets dropped. The results showed that DSDV generally had a higher packet delivery ratio but also higher end-to-end delay and more packet drops compared to DSR. DSR performed better in terms of delay and drops due to its on-demand route discovery, while DSDV maintained more consistent routes leading to better packet delivery.
The document provides an overview of routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and enhancements to reactive protocols. It discusses the key features of MANETs and challenges like security. It describes different routing strategies including proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. It provides details on reactive protocols like DSR and AODV. It focuses on enhancements to DSR including the watchdog and pathrater mechanisms to detect misbehaving nodes and select more reliable routes. The document is a technical paper that evaluates routing protocols and security issues in MANETs.
This document provides a literature survey of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs, noting they are self-configuring, infrastructure-less wireless networks that support node mobility. The document then discusses the need for MANETs, applications of MANETs such as disaster relief and military activities, characteristics of MANETs like dynamic topology and power constraints, and classifications of routing protocols for MANETs including proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. Specific routing protocols discussed include DSDV, AODV, DSR, OLSR, TORA, and ZRP. The document concludes that no single routing protocol is suitable for all MANET applications due to different characteristics and
Distributed Routing Protocol for Different Packet Size Data Transfer over Wir...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed technique for efficient data transfer of different packet sizes over wireless sensor networks. The technique uses a combination of routing protocols, including AODV, DSDV, and DSR. It aims to improve quality of service for data transmission by using proper packet formatting and compression techniques. The objective is to develop a reliable architecture that can handle both proactive and reactive routing approaches to efficiently manage routing and transmission of data between neighboring nodes. The proposed technique will be implemented and evaluated using a network simulator.
ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WIRELESS MESH NETWORKIJCSIT Journal
There are two methods to improve the performance of routing protocols in wireless mesh networks. One way is to improve the methods used for select the path. Second way is to improve the algorithms to add up the new characteristics of wireless mesh networks. We also propose a new protocol that is used for Multi Interfaces and Multiple Channels (MIMC) named as Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol.
The document provides an overview of Janet Abbate's book "Inventing the Internet" which explores the history of the development of the Internet from 1959 to 1994. The book examines the social and cultural factors influencing the Internet's evolution from ARPANET to a global network. It analyzes how the Internet was shaped by collaboration and conflict between various players including government, military, computer scientists, and businesses. The author traces the technological development of the Internet and links it to organizational, social, and cultural changes during that period.
Performance Analysis of Optimization Techniques for OLSR Routing Protocol for...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing the performance of the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) through parameter tuning. It first provides background on VANETs and discusses routing challenges. It then proposes using metaheuristic algorithms like genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing to automatically tune OLSR parameters and evaluate the optimized protocol's performance in simulations. The results show the tuned OLSR protocol outperforms the standard OLSR protocol with increased throughput and packet delivery ratio, and reduced delay.
Change is the only thing which is constant in this
today’s era. Constant technology updates demand building up
and falling down of infrastructure along with cost involvement.
Today there is a need of adaptive infrastructure called Ad hoc
network.
Ad hoc network is a collection of two or more nodes with
wireless communication having network capability that they can
communicate without centralized manner. So, at any time host
devices may act as a router or as a node. Ad hoc networks can be
erected as wireless technology, comprising of Radio Frequency
(RF) and infrared frequency.
Wireless Ad hoc network is Temporary, Infrastructure less,
Decentralized, self-organized packet switched network. In this
network topology changes dynamically which can results change
in link failure or broken. In this paper we evaluate the
performance parameters like Throughput, End-to-End Delay and
Packet Delivery Ratio of AODV (ad hoc on Demand Vector) and
DSDV (Destination Sequential Distance Vector) protocol. The
simulation tool used is Network Simulator 2 -2.35
Quality of service refers to a network's ability to provide reliable communication through factors like error rates, bandwidth, throughput, transmission delay, availability, and jitter. These factors influence a network's capability to deliver secure and reliable service. Measuring these QoS factors allows efficient use of network resources and comparison of different networks' overall performance.
Attacks and Routing Protocols in MANET: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document discusses routing protocols and attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an overview of MANETs and their characteristics. It then describes different types of routing protocols for MANETs - reactive, proactive, and hybrid. Examples of each type are provided along with comparisons of their characteristics. Common attacks on MANET routing protocols are also reviewed, including black hole attacks, gray hole attacks, and denial of service attacks. Related work studying improvements to routing protocols and attack detection/prevention are summarized. The document concludes that routing protocols and security against attacks are important research areas for mobile networks.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks using fuzzy logic. The algorithm considers three input variables - signal power, mobility, and delay. It defines fuzzy sets and membership functions to map crisp normalized values of these variables to linguistic values. Rules are written to relate the input and output linguistic variables. The output represents the optimal route. The algorithm aims to address routing problems related to bandwidth, signal power, mobility, and delay in a distributed manner without relying on centralized control. It is designed to quickly adapt to changes in network topology.
Routing protocols in Ad-hoc Networks- A Simulation StudyIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that simulated and compared several routing protocols for ad hoc networks using the Network Simulator 2 (NS-2). It began by describing ad hoc networks and reviewing related work comparing routing protocols. It then provided an overview of desirable routing protocol properties and described several prominent protocols in detail: DSDV, AODV, DSR, ZRP, TORA, IMEP, and CBRP. The document outlined the NS-2 simulator and the mobility extension used. It concluded by detailing the simulation methodology and modifications made to the AODV and DSR implementations in NS-2 to perform the comparative analysis.
Comprehensive survey on routing protocols for IoTsulaiman_karim
This document provides an overview of routing protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT and routing protocols, describes common routing algorithms like distance vector and link state, and discusses specific protocols such as RPL, RIP, and OSPF. It also covers clustering in wireless sensor networks and the LEACH clustering protocol.
Comparison of Various Unicast-Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc N...Editor IJMTER
A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a self configuring network which consists of
mobile nodes with no permanent infrastructure. In a MANETs, there is no difference between a host
node and a router so that all nodes can be source plus forwarders of traffic. The task of finding routes
in Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an important factor in determining the efficiency of any
MANET routing protocols. This paper describes about the basic idea of different routing protocols
and its efficient use in MANET. There are several routing protocols based on UNICAST and
MULTICAST. This paper will conclude the main characteristics of these protocols with comparison
and suggest the best suited protocol for particular topology or network.
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks formed without any preexisting infrastructure. Nodes in a MANET are mobile and communicate in a multi-hop fashion through wireless connections. Routing is challenging in MANETs due to their dynamic topology. There are several routing protocols for MANETs including proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. Common protocols discussed are AODV, DSDV, and DSR. Simulation tools like NS-2 are often used to study and compare MANET routing protocols. MANETs have applications in areas like disaster recovery, mesh networks, opportunistic networking, and vehicular networks.
Mobile Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol...Natasha Barnett
This document discusses a proposed Secured PPEM based Multi-Hop Strong Path Geographic Routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The protocol aims to enhance security in MANETs by incorporating effective key management, secure neighbor detection, securing routing data, identifying malicious nodes, and eliminating them from routing tables. Simulation results show the protocol increases throughput and packet delivery ratio with a tolerable increase in routing overhead and end-to-end delay compared to existing routing protocols for MANETs.
Video transmission over wireless network requires
link reliability. Videos are having more data to be transmitted
during communication. The criticality and load of the network
increases when some video data is communicated over the
network. Firstly, describes the characteristics of Mobile Ad hoc
Networks and their Routing protocol, and second a mobile ad
hoc network (MANET) which consists of set mobile wireless
nodes and one fixed wireless server are design using ns-2. In this
research we will simulate three MANET routing protocols such
as AODV against three different parameters i.e. delay, network
load, throughput and retransmission.
Sample Hl English Essay - David McIntyrethinkibEngliRebecca Buono
The document provides instructions for using the writing service HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content through a bidding system and revision process.
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Thank you for sharing your thoughts. I'm afraid I don't actually have experiences to draw from, as I'm an AI assistant created by Anthropic to be helpful, harmless, and honest. Perhaps we could have an imaginary conversation where I take on the role of Dr. Sage?
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The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request through the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a full refund option for plagiarized work.
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Writing Paper Groundhog Day By Sandra Naufal TeRebecca Buono
The document discusses Robert Louis Stevenson's book "Just Mercy" and how it depicts a binary justice system with a majority class that operates for those in power against a vulnerable class. The majority class uses attacking the vulnerable as a way to advance within the system. The book shows how electing judges in Alabama allows politics to influence judicial decisions in a way that is unjust to the vulnerable. It aims to highlight the inequities in the justice system and advocate for reforming policies and practices to establish a fair system for all.
An Ultimate Guide On How To Write An A-Level Academic PaperRebecca Buono
This document provides instructions for writing an academic paper for an A-Level course through the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with valid email and password; 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline; 3) Review writer bids and choose one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The website promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
The law firm NeuMorris is filing a petition on behalf of client Sam Rodgers Properties to vacate the plat for the Palmer Farms Third Unit subdivision located near Boleyn Road and Debrecen Road, and is notifying the recipient as an owner of a nearby property to obtain their letter of no objection for the petition process with Sarasota County.
The document discusses comparative and absolute advantage in international trade. It explains that absolute advantage refers to when a country can produce a good using fewer resources, while comparative advantage refers to when a country can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than other countries. It provides the examples of the US having absolute advantage in technological products and services, and comparative advantage in tech services, while having absolute advantage in technology design and industrial capacity. International trade allows countries to benefit based on their advantages.
This document provides instructions for hiring an essay writer from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and choose one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The website promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
The implicit association test is an implicit measure of attitudes that assesses subconscious attitudes without participants' knowledge. It works by measuring reaction times when pairing concepts together, such as associating pleasant words with social groups. This provides insights into automatic attitudes that people may not express explicitly. Implicit measures are important because explicit self-reports of attitudes do not always match implicit or behavioral measures.
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The document discusses the hero's journey stages that are demonstrated in the Shrek movies. It begins by introducing Shrek as an ogre living alone in a swamp, representing the ordinary world stage. Shrek is then disrupted by Lord Farquaad exiling fairy tale creatures in his swamp, representing the call to adventure. The rest of the movie shows Shrek's journey of facing challenges to rescue Princess Fiona and save his swamp, going through stages like crossing the threshold, trials and rewards, and return with the elixir until he finds acceptance at the end.
This document discusses Porter's five forces model for industry analysis. It explains the five competitive forces as threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, and rivalry among existing competitors. Specific factors are given that determine the level of power for each force, such as entry barriers, switching costs for substitutes, supplier concentration, and buyer concentration. The document also notes that barriers to entry can be created through government actions like granting monopolies or industry regulation.
8 Steps In Writing Research Paper Research Paper,Rebecca Buono
1. The woodcut depicts the Whore of Babylon from the biblical Book of Revelation and was part of Albrecht Dürer's influential Apocalypse series published in 1498.
2. Dürer refined engraving techniques like cross-hatching to create subtle shading and textures.
3. The engraving style allowed Dürer to portray complex psychological themes like melancholy and the despair of an uninspired artistic genius.
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The opening scene of The Godfather takes place at an undertaker's shop. Low-key lighting casts dark shadows, creating a sense of despair and fear. Don Vito Corleone meets with various associates seeking favors on his daughter's wedding day. Through their requests and his responses, the audience learns that Vito is the head of a mafia crime family. This brief scene effectively establishes the violent criminal world of organized crime that the film will explore.
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The document discusses the psychological consequences of earthquakes as natural disasters. Earthquakes can cause post-traumatic stress disorders and other disaster-related psychological problems that are common after such traumatic experiences. Analyzing individuals who develop psychological issues is important to plan interventions both in the short and long term after a disaster. Earthquakes are particularly notable as they occur without warning and cause significant damage and loss of life.
Principles of Roods Approach!!!!!!!.pptxibtesaam huma
Principles of Rood’s Approach
Treatment technique used in physiotherapy for neurological patients which aids them to recover and improve quality of life
Facilitatory techniques
Inhibitory techniques
Split Shifts From Gantt View in the Odoo 17Celine George
Odoo allows users to split long shifts into multiple segments directly from the Gantt view.Each segment retains details of the original shift, such as employee assignment, start time, end time, and specific tasks or descriptions.
Understanding and Interpreting Teachers’ TPACK for Teaching Multimodalities i...Neny Isharyanti
Presented as a plenary session in iTELL 2024 in Salatiga on 4 July 2024.
The plenary focuses on understanding and intepreting relevant TPACK competence for teachers to be adept in teaching multimodality in the digital age. It juxtaposes the results of research on multimodality with its contextual implementation in the teaching of English subject in the Indonesian Emancipated Curriculum.
Still I Rise by Maya Angelou
-Table of Contents
● Questions to be Addressed
● Introduction
● About the Author
● Analysis
● Key Literary Devices Used in the Poem
1. Simile
2. Metaphor
3. Repetition
4. Rhetorical Question
5. Structure and Form
6. Imagery
7. Symbolism
● Conclusion
● References
-Questions to be Addressed
1. How does the meaning of the poem evolve as we progress through each stanza?
2. How do similes and metaphors enhance the imagery in "Still I Rise"?
3. What effect does the repetition of certain phrases have on the overall tone of the poem?
4. How does Maya Angelou use symbolism to convey her message of resilience and empowerment?
Join educators from the US and worldwide at this year’s conference, themed “Strategies for Proficiency & Acquisition,” to learn from top experts in world language teaching.
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Here we are going to discuss how to store data in Odoo 17 Website.
It includes defining a model with few fields in it. Add demo data into the model using data directory. Also using a controller, pass the values into the template while rendering it and display the values in the website.
Beyond the Advance Presentation for By the Book 9John Rodzvilla
In June 2020, L.L. McKinney, a Black author of young adult novels, began the #publishingpaidme hashtag to create a discussion on how the publishing industry treats Black authors: “what they’re paid. What the marketing is. How the books are treated. How one Black book not reaching its parameters casts a shadow on all Black books and all Black authors, and that’s not the same for our white counterparts.” (Grady 2020) McKinney’s call resulted in an online discussion across 65,000 tweets between authors of all races and the creation of a Google spreadsheet that collected information on over 2,000 titles.
While the conversation was originally meant to discuss the ethical value of book publishing, it became an economic assessment by authors of how publishers treated authors of color and women authors without a full analysis of the data collected. This paper would present the data collected from relevant tweets and the Google database to show not only the range of advances among participating authors split out by their race, gender, sexual orientation and the genre of their work, but also the publishers’ treatment of their titles in terms of deal announcements and pre-pub attention in industry publications. The paper is based on a multi-year project of cleaning and evaluating the collected data to assess what it reveals about the habits and strategies of American publishers in acquiring and promoting titles from a diverse group of authors across the literary, non-fiction, children’s, mystery, romance, and SFF genres.
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Debts of gratitude 4meanings announcement format.pptx
Wiki2010 Unit 4
1. Wiki2010 Unit 4
f each other and usually with nodes sending data at a constant rate. Different protocols are then evaluated based on the packet drop rate, average
routing load, average end–to–end–delay, and other measures. The proposed solutions for routing protocols could be grouped in three categories:
proactive (or table–driven), reactive (or on–demand), and hybrid protocols. Even the reactive protocols have become the main stream for MANET
routing. In this chapter, we introduce some popular routing protocols in each of the three categories and for IPv6 networks
[Lee2009][Wiki2010a][Wiki2010c]. 1.3 Applications for MANET Ad hoc networks are suited for use in situations where infrastructure is either not
available or not trusted, such as a communication... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So that when a packet needs to be forwarded, a route is already known and can be used immediately. Once the routing tables are setup, then data
(packets) transmissions will be as fast and easy as in the tradition wired networks. Unfortunately, it is a big overhead to maintain routing tables in the
mobile ad hoc network environment. Therefore, the proactive routing protocols have the following common disadvantages: 1. Respective amount of
data for maintaining routing information. 2. Slow reaction on restructuring network and failures of individual nodes. Proactive routing protocols
became less popular after more and more reactive routing protocols were introduced. In this section, we introduce three popular proactive routing
protocols – DSDV, WRP and OLSR. Besides the three popular protocols, there are many other proactive routing protocols for MNAET, such as CGSR,
HSR, MMRP and so on [Wiki2010c][Sholander2002]. 2.1 Destination–Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) Destination–Sequenced Distance–Vector
Routing (DSDV) is a table–driven routing scheme for ad hoc mobile networks based on the Bellman–Ford algorithm. It was developed by
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
2. The Digital Signal Processing Applications
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
With advent of modern high–performance signal processing applications, high throughput is in great demand. Digital Signal Processing is perhaps the
most important enabling technology behind the last few decade's communication and multi–media revolutions. Most recent research in the digital signal
processing (DSP) area has focused on new techniques that explore parallel processing architectures for solutions to the DSP problems .DSP is used in
a numerous real time application related with the VLSI technology such as wireless communication, transmission system, multimedia, digital video,
digital audio and radar system. The field of DSP has always been driven by the advances in VLSI technologies. With the advances in... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Loop transformation techniques are applied extensively on loop intensive behaviors in design of area/energy efficient systems in the domain of
multimedia and signal processing applications. These are also commonly used during high–level synthesis for optimization purposes. One of the most
popular loop transformation techniques is retiming, which improves the performance of the system. Retiming relocates the delays or registers within a
circuit without altering the functionality. As relocating the delays or registers balances the critical path and reduces the states of the circuit.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Graphical representation are efficient for investigating and analyzing the data flow properties of DSP system and for exploiting the inherent parallelism
among the different subtask. More importantly graphical representation can be used to map DSP algorithm to hardware implementation. This graphical
representation can build the gap between algorithmic description and structural implementation. It exhibits all parallelism and data driven properties of
the system and provide an insight into space and time tradeoffs.
2.1 DATA FLOW GRAPH
In Data Flow Graph (DFG) representation, the nodes represent computations and the directed edges represent data path and each edge has a
non–negative number of delays associated with it.
The DFG captures the data driven property of DSP algorithms where any node
4. The Routing Information Protocol ( RIP ) Essay
The Routing Information Protocol ( RIP )
INTRODUCTION:
I will summarize Request For Comments (RFC) 1058, Routing Information Protocol (RIP), by discussing RIPs basic algorithm/distance vector
algorithm, protocol, message format, protocol limitations, and new improvements to RIP.
RIP is very important to internetworking, since it passes information about routes between networks and hosts. It allows hosts and gateways to
exchange information for the purpose of computing routes.
BASIC ALGORITHM/DISTANCE VECTOR ALGORITHM:
RIP was designed to work with moderate sized networks, which used pretty much the same technology. It was not intended to work complex network
systems. RIP is widely used for routing traffic in the global ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the following, the distance could be 4,5,6 and more. A–––––B–––––C / / | / / D–––E F–––––G | | | H | | / | I––––––––J | / | | K––––––––––L–––––M
In the above, the shortest path from A to M could be A–B–C–E–M, A–B–D–H–M, or A–G–J–L–M. There are two algorithms that find the shortest path:
the Bellman–Ford or Dijkstra algorithms. Once one of these algorithms are run, each node in the network will know the shortest path from itself to each
other node in the network.
The algorithm uses fixed "metrics" for route comparisons. The fixed metrics could be time delay, cost, or some other value used to compare routes. In
the following network, the numbers represent the cost to transverse the link.
A –––– 1 –––– B ––––– 2 ––––– C | | | |
| 3 2 1
| |
| |
5. 3 D –––– 3 –––– E –– 2 –– F
| /
| 1
| / G –––––––––– 3 –––––––––– H
In the above network the following would be:
Route Cost
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6. Pros And Disadvantages Of Routing
Networks are usually very humungous which makes the implementation of routing algorithms really tough. Hence there is a need to divide the
networks into autonomous systems. AS are groups of networks and routers which are under the control of a single admin. Routing can broadly be
divided into interior and exterior routing based on whether routing is inside an autonomous system or not.
There are three major/popular routing protocols being used.
Interior:
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF)
Exterior
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is the simplest and commonly used routing protocol in IP networks. It makes use of distance vector routing
technique and UDP for transport ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disadvantages:
It has slow convergence. If a change is made in a network, it might take really long for the router to learn about it if they are not close by. To prevent
this max hop is introduced.
It is too simple in terms of metric
It might be unstable and leads to count to infinity problem. (loops of packets)
Scalability is an issue
Open Shortest Path First: OSPF is an interior routing protocol and is base on link state routing. It is comparatively more recent and efficient than the
widely used RIP. It also makes use of autonomous systems. It breaks the autonomous systems into one more level that is areas. It does not make use
of only hop count as metric. Metric based on type of service like minimum delay (rtt), maximum throughput, reliability, etc. It is competitively more
scalable than the RIP. It minimizes delay and maximizes throughput. It makes use of IP and has a value in the IP Header which is a 8 bit protocol field.
It has four different kind of links involved
Point to point
Virtual
Transient
7. Stub
It has five kinds of link state advertisement
Router link
Network link
Summary link to network
External
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8. Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of Wireless Networked And...
INTRODUCTION A network is collection of devices which are connected to each other for data exchange. Devices are linked with each other in
order to share resources, exchange files or allow electronic communications. These are interconnected for sharing data quickly and easily. A
network can be divided into wired and wireless networks. In wireless networks, there is no physical connection between devices or computers as
there are some sort of radio frequencies in air to transmit and receive data instead of using physical cables. In wireless networks, cables are used at
backbone and the computers are integrated with access points. Wireless networks work as same way as wired LAN using same protocols and
applications. Wireless technology has made easier the sharing of resources in a home or business simultaneously by multiple computer users without
exhibiting any additional or intrusive wiring. Wireless networks are easy to expand and inexpensive as compared to wired networks. The advantage of
wireless networks is that it data can be shared globally at all parts of the world. Wireless networks are flexible and so it is ideal for non–reachable
paces such as cross–river and mountains. The main disadvantage of wireless... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
when there is a need to transmit data from source to destination a route discovery process is initiated by the source. In this process, the network is
flooded with route request packets to create a suitable route from source to destination. The Routing table is also created on demand. Flooding is a
reliable method of passing information to all the nodes present in the network; however it uses bandwidth and cause delays in packet transmission but
decreases the control traffic overhead. After getting the best route, route establishment phase ceases with initiation of route maintenance phase which
keeps up valid routes and remove all the invalid routes thus reducing
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9. Bellman-Ford Deliverout Analysis
This part of your exam is worth 30 points.
Using the provided network diagram, write a program that finds the shortest path routing using the Bellman–Ford algorithm. Your program should
represent the fact that your node is U. Show how the iterative process generates the routing table for your node. One of the keys to your program will
be in determining when the iterative process is done. Deliverables
1.Provide an output that shows the routing table for your node after each iteration. Add a second table with two columns. One that shows the destination
from your node and the second column indicating the number of hops to reach that node.
OUTPUT:
The screenshot of the output of the running program is attached below. The distance... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Below shown is how the output looks:
2.Provide a Word document with screenshots that explains how your program incorporates the Bellman–Ford algorithm. Ensure you explain and show
how you incorporated the iterative process and determined when the routing table for your node was optimum. You can incorporate your outputs into
this document; however, you must identify where in your source code you print the results required in deliverable 1 above.
This algorithm calculates the shortest path using the bottom–up approach. The Bellman Ford algorithm using a relaxation formula and calculates the
path between each edge and iterates for V–1 times using this formula to finally calculate the shortest path. We are assuming that there are no negative
weight cycle in the network.
It starts by calculating the shortest path between one node at first, then it checks for the path between two nodes, and so on proceeds in each iteration.
I have put the outer loop as V–1, where V is the total number of vertices that is present in the network. In our case, V=6. Therefore, there must be V–1,
which is 5 iterations to obtain the optimal shortest path to each of the node from the source node.
The below shown highlighted screenshot is the comparison relaxation formula used to check at each edge.
If we iterate through all the edges one more time, and still get the shortest path, this means that there is a negative weight cycle in the network. Hence,