This document provides information about the fourth edition of the book "The Complete FreeBSD". It includes a copyright notice and licensing terms for the book. The book was written in troff and formatted on 24 February 2006 with GNU groff Version 1.19 running under FreeBSD 6.0-CURRENT. It requests that errors be reported to the contact email provided.
This document provides an introduction to Linux fundamentals. It covers Linux history and distributions, licensing, installing Linux in a virtual machine, navigating the command line, files and directories, shell expansion and variables, pipes and filters, vi text editor basics, scripting, and local user management. The document is intended to be used for instructor-led Linux training and includes exercises and solutions.
This document provides an overview and guide to IBM tape library technologies for open systems. It discusses IBM tape drives such as LTO Ultrium, libraries, tape formats, tape encryption, data virtualization technologies, and the Linear Tape File System (LTFS). The document is intended to help readers learn about enhancements to the IBM tape drive and library portfolio and how to leverage tape solutions for data protection, retention and sharing in open systems environments. It contains information on technologies such as LTFS, data deduplication appliances, tape encryption, and integrating tape into storage area networks.
Dreamweaver is a program for designing and building websites. It provides tools for laying out pages with CSS and HTML, managing site assets and libraries, and publishing pages to a web server. Dreamweaver allows for collaborative website development through features for setting up sites and checking files in and out. The program's workspace provides toolbars, inspectors, and panels for streamlining website production.
This document provides information about building and deploying Java ME (J2ME) applications, known as MIDlets. It discusses the tools needed to create, compile, and test MIDlets, including IDEs, emulators, and debugging techniques. It also covers the J2ME architecture of configurations and profiles that define the capabilities available to MIDlets, and how MIDlets are packaged and run on mobile devices.
This document provides information for developers wishing to develop applications using the MySQL Cluster storage engine APIs. It describes the low-level C++ NDB API, the C MGM API for controlling management servers, and the MySQL Cluster Connector for Java. The guide includes concepts, terminology, class and function references, examples, common problems and tips for using these APIs to develop applications. It also contains information about NDB internals that may be of interest to developers working with MySQL Cluster.
This document provides information about using SQLite databases in B4X projects. It discusses database initialization, table creation, data types, and basic SQL commands like INSERT, SELECT, WHERE and ORDER BY. Example source code for simple SQLite database apps is included to demonstrate concepts like initializing databases, creating and querying tables, and performing common CRUD operations.
This document is an introduction to creating Android applications. It discusses downloading the necessary developer software, including the Android SDK and Eclipse IDE. It also covers setting up a new Android project in Eclipse, running the app in an emulator or on a device, and creating a basic "Hello World" activity. The document then provides an overview of some key concepts for developing Android apps, such as activities, intents, and managing user interfaces with views and layouts.
This document provides copyright information and details about Parallels Plesk Panel. It covers topics such as logging in, customizing the control panel interface, viewing hosting package details, simplifying website setup, hosting websites, deploying databases, installing applications, and securing websites. The document contains instructions for tasks like creating hosting accounts, publishing websites, configuring ASP.NET, and setting up SSL encryption.
Peachpit mastering xcode 4 develop and design sep 2011Jose Erickson
This document provides information about the book "Mastering Xcode 4: Develop and Design" by Joshua Nozzi. It was published by Peachpit Press in 2012 and covers using Xcode 4 to develop applications for iOS and Mac OS X. The book includes chapters on using the Xcode interface, creating user interfaces, adding and managing files in a project, writing and debugging code, and using the data model editor. It is intended to help readers master the development tools and workflows in Xcode 4.
This document is a copyrighted user guide for Adobe Dreamweaver CS5. It provides information on using Dreamweaver CS5 for Windows and Mac OS, including an overview of the Dreamweaver workspace, site management features, file creation and management tools, asset management, CSS design and development, HTML page layout features, and adding content to pages. The document is protected under copyright law and is licensed for non-commercial use and distribution with proper attribution to Adobe.
This document is the user manual for EMS Data Export 2010 for MySQL version 3.3. It contains information about the product's features and how to use its wizard application to export data from MySQL databases to various file formats like Excel, Access, Word, and HTML. The manual has sections covering the wizard's steps for setting connection options, selecting tables and queries, choosing an export format and fields, and configuring format-specific export options.
This document discusses LaTeX and the contents of this PDF file. It notes that on April 28, 2012, the contents of the English and German Wikibooks and Wikipedia projects were licensed under a Creative Commons license. It also mentions that the LaTeX source code for this document is included as an attachment that can be extracted from the PDF. Finally, it states that the LaTeX source was generated by a freely available program under an open source license.
This document provides a detailed overview of the internals of the GNU debugger (GDB), including its overall structure, key algorithms, user interface, symbol handling, and other components. It describes GDB's symbol side for accessing program symbols and debugging information, target side for communicating with the debugged process, and configurations for different operating systems and architectures. The document also examines GDB's algorithms for tasks like breakpoint handling, single stepping, watchpoints, and unwinds stack frames to locate values. It provides details on GDB's UI, use of libgdb for CLI support, handling of values and types, and support for various object file and debugging formats.
This document provides an overview and instructions for configuring and using Mercury/32, a mail server software for Windows and Novell NetWare systems. It describes the core module, autonomous mail server, mailing lists, policies, and mail filtering rules capabilities of Mercury/32. Configuration options are presented for the general settings, mail queue, local domains, groups, files, reporting, advanced settings and more.
This document is the user guide for MicroSim Schematics version 8. It includes an overview of the software, instructions for getting started with drawing schematics, using the design manager to organize files, and details on using the schematic editor interface. The guide covers the main components of schematic designs, navigating the main window, menus, toolbars, and keyboard shortcuts. It aims to help new users learn the basics of creating and simulating schematic designs.
This document provides a copyright notice and table of contents for the Parallels Plesk Panel user guide. It details that the guide contains information on topics such as getting started with Plesk Panel, setting up websites and email, managing user accounts and hosting accounts, and configuring technologies like ASP.NET, PHP, and databases. The copyright is held by Parallels, Inc. and distribution of the work without permission is prohibited.
This document provides an overview of Linux fundamentals and includes the following key points:
- It discusses the history of Linux, originating from Unix in the 1970s, and describes some popular Linux distributions like Debian and Red Hat.
- It covers licensing aspects like the GNU General Public License (GPL) and explains how to obtain Linux for personal use either by downloading a distribution or using a live CD/USB.
- The document is intended as an instructor-led training guide, covering topics like command line basics, file manipulation, shell expansion, pipes and filters, scripting, user and group management, and file security permissions.
- It includes chapters on the vi text editor and provides appendices on Linux
Plesk Sitebuilder 4.5 for Linux/Unix Wizard User's Guidewebhostingguy
This document provides an overview and instructions for using Parallels Plesk Sitebuilder. It discusses getting started with the Plesk Sitebuilder Wizard, including logging in and understanding the interface. It then covers using the wizard to choose a site type, design, structure, and populate the site with content like text, images, tables, and modules. The document provides guidance on site creation features within Plesk Sitebuilder.
This document provides two ways to change the default program that opens a specific file type on Windows 7. The easiest way is to right click a file, select "Open with", and then choose the preferred program from the menu and select the option to always use that program. Alternatively, one can open the Default Programs menu from the Start button, select "Associate a file type or protocol with a program", choose the file type and preferred opening program, and click OK to configure the change.
To download files from Moodle:
1) Log into your course on Moodle using your credentials. Multiple file types like PDF, Word, and PowerPoint can be distributed.
2) Click the link for the file you want - PDFs may open in a new window or embedded in Moodle, while other files give you an option to open or save the file.
3) Opening PowerPoint or Word files depends on your browser - they may open directly or save first so you can open them later with the appropriate program.
This document provides a collection of Unix/Linux commands useful for system administration and advanced users. It covers topics such as system information, processes, file systems, networks, encryption, version control, software installation and more. Each section provides concise explanations of commands within that topic area. The reader is expected to have a working knowledge of Unix-like systems.
This document provides a collection of Unix/Linux commands useful for system administration and advanced users. It covers topics such as system information, processes, file systems, networks, encryption, version control, software installation and more. Each section provides concise explanations of commands within that topic area. The reader is expected to have a working knowledge of Unix-like systems.
This document summarizes a technical report about the Gazelle web browser, which is constructed as a multi-principal operating system (OS). Gazelle's Browser Kernel runs as a separate OS process and exclusively manages resource protection and sharing across web site principals (origins). This construction exposes new design challenges not addressed in previous works, such as protecting cross-origin script sources and cross-principal display/events. The report describes Gazelle's security model and architecture, focusing on resource protection, and compares it to other browsers such as Google Chrome. It also discusses Gazelle's implementation in a prototype and evaluations of its performance and compatibility with popular websites.
The document provides file formatting specifications for a single page submission, including:
- File type must be .pdf
- Images must be at least 300dpi resolution
- File size cannot exceed 15mb
- Colour mode should be CMYK
- Font size must be 6 points or greater and fonts embedded
- File name should be in the format of firstname_lastname.pdf
It also specifies the page size of 230x155mm with 3mm bleed and suggests including optional contact information such as name or institution in the top right corner.
This document provides two ways to change the default program that opens a specific file type on Windows 7. The easiest way is to right click a file, select "Open with", and then choose the preferred program from the menu and select the option to always use that program. Alternatively, one can open the Default Programs menu from the Start button, select "Associate a file type or protocol with a program", choose the file type and preferred opening program, and click OK to configure the change.
This document provides definitions and information about common file types including their file extensions and intended uses. It discusses bitmap (.bmp), EPS, GIF, JPEG, Photoshop (.psd), PNG, TIFF, Illustrator (.ai), and PDF file types. For each file type, it describes whether it contains raster or vector data, its color support, compression methods, and whether it is best suited for web, print, or other uses. The document is intended as a resource to help understand which file format to use for different programs and purposes.
This document provides an introduction to using Linux, a free Unix-clone operating system. It covers basic Unix commands, as well as Linux-specific commands. The manual is intended for beginning Unix users, providing information on starting and stopping Linux, the shell interface, basic file management and permissions, and the X Window System graphical interface. It also includes licensing information and acknowledgments.
Using Adobe® Dreamweaver® CS5 for Windows® and Mac OS provides instructions for using Dreamweaver's features and functionality. It discusses Dreamweaver's workspace, managing websites and files, and inserting reusable assets and library items. The document also contains copyright information and lists of third party software used in Dreamweaver.
This document provides a legal guide for podcasting, covering copyright, publicity rights, trademark law, and other legal issues. It explains that permission is generally required to use others' written work or audio recordings in a podcast but outlines exceptions for facts, public domain works, US government works, fair use, and Creative Commons-licensed content. It also discusses using music, video, interviews, one's own work, and finding "podsafe" content that can be freely used. The guide covers implied and express licenses for distributing podcasts and introduces basic podcasting concepts.
This document provides a legal guide for podcasting, covering copyright, publicity rights, trademark law, and other legal issues. It explains that permission is generally required to use others' written work or audio recordings, but there are exceptions for facts, public domain works, U.S. government works, fair use, and Creative Commons-licensed content. It also discusses issues involving music, video, images, distribution licenses, and finding podsafe content. The goal is to help podcasters understand and navigate the relevant laws to avoid legal problems in their shows.
This document provides a legal guide for podcasting, covering copyright, publicity rights, trademark, and distribution issues. It explains that permission is generally required to use others' written works but lists exceptions for facts, public domain works, US government works, fair use, and Creative Commons-licensed content. It also discusses using music, video, interviews and one's own written works in podcasts. The guide provides examples of fair use and explains how to license and distribute one's podcast while complying with copyright law.
This document provides a legal guide for podcasting, covering copyright, publicity rights, trademark law, and distributing podcasts. It discusses when permission is needed to use others' content or trademarks and exceptions like fair use. It also explains how to find Creative Commons-licensed or "podsafe" content to include without permission. The guide aims to help podcasters understand key legal issues to consider for their shows.
This document provides an overview of key legal issues related to podcasting, including copyright, publicity rights, and trademark law. It discusses when permission is needed to use various types of content, such as facts, public domain works, creative commons licensed content, and fair use of copyrighted material. The document also addresses distributing podcasts, using services, implied and explicit licenses, and finding "podsafe" content that is free from restrictions. The goal is to help podcasters understand major legal topics in a general way while disclaiming that the information does not constitute legal advice.
This document provides an overview of copyright, publicity rights, and trademark issues related to podcasting. It discusses when permission is needed to use various types of content, such as facts, public domain works, creative commons licensed works, and fair use of copyrighted material. It also addresses using music, video, images, and interviews in podcasts. The document provides background on podcasting and lists additional resources for legal issues, podcasting tools and content sources. The overall purpose is to help podcasters understand and navigate the relevant intellectual property laws.
This document provides a legal guide for podcasting, covering copyright, publicity rights, trademark law, and other legal issues. It explains that permission is generally required to use others' written work or audio recordings in a podcast but outlines exceptions for facts, public domain works, U.S. government works, fair use, and Creative Commons-licensed content. Interview subjects' permission should be obtained. Music use requires synchronization and master use licenses. The guide also addresses implied and express podcast licenses and using services to distribute podcasts.
This document provides an overview of copyright, publicity rights, and trademark issues related to podcasting. It discusses when permission is needed to use copyrighted content like music, when fair use allows use without permission, and how to find content licensed for podcasting use under Creative Commons. The document also addresses distributing podcasts, applying licenses to your own podcast, and using services to distribute podcasts. It aims to help podcasters understand and navigate relevant legal issues in creating and distributing their shows.
This document provides an overview of copyright, publicity rights, and trademark issues related to podcasting. It discusses when permission is needed to use copyrighted content like music, when fair use allows use without permission, and how to find content licensed for podcasting use. The document also addresses distributing podcasts, applying licenses to your own podcast, and using services to distribute podcasts. It aims to help podcasters understand and navigate the relevant legal issues in creating and distributing their shows.
This document provides a legal guide for podcasting, covering copyright, publicity rights, trademark law, and distributing podcasts. It discusses when permission is needed to use others' content or trademarks and exceptions like fair use. It also explains how to find Creative Commons-licensed or "podsafe" content to include without permission. The guide aims to help podcasters understand key legal issues to consider for their shows.
This document provides an overview of copyright, publicity rights, and trademark issues related to podcasting. It discusses when permission is needed to use copyrighted content like music, when fair use allows use without permission, and how to find content licensed for podcasting use. The document also addresses distributing podcasts, applying licenses to your own podcast, and using services to distribute podcasts. It aims to help podcasters understand and navigate the relevant legal issues in creating and distributing their shows.
This document provides an overview and guide to using the Unity desktop environment in Ubuntu 11.04. It covers topics such as using the launcher to open applications, finding files and apps with the dash, working with windows and workspaces, networking and internet configuration, installing and removing software, universal accessibility settings, and managing sound, video and pictures. The guide includes step-by-step instructions and explanations of key Unity concepts to help new users get started with the desktop.
This document provides an overview of the Linux operating system and fundamentals for learning Linux, including:
- Details on Linux distributions like Debian, Red Hat, and SUSE and their licensing models.
- A brief history of open source software development and benefits of the open source model.
- Essentials of the Linux operating system like filesystem structure, shell commands, file permissions and redirection.
- Information on Linux certification programs.
- Setup instructions for a Linux emulator for the fundamentals course.
- Appendices on Linux Professional Institute certification levels and the Linux kernel.
This document outlines the machine requirements, prerequisites, and expected outcomes for courses on Linux fundamentals, system administration, networking, shell scripting, and internals.
For the fundamentals course, a Pentium 2 500MHz computer with 32MB RAM is recommended. The system administration course requires completion of fundamentals first. After completing fundamentals and system administration, the equivalent of a junior administrator would be achieved. Additional courses build on this knowledge towards senior roles.
This document provides an overview of the Linux operating system and fundamentals for learning Linux, including:
- Details on Linux distributions like Debian, Red Hat, and SUSE and their licensing models.
- A brief history of open source software development and benefits of the open source model.
- How to log into a Linux system, basics of the shell, command line navigation, and file management.
- Key topics covered include files/directories, permissions, and redirection.
- Information on Linux certification programs.
- Setup instructions for a Linux emulator for the fundamentals course.
This document provides an overview of EndNote version 9 for Windows. It includes information about installing and upgrading EndNote, introduces the main EndNote library and interface, and provides a guided tour of common EndNote tasks like entering references, searching online databases, importing references, and using EndNote while writing a paper in Microsoft Word. The document is divided into chapters that cover the key aspects of using EndNote.
This document is the PSpice User Guide for product version 17.2-2016 published in April 2016. It provides an overview of PSpice, describes how to use PSpice with other Cadence tools, explains the files needed for simulation, discusses library management, and provides examples for creating simulation models and running analyses.
This document is an administrator's guide for Liferay Portal. It provides information to help with initial setup and installation, configuration, using Liferay's collaboration features, advanced configuration, maintenance, and upgrading Liferay Portal. The guide discusses obtaining and installing Liferay bundles or for an enterprise, configuring users, organizations, communities, and permissions. It also covers clustering, caching, workflow, customizing, monitoring, backups, logging, and upgrading Liferay.
Views in Odoo - Advanced Views - Pivot View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, the pivot view is a graphical representation of data that allows users to analyze and summarize large datasets quickly. It's a powerful tool for generating insights from your business data.
The pivot view in Odoo is a valuable tool for analyzing and summarizing large datasets, helping you gain insights into your business operations.
The membership Module in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Some business organizations give membership to their customers to ensure the long term relationship with those customers. If the customer is a member of the business then they get special offers and other benefits. The membership module in odoo 17 is helpful to manage everything related to the membership of multiple customers.
Principles of Roods Approach!!!!!!!.pptxibtesaam huma
Principles of Rood’s Approach
Treatment technique used in physiotherapy for neurological patients which aids them to recover and improve quality of life
Facilitatory techniques
Inhibitory techniques
The Value of Time ~ A Story to Ponder On (Eng. & Chi.).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint presentation on the importance of time management based on a meaningful story to ponder on. The texts are in English and Chinese.
For the Video (texts in English and Chinese) with audio narration and explanation in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUtjLnxEBKo
No, it's not a robot: prompt writing for investigative journalismPaul Bradshaw
How to use generative AI tools like ChatGPT and Gemini to generate story ideas for investigations, identify potential sources, and help with coding and writing.
A talk from the Centre for Investigative Journalism Summer School, July 2024
Front Desk Management in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Front desk officers are responsible for taking care of guests and customers. Their work mainly involves interacting with customers and business partners, either in person or through phone calls.
Split Shifts From Gantt View in the Odoo 17Celine George
Odoo allows users to split long shifts into multiple segments directly from the Gantt view.Each segment retains details of the original shift, such as employee assignment, start time, end time, and specific tasks or descriptions.
Webinar Innovative assessments for SOcial Emotional SkillsEduSkills OECD
Presentations by Adriano Linzarini and Daniel Catarino da Silva of the OECD Rethinking Assessment of Social and Emotional Skills project from the OECD webinar "Innovations in measuring social and emotional skills and what AI will bring next" on 5 July 2024
Slide Presentation from a Doctoral Virtual Open House presented on June 30, 2024 by staff and faculty of Capitol Technology University
Covers degrees offered, program details, tuition, financial aid and the application process.
How to Store Data on the Odoo 17 WebsiteCeline George
Here we are going to discuss how to store data in Odoo 17 Website.
It includes defining a model with few fields in it. Add demo data into the model using data directory. Also using a controller, pass the values into the template while rendering it and display the values in the website.
Delegation Inheritance in Odoo 17 and Its Use CasesCeline George
There are 3 types of inheritance in odoo Classical, Extension, and Delegation. Delegation inheritance is used to sink other models to our custom model. And there is no change in the views. This slide will discuss delegation inheritance and its use cases in odoo 17.
Beginner's Guide to Bypassing Falco Container Runtime Security in Kubernetes ...anjaliinfosec
This presentation, crafted for the Kubernetes Village at BSides Bangalore 2024, delves into the essentials of bypassing Falco, a leading container runtime security solution in Kubernetes. Tailored for beginners, it covers fundamental concepts, practical techniques, and real-world examples to help you understand and navigate Falco's security mechanisms effectively. Ideal for developers, security professionals, and tech enthusiasts eager to enhance their expertise in Kubernetes security and container runtime defenses.
Understanding and Interpreting Teachers’ TPACK for Teaching Multimodalities i...Neny Isharyanti
Presented as a plenary session in iTELL 2024 in Salatiga on 4 July 2024.
The plenary focuses on understanding and intepreting relevant TPACK competence for teachers to be adept in teaching multimodality in the digital age. It juxtaposes the results of research on multimodality with its contextual implementation in the teaching of English subject in the Indonesian Emancipated Curriculum.
5. Table of Contents
Foreword ............................................................................................... xxiv
Preface to the free edition ...................................................... xxvii
Building the book..................................................................................................... xxix
The status of this book .............................................................................................. xxx
Preface ................................................................................................... xxxi
The fourth edition..................................................................................................... xxxi
Conventions used in this book ................................................................................ xxxii
Describing the keyboard ......................................................................................... xxxiii
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. xxxiv
Book reviewers ....................................................................................................... xxxv
How this book was written..................................................................................... xxxvi
1: Introduction ........................................................................................ 1
How to use this book..................................................................................................... 1
FreeBSD features .......................................................................................................... 4
Licensing conditions ..................................................................................................... 6
A little history ............................................................................................................... 7
The end of the UNIX wars ............................................................................................. 9
Other free UNIX-like operating systems ...................................................................... 9
FreeBSD and Linux ..................................................................................................... 10
FreeBSD system documentation ................................................................................. 12
Reading online documentation ...................................................................................... 12
The online manual ....................................................................................................... 13
GNU info ................................................................................................................... 15
Other documentation on FreeBSD .............................................................................. 16
The FreeBSD community ........................................................................................... 17
v
6. vi Table of Contents
Mailing lists................................................................................................................. 17
How to follow up to a question ..................................................................................... 20
Unsubscribing from the mailing lists ............................................................................. 20
User groups ................................................................................................................ 20
Reporting bugs ............................................................................................................ 21
The Berkeley daemon.................................................................................................. 21
2: Before you install......................................................................... 25
Using old hardware ..................................................................................................... 25
Device drivers ............................................................................................................. 27
PC Hardware ............................................................................................................... 27
How the system detects hardware ............................................................................... 29
Configuring ISA cards................................................................................................. 29
PCMCIA, PC Card and CardBus ................................................................................ 30
PC Card and CardBus cards ......................................................................................... 31
Universal Serial Bus.................................................................................................... 31
Disks ............................................................................................................................ 31
Disk data layout........................................................................................................... 33
PC BIOS and disks ...................................................................................................... 33
Disk partitioning ......................................................................................................... 34
Block and character devices ......................................................................................... 35
Making the file systems............................................................................................... 39
Disk size limitations.................................................................................................... 39
Display hardware ........................................................................................................ 40
The hardware ............................................................................................................... 41
The keyboard .............................................................................................................. 41
The mouse .................................................................................................................. 41
The display board and monitor ..................................................................................... 42
Laptop hardware ......................................................................................................... 42
Compaq/Digital Alpha machines ................................................................................ 42
The CD-ROM distribution .......................................................................................... 43
Installation CD-ROM................................................................................................... 43
Live File System CD-ROM .......................................................................................... 46
CVS Repository CD-ROM ........................................................................................... 46
The Ports Collection CD-ROMs.................................................................................... 46
3: Quick installation ......................................................................... 47
Making things easy for yourself.................................................................................. 47
FreeBSD on a disk with free space ............................................................................. 48
FreeBSD shared with Microsoft.................................................................................. 49
Configuring XFree86 .................................................................................................. 50
7. The Complete FreeBSD" vii
4: Shared OS installation ............................................................. 51
Separate disks.............................................................................................................. 51
Sharing a disk.............................................................................................................. 52
Sharing with Linux or another BSD............................................................................ 52
Repartitioning with FIPS............................................................................................. 52
Repartitioning—an example ......................................................................................... 54
5: Installing FreeBSD ...................................................................... 59
Installing on the Intel i386 architecture ...................................................................... 59
Booting to sysinstall.................................................................................................... 60
Kinds of installation .................................................................................................... 61
Setting installation options.......................................................................................... 62
Partitioning the disk .................................................................................................... 63
Shared partitions ......................................................................................................... 66
Defining file systems ................................................................................................... 67
What partitions? .......................................................................................................... 68
How much swap space? ............................................................................................... 70
File systems on shared disks ......................................................................................... 75
Selecting distributions ................................................................................................. 75
Selecting the installation medium ............................................................................... 76
Performing the installation.......................................................................................... 77
Installing on an Alpha system ..................................................................................... 78
Upgrading an old version of FreeBSD........................................................................ 79
How to uninstall FreeBSD .......................................................................................... 79
If things go wrong ....................................................................................................... 80
Problems with sysinstall ............................................................................................... 80
Problems with CD-ROM installation ............................................................................. 80
Can’t boot ................................................................................................................... 80
Incorrect boot installation ............................................................................................. 81
Geometry problems ..................................................................................................... 81
System hangs during boot ............................................................................................ 82
System boots, but doesn’t run correctly ......................................................................... 82
Root file system fills up ................................................................................................ 82
Panic .......................................................................................................................... 83
Fixing a broken installation .......................................................................................... 84
Alternative installation methods.................................................................................. 85
Preparing boot floppies ................................................................................................ 85
Booting from floppy .................................................................................................... 86
Installing via ftp .......................................................................................................... 86
Installing via ftp .......................................................................................................... 87
Installing via NFS ....................................................................................................... 88
Installing from a Microsoft partition .............................................................................. 88
Creating floppies for a floppy installation....................................................................... 89
8. viii Table of Contents
6: Post-installation configuration .......................................... 91
Installing additional software ...................................................................................... 92
Instant workstation ...................................................................................................... 93
Changing the default shell for root ................................................................................ 94
Adding users................................................................................................................ 94
Setting the root password ............................................................................................. 95
Time zone.................................................................................................................... 95
Network services......................................................................................................... 97
Setting up network interfaces ........................................................................................ 98
Other network options ................................................................................................. 99
Startup preferences.................................................................................................... 100
Configuring the mouse .............................................................................................. 101
Configuring X............................................................................................................ 102
Desktop configuration ................................................................................................ 108
Additional X configuration ......................................................................................... 108
Rebooting the new system......................................................................................... 109
7: The tools of the trade............................................................. 111
Users and groups ....................................................................................................... 112
Gaining access........................................................................................................... 113
The KDE desktop...................................................................................................... 116
The Desktop Menu .................................................................................................... 116
The fvwm2 window manager .................................................................................... 118
Starting fvwm2 ......................................................................................................... 119
Changing the X display............................................................................................. 120
Selecting pixel depth.................................................................................................. 121
Getting a shell ........................................................................................................... 121
Shell basics ............................................................................................................... 122
Options .................................................................................................................... 122
Shell parameters ........................................................................................................ 123
Fields that can contain spaces ..................................................................................... 125
Files and file names................................................................................................... 125
File names and extensions .......................................................................................... 126
Relative paths............................................................................................................ 126
Globbing characters ................................................................................................... 126
Input and output ........................................................................................................ 127
Environment variables ............................................................................................... 128
Command line editing ................................................................................................ 131
Command history and other editing functions .............................................................. 133
Shell startup files ....................................................................................................... 135
Changing your shell ................................................................................................... 136
Differences from Microsoft....................................................................................... 138
Slashes: backward and forward ................................................................................... 138
9. The Complete FreeBSD" ix
Tab characters ........................................................................................................... 138
Carriage control characters ......................................................................................... 139
The Emacs editor....................................................................................................... 139
Stopping the system .................................................................................................. 141
8: Taking control.............................................................................. 143
Users and groups ....................................................................................................... 144
Choosing a user name ................................................................................................ 144
Adding users ............................................................................................................. 145
The super user ........................................................................................................... 146
Becoming super user ................................................................................................. 147
Adding or changing passwords ................................................................................... 147
Processes ................................................................................................................... 148
What processes do I have running? ............................................................................. 149
What processes are running? ...................................................................................... 149
Daemons .................................................................................................................... 150
cron ......................................................................................................................... 151
Processes in FreeBSD Release 5 ................................................................................. 152
top ........................................................................................................................... 152
Stopping processes .................................................................................................... 154
Timekeeping .............................................................................................................. 155
The TZ environment variable...................................................................................... 155
Keeping the correct time ............................................................................................ 156
Log files..................................................................................................................... 157
Multiple processor support........................................................................................ 159
PC Card devices ........................................................................................................ 159
devd: The device daemon ........................................................................................... 159
Removing PC Card devices ........................................................................................ 161
Alternate PC Card code.............................................................................................. 161
Configuring PC Card devices at startup ....................................................................... 161
Emulating other systems ........................................................................................... 162
Emulators and simulators ........................................................................................... 162
Emulating Linux........................................................................................................ 163
Running the Linux emulator ....................................................................................... 163
Linux procfs ............................................................................................................. 164
Problems executing Linux binaries .............................................................................. 164
Emulating SCO UNIX .............................................................................................. 164
Emulating Microsoft Windows ................................................................................. 165
Accessing Microsoft files ........................................................................................... 165
10. x Table of Contents
9: The Ports Collection ............................................................... 167
How to install a package ........................................................................................... 168
Building a port........................................................................................................... 169
Installing ports during system installation .................................................................... 169
Installing ports from the first CD-ROM ....................................................................... 169
Installing ports from the live file system CD-ROM ....................................................... 169
Getting new ports ...................................................................................................... 170
What’s in that port? ................................................................................................... 172
Getting the source archive .......................................................................................... 173
Building the port ....................................................................................................... 174
Port dependencies...................................................................................................... 174
Package documentation............................................................................................. 174
Getting binary-only software .................................................................................... 175
Maintaining ports ...................................................................................................... 176
Upgrading ports......................................................................................................... 176
Using portupgrade ..................................................................................................... 176
Controlling installed ports......................................................................................... 178
Submitting a new port ............................................................................................... 180
10: File systems and devices................................................. 181
File permissions ........................................................................................................ 181
Mandatory Access Control........................................................................................ 186
Links .......................................................................................................................... 186
Directory hierarchy ................................................................................................... 187
Standard directories ................................................................................................... 187
File system types ....................................................................................................... 190
Soft updates .............................................................................................................. 191
Snapshots ................................................................................................................. 191
Mounting file systems ............................................................................................... 192
Mounting files as file systems ..................................................................................... 193
Unmounting file systems ............................................................................................ 194
FreeBSD devices ....................................................................................................... 195
Overview of FreeBSD devices .................................................................................... 195
Virtual terminals........................................................................................................ 197
Pseudo-terminals ....................................................................................................... 197
11: Disks................................................................................................ 199
Adding a hard disk .................................................................................................... 199
Disk hardware installation .......................................................................................... 200
Formatting the disk .................................................................................................... 203
Using sysinstall ......................................................................................................... 204
11. The Complete FreeBSD" xi
Doing it the hard way ................................................................................................ 209
Creating a partition table ............................................................................................ 210
Labelling the disk ...................................................................................................... 214
bsdlabel .................................................................................................................... 215
Problems running bsdlabel ......................................................................................... 215
Creating file systems ................................................................................................. 216
Mounting the file systems........................................................................................... 217
Moving file systems .................................................................................................. 217
Recovering from disk data errors .............................................................................. 218
12: The Vinum Volume Manager .......................................... 221
Vinum objects............................................................................................................ 221
Mapping disk space to plexes ..................................................................................... 222
Data integrity ............................................................................................................ 223
Which plex organization? ........................................................................................... 224
Creating Vinum drives .............................................................................................. 225
Starting Vinum .......................................................................................................... 225
Configuring Vinum.................................................................................................... 226
The configuration file ................................................................................................. 226
Creating a file system................................................................................................. 227
Increased resilience: mirroring .................................................................................... 228
Adding plexes to an existing volume ........................................................................... 229
Adding subdisks to existing plexes .............................................................................. 230
Optimizing performance ............................................................................................ 232
Resilience and performance ........................................................................................ 233
Vinum configuration database................................................................................... 235
Installing FreeBSD on Vinum ................................................................................... 236
Recovering from drive failures .................................................................................. 240
Failed boot disk ......................................................................................................... 241
Migrating Vinum to a new machine .......................................................................... 241
Things you shouldn’t do with Vinum........................................................................ 241
13: Writing CD-Rs ........................................................................... 243
Creating an ISO-9660 image..................................................................................... 243
Testing the CD-R....................................................................................................... 245
Burning the CD-R ..................................................................................................... 246
Burning a CD-R on an ATA burner ............................................................................. 246
Burning a CD-R on a SCSI burner .............................................................................. 248
Copying CD-ROMs................................................................................................... 250
12. xii Table of Contents
14: Tapes, backups and floppy disks............................... 251
Backing up your data ................................................................................................ 251
What backup medium? .............................................................................................. 252
Tape devices ............................................................................................................. 252
Backup software........................................................................................................ 253
tar ............................................................................................................................ 253
Using floppy disks under FreeBSD........................................................................... 256
Formatting a floppy ................................................................................................... 256
File systems on floppy ............................................................................................... 257
Microsoft file systems ................................................................................................ 258
Other uses of floppies ................................................................................................ 258
Accessing Microsoft floppies ...................................................................................... 259
15: Printers .......................................................................................... 263
Printer configuration.................................................................................................. 264
Testing the printer...................................................................................................... 264
Configuring /etc/printcap............................................................................................ 265
Remote printing ........................................................................................................ 266
Spooler filters............................................................................................................ 266
Starting the spooler ................................................................................................... 268
Testing the spooler .................................................................................................... 268
Troubleshooting ........................................................................................................ 269
Using the spooler....................................................................................................... 270
Removing print jobs .................................................................................................. 271
PostScript .................................................................................................................. 271
Viewing with gv ........................................................................................................ 272
Printing with ghostscript ............................................................................................ 273
Which driver? ........................................................................................................... 274
PDF ........................................................................................................................... 276
16: Networks and the Internet ............................................... 277
Network layering....................................................................................................... 279
The link layer ............................................................................................................ 280
The network layer...................................................................................................... 281
The transport layer .................................................................................................... 281
Port assignment and Internet services .......................................................................... 283
Network connections ................................................................................................. 284
The physical network connection.............................................................................. 285
Ethernet ..................................................................................................................... 286
How Ethernet works .................................................................................................. 287
Finding Ethernet addresses ......................................................................................... 289
13. The Complete FreeBSD" xiii
What systems are on that Ethernet? ............................................................................. 290
Address classes ......................................................................................................... 290
Unroutable addresses ................................................................................................. 291
Wireless LANs .......................................................................................................... 291
How wireless networks coexist ................................................................................... 293
Encryption ................................................................................................................ 293
The reference network............................................................................................... 294
17: Configuring the local network ...................................... 297
Network configuration with sysinstall ...................................................................... 297
Manual network configuration .................................................................................. 299
Describing your network ............................................................................................ 300
Checking the interface configuration ........................................................................... 301
The configuration files ............................................................................................... 302
Automatic configuration with DHCP........................................................................ 302
DHCP client ............................................................................................................. 302
DHCP server ............................................................................................................. 303
Starting dhcpd ........................................................................................................... 304
Configuring PC Card networking cards .................................................................... 304
Detaching network cards ............................................................................................ 306
Setting up wireless networking ................................................................................. 306
What we can do now.................................................................................................. 307
Routing ...................................................................................................................... 307
Adding routes automatically ....................................................................................... 309
Adding routes manually ............................................................................................. 309
ISP’s route setup........................................................................................................ 310
Looking at the routing tables..................................................................................... 311
Flags ........................................................................................................................ 312
Packet forwarding ..................................................................................................... 313
Configuration summary............................................................................................. 313
18: Connecting to the Internet .............................................. 315
The physical connection............................................................................................ 315
Establishing yourself on the Internet......................................................................... 317
Which domain name? ................................................................................................ 317
Preparing for registration............................................................................................ 318
Registering a domain name ........................................................................................ 318
Getting IP addresses .................................................................................................. 318
Choosing an Internet Service Provider ..................................................................... 319
Who’s that ISP?......................................................................................................... 319
Questions to ask an ISP .............................................................................................. 319
Making the connection.............................................................................................. 323
14. xiv Table of Contents
19: Serial communications ...................................................... 325
Terminology .............................................................................................................. 326
Asynchronous and synchronous communication...................................................... 326
Asynchronous communication .................................................................................... 326
Synchronous communication ...................................................................................... 327
Serial ports ................................................................................................................ 327
Connecting to the port................................................................................................ 328
When can I send data? ............................................................................................... 330
Modems ..................................................................................................................... 330
Modem speeds .......................................................................................................... 331
Data compression ...................................................................................................... 331
The link speed ........................................................................................................... 332
Dialing out................................................................................................................ 333
Modem commands .................................................................................................... 333
Dialing out manually ................................................................................................. 335
Dialing out—an example............................................................................................ 336
Dialing in ................................................................................................................. 338
20: Configuring PPP ..................................................................... 339
Quick setup................................................................................................................ 340
How PPP works ......................................................................................................... 340
The interfaces ........................................................................................................... 340
Dialing ..................................................................................................................... 341
Negotiation ............................................................................................................... 341
Who throws the first stone? ........................................................................................ 342
Authentication .......................................................................................................... 343
Which IP addresses on the link?.................................................................................. 344
The net mask for the link............................................................................................ 345
Static and dynamic addresses...................................................................................... 346
Setting a default route ................................................................................................ 347
Autodial ................................................................................................................... 347
The information you need to know ........................................................................... 347
Setting up user PPP ................................................................................................... 348
Setting up user PPP: the details ................................................................................... 349
Negotiation ............................................................................................................... 350
Requesting LQR........................................................................................................ 351
Authentication .......................................................................................................... 351
Dynamic IP configuration .......................................................................................... 352
Running user PPP ...................................................................................................... 353
How long do we stay connected? ................................................................................ 353
Automating the process .............................................................................................. 354
Actions on connect and disconnect .............................................................................. 355
If things go wrong ..................................................................................................... 355
15. The Complete FreeBSD" xv
Setting up kernel PPP................................................................................................ 355
Authentication .......................................................................................................... 356
Dialing ..................................................................................................................... 357
Who throws the first stone? ........................................................................................ 358
Dynamic IP configuration .......................................................................................... 358
Running kernel PPP ................................................................................................... 358
Automating the process .............................................................................................. 359
Timeout parameters ................................................................................................... 359
Configuration summary.............................................................................................. 359
Actions on connect and disconnect .............................................................................. 360
Things that can go wrong.......................................................................................... 361
Problems establishing a connection ............................................................................. 361
21: The Domain Name Service .............................................. 363
Domains and zones ................................................................................................... 364
Zones ....................................................................................................................... 365
Setting up a name server ........................................................................................... 365
Passive DNS usage.................................................................................................... 366
Name server on a standalone system ........................................................................ 366
Name server on an end-user network ........................................................................ 368
The SOA record ........................................................................................................ 368
The A records ........................................................................................................... 369
The NS records ......................................................................................................... 370
Nicknames ................................................................................................................ 370
The MX records ........................................................................................................ 370
The HINFO records ................................................................................................... 371
Putting it all together ................................................................................................. 371
Reverse lookup .......................................................................................................... 372
The distant view: the outside world ............................................................................. 373
The named.conf file ................................................................................................... 373
Slave name servers .................................................................................................... 376
The next level down: delegating zones ..................................................................... 377
china.example.org ..................................................................................................... 377
example.org with delegation ....................................................................................... 378
Messages from named............................................................................................... 379
Upgrading a Version 4 configuration ........................................................................ 380
Looking up DNS information ................................................................................... 381
Checking DNS for correctness.................................................................................. 382
DNS security ............................................................................................................. 383
16. xvi Table of Contents
22: Firewalls, IP aliasing and proxies .............................. 385
Security and firewalls ................................................................................................ 386
ipfw: defining access rules.......................................................................................... 386
Actions ..................................................................................................................... 388
Writing rules ............................................................................................................. 388
Configuration files ..................................................................................................... 389
Trying it out .............................................................................................................. 393
IP aliasing.................................................................................................................. 393
IP aliasing software ................................................................................................... 394
natd .......................................................................................................................... 395
Proxy servers ............................................................................................................. 396
Installing squid .......................................................................................................... 397
Starting squid ............................................................................................................ 398
Browser proxy configuration..................................................................................... 399
Setting proxy information for ftp ................................................................................ 399
23: Network debugging .............................................................. 401
How to approach network problems ......................................................................... 401
Link layer problems .................................................................................................. 402
Network layer problems............................................................................................ 406
traceroute ................................................................................................................... 407
High packet loss ........................................................................................................ 410
tcpdump ..................................................................................................................... 411
Packet loss revisited ................................................................................................... 412
Transport and application layers ............................................................................... 414
Ethereal ..................................................................................................................... 414
24: Basic network access: clients ...................................... 417
The World Wide Web ................................................................................................ 418
Web browsers ............................................................................................................ 418
ssh .............................................................................................................................. 419
Access without a password ....................................................................................... 420
Creating and distributing keys..................................................................................... 421
Authenticating automatically ...................................................................................... 422
Setting up X to use ssh ............................................................................................... 423
ssh tunnels ................................................................................................................. 424
Tunneling X .............................................................................................................. 425
Other uses of tunnels ................................................................................................. 425
Configuring ssh ......................................................................................................... 425
Summary of files in ˜/.ssh ........................................................................................... 428
Troubleshooting ssh connections .............................................................................. 428
17. The Complete FreeBSD" xvii
telnet .......................................................................................................................... 430
Secure telnet ............................................................................................................. 431
Using telnet for other services .................................................................................... 431
Copying files ............................................................................................................. 432
scp ............................................................................................................................. 432
ftp .............................................................................................................................. 433
Specifying file names as URIs ................................................................................... 434
Other ftp commands .................................................................................................. 434
mget ......................................................................................................................... 435
prompt ..................................................................................................................... 435
reget ......................................................................................................................... 436
user .......................................................................................................................... 436
sftp ............................................................................................................................. 437
rsync .......................................................................................................................... 437
Copying directory hierarchies ..................................................................................... 438
Using an rsync server ................................................................................................ 440
The Network File System.......................................................................................... 441
NFS client.................................................................................................................. 442
Mounting remote file systems ..................................................................................... 442
Where to mount NFS file systems ............................................................................... 444
Mounting NFS file systems automatically .................................................................... 445
NFS strangenesses..................................................................................................... 445
No devices ................................................................................................................ 445
Just one file system .................................................................................................... 446
25: Basic network access: servers .................................... 447
Running servers from inetd ....................................................................................... 448
Configuring ftpd ........................................................................................................ 450
anonymous ftp .......................................................................................................... 450
Restricting access and logging .................................................................................... 452
Running sshd............................................................................................................. 453
rsyncd ........................................................................................................................ 454
Setting up a web server ............................................................................................. 455
Configuring apache.................................................................................................... 455
The configuration file ................................................................................................. 456
httpd.conf ................................................................................................................. 456
Virtual hosts.............................................................................................................. 457
Log file format .......................................................................................................... 459
Access control........................................................................................................... 460
Apache modules ........................................................................................................ 462
Proxy web servers ..................................................................................................... 462
Caching .................................................................................................................... 462
Running apache......................................................................................................... 462
NFS server ................................................................................................................. 463
18. xviii Table of Contents
/etc/exports ............................................................................................................... 463
Samba ........................................................................................................................ 464
Installing the Samba software ..................................................................................... 465
smbd and nmbd: the Samba daemons .......................................................................... 466
The configuration file ................................................................................................. 466
Setting passwords ...................................................................................................... 469
Testing the installation ............................................................................................... 469
Displaying Samba status ............................................................................................ 470
26: Electronic mail: clients ...................................................... 471
Mail formats .............................................................................................................. 471
Mail user agents ........................................................................................................ 472
mail ......................................................................................................................... 472
Other MUAs ............................................................................................................. 473
Files, folders or directories?...................................................................................... 473
mutt ......................................................................................................................... 474
Creating a new message ............................................................................................ 477
Replying to a message .............................................................................................. 478
Using folders ............................................................................................................. 480
Deleting messages..................................................................................................... 481
Tagging messages...................................................................................................... 481
Configuring mutt ....................................................................................................... 481
Colours in mutt ......................................................................................................... 483
Mail aliases................................................................................................................ 484
Mail headers .............................................................................................................. 484
How to send and reply to mail .................................................................................... 487
Using MIME attachments .......................................................................................... 489
27: Electronic mail: servers .................................................... 491
How mail gets delivered ............................................................................................ 492
MTA files ................................................................................................................. 492
Who gets the mail? .................................................................................................... 493
Postfix ........................................................................................................................ 493
Configuring postfix .................................................................................................... 494
Host and domain names ............................................................................................. 495
Relaying mail............................................................................................................ 496
Aliases revisited ........................................................................................................ 496
Rejecting spam .......................................................................................................... 498
Rejecting known spam domains .................................................................................. 500
Rejecting sites without reverse lookup ......................................................................... 501
Rejecting listed sites .................................................................................................. 501
Recognizing spoofed messages ................................................................................... 501
19. The Complete FreeBSD" xix
Sender restrictions: summary ...................................................................................... 501
Running postfix at boot time ..................................................................................... 502
Talking to the MTA ................................................................................................... 502
Downloading mail from your ISP ............................................................................. 503
POP: the Post Office Protocol ..................................................................................... 504
popper: the server ...................................................................................................... 504
fetchmail: the client ................................................................................................... 504
Mailing lists: majordomo .......................................................................................... 505
28: XFree86 in depth .................................................................... 507
X configuration: the theory ....................................................................................... 507
How TVs and monitors work ...................................................................................... 508
How monitors differ from TVs ................................................................................... 510
How to fry your monitor ............................................................................................ 510
The CRT controller .................................................................................................... 511
The XF86Config mode line ........................................................................................ 513
XF86Config ............................................................................................................... 516
The server layout ....................................................................................................... 517
The Files section ....................................................................................................... 517
The ServerFlags section ............................................................................................. 518
The Module section ................................................................................................... 518
The InputDevice section............................................................................................. 519
The Monitor section .................................................................................................. 519
The Device section .................................................................................................... 520
The Screen section .................................................................................................... 521
Multiple monitors and servers ................................................................................... 523
Multiple servers ........................................................................................................ 523
X in the network ........................................................................................................ 524
Multiple monitors across multiple servers .................................................................... 525
Stopping X ............................................................................................................... 525
29: Starting and stopping the system ............................. 527
Starting the system .................................................................................................... 528
Things you can do before booting............................................................................. 529
What are you going to boot? ..................................................................................... 529
Loader commands ..................................................................................................... 530
loader.conf ................................................................................................................ 532
Loading other modules at boot time ............................................................................ 532
Automatic kld load .................................................................................................... 533
Running the kernel .................................................................................................... 533
Single-user mode....................................................................................................... 540
Password protecting single-user mode ......................................................................... 541
20. xx Table of Contents
Shutting down and rebooting the system .................................................................. 541
FreeBSD without disks ............................................................................................. 542
Network booting........................................................................................................ 543
Setting up the file systems .......................................................................................... 544
Building a diskless kernel........................................................................................... 544
Configuring TFTP ..................................................................................................... 544
Configuring DHCP .................................................................................................... 545
Other Ethernet bootstraps ........................................................................................... 546
Configuring the machine ............................................................................................ 547
Sharing system files between multiple machines........................................................... 548
Disk substitutes ......................................................................................................... 549
30: FreeBSD configuration files........................................... 551
/etc/rc.conf ................................................................................................................. 552
Our /etc/rc.conf ......................................................................................................... 565
Files you need to change ........................................................................................... 566
/etc/exports ............................................................................................................... 566
/etc/fstab ................................................................................................................... 566
/etc/group ................................................................................................................. 568
/etc/namedb/named.conf ............................................................................................ 568
/etc/mail ................................................................................................................... 568
/etc/master.passwd ..................................................................................................... 568
Files you might need to change................................................................................. 568
/etc/crontab ............................................................................................................... 569
/etc/csh.cshrc, /etc/csh.login, /etc/csh.logout ................................................................ 569
/etc/dhclient.conf ....................................................................................................... 569
/etc/disktab ............................................................................................................... 569
/etc/ftpusers .............................................................................................................. 569
/etc/hosts .................................................................................................................. 569
/etc/hosts.equiv ......................................................................................................... 570
/etc/hosts.lpd ............................................................................................................. 570
/etc/inetd.conf ........................................................................................................... 570
/etc/login.access ........................................................................................................ 570
/etc/login.conf ........................................................................................................... 570
/etc/motd .................................................................................................................. 572
/etc/newsyslog.conf ................................................................................................... 572
/etc/nsswitch.conf ...................................................................................................... 572
/etc/pccardd.conf ....................................................................................................... 572
/etc/periodic.conf....................................................................................................... 572
/etc/printcap .............................................................................................................. 573
/etc/profile ................................................................................................................ 573
/etc/rc.firewall ........................................................................................................... 573
/etc/resolv.conf .......................................................................................................... 573
/etc/syslog.conf ......................................................................................................... 573
21. The Complete FreeBSD" xxi
/etc/ttys .................................................................................................................... 573
/boot/device.hints ...................................................................................................... 574
Files you should not change...................................................................................... 576
/etc/gettytab .............................................................................................................. 576
/etc/manpath.config ................................................................................................... 576
/etc/netconfig ............................................................................................................ 576
/etc/networks ............................................................................................................ 576
/etc/passwd ............................................................................................................... 576
/etc/protocols ............................................................................................................ 577
/etc/pwd.db ............................................................................................................... 577
/etc/rc ....................................................................................................................... 577
/etc/rc.i386................................................................................................................ 577
/etc/rc.network and /etc/rc.network6 ............................................................................ 577
/etc/rc.pccard ............................................................................................................ 577
/etc/rc.serial .............................................................................................................. 577
/etc/shells ................................................................................................................. 577
/etc/services .............................................................................................................. 577
/etc/spwd.db.............................................................................................................. 578
/etc/termcap .............................................................................................................. 578
/etc/periodic .............................................................................................................. 578
Obsolete configuration files....................................................................................... 578
/etc/host.conf ............................................................................................................ 579
/etc/named.boot ......................................................................................................... 579
/etc/netstart ............................................................................................................... 579
/etc/sysconfig ............................................................................................................ 579
31: Keeping up to date ................................................................ 581
FreeBSD releases and CVS....................................................................................... 581
Symbolic names or tags ............................................................................................. 582
FreeBSD releases ...................................................................................................... 582
FreeBSD-RELEASE ................................................................................................. 582
FreeBSD-STABLE .................................................................................................... 583
Security fix releases ................................................................................................... 583
FreeBSD-CURRENT ................................................................................................ 583
Getting updates from the Net .................................................................................... 584
CVSup ..................................................................................................................... 585
Which CVSup server?................................................................................................ 587
Running cvsup .......................................................................................................... 587
Getting individual releases ......................................................................................... 587
Creating the source tree............................................................................................. 588
Release tags .............................................................................................................. 588
Updating an existing tree ............................................................................................ 591
Using a remote CVS tree ............................................................................................ 591
22. xxii Table of Contents
32: Updating the system software ..................................... 593
Upgrading kernel and userland ................................................................................. 595
Upgrading the kernel ................................................................................................. 597
Upgrading the boot files ............................................................................................ 598
Upgrading the configuration files.............................................................................. 599
Merging the password file .......................................................................................... 600
Merging /etc/group.................................................................................................... 602
Mergemaster, second time around............................................................................. 603
33: Custom kernels ....................................................................... 607
Building a new kernel ............................................................................................... 608
Configuring I/O devices ............................................................................................ 608
The kernel build directory ......................................................................................... 609
The configuration file ................................................................................................ 610
Naming the kernel ..................................................................................................... 611
Kernel options ........................................................................................................... 612
Multiple processors ................................................................................................... 613
Debug options ........................................................................................................... 613
Preparing for upgrades .............................................................................................. 616
Building and installing the new kernel ...................................................................... 616
Rebooting ................................................................................................................. 618
Making device nodes................................................................................................. 619
Kernel loadable modules........................................................................................... 619
sysctl .......................................................................................................................... 620
Living with FreeBSD-CURRENT ............................................................................ 621
Build kernels with debug symbols ............................................................................... 621
Solving problems in FreeBSD-CURRENT .................................................................. 621
Analyzing kernel crash dumps .................................................................................. 622
Climbing through the stack......................................................................................... 624
Finding out what really happened ............................................................................... 625
A: Bibliography ................................................................................ 627
Books on BSD........................................................................................................... 627
Users’ guides............................................................................................................. 628
Administrators’ guides .............................................................................................. 628
Programmers’ guides ................................................................................................ 629
Hardware reference ................................................................................................... 629
The 4.4BSD manuals ................................................................................................ 630
Getting FreeBSD on CD-ROM ................................................................................. 630
23. The Complete FreeBSD" xxiii
B: The evolution of FreeBSD.................................................. 633
FreeBSD Releases 1 and 2 ........................................................................................ 633
FreeBSD Release 3 ................................................................................................... 633
The CAM SCSI driver............................................................................................... 634
Kernel loadable modules........................................................................................... 635
The ELF object format .............................................................................................. 635
What happened to my libraries? .................................................................................. 636
FreeBSD Version 4.................................................................................................... 638
No more block devices .............................................................................................. 640
New ATA (IDE) disk driver ...................................................................................... 641
New console driver.................................................................................................... 641
FreeBSD Release 5 ................................................................................................... 641
Index......................................................................................................... 643
24. xxiv Table of Contents
Foreword
I have been a long time developer of the Berkeley Software Distributions (BSD). My
involvement started in 1976, at the University of California at Berkeley. I got drawn in as
an office-mate of Bill Joy, who single-handedly wrote the code for BSD and then started
handling its release. Bill went on to run the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG)
which developed and released the first fully complete BSD distributions. After Bill’s
departure to become a founder of Sun Microsystems, I eventually rose to head the CSRG
and oversee the release of the freely redistributable 4.4BSD-Lite. The 4.4BSD-Lite
distribution forms the basis for all the freely distributable variants of BSD today as well
as providing many of the utilities found in Linux and commercial UNIX distributions.
With the release of 4.4BSD-Lite, the University of California at Berkeley ceased further
BSD development. After considering the strengths and weaknesses of different BSD
development groups, I decided to do my continued development in FreeBSD because it
had the largest user community. For the past ten years, therefore, I have been a member of
the FreeBSD developer team.
I have always felt that it is important to use your own product. For this reason, I have
always run BSD everywhere: on my workstation, on my Web/file/mail/backup server, on
my laptop, and on my firewall. By necessity, I have to find tools to do my job that will run
on my BSD systems. It may be easier to just run Windows and PowerPoint to do your
presentations, but there are an ever increasing number of fine alternatives out there that
run on FreeBSD such as the open source OpenOffice.org suite or MagicPoint.
In the old days, there were not very many people working on the BSD software. This
constraint on BSD development made it easy to keep up with what BSD could do and
how to manage your system. But the last decade has seen an exponential growth in the
open source movement. The result has been a huge increase in the number of people
working on FreeBSD and an even larger increase in the number of applications and tools
that have been ported to run on FreeBSD. It has become a more than full time job just to
keep track of all the system capabilities, let alone to figure out how to use them all.
Greg Lehey has done a wonderful job with this book of helping those of us that want to
fully utilize the FreeBSD system to do so without having to devote our entire lives
figuring how. He has gone through and figured out each of the different tasks that you
might ask your system to do. He has identified the software that you need to do the task.
xxiv
25. The Complete FreeBSD xxv
He explains how to configure it for your operational needs. He tells you how to monitor
the resulting subsystem to make sure it is working as desired. And, he helps you to
identify and fix problems that arise.
The book starts with the basics of getting the FreeBSD system up and running on your
hardware, including laptops, workstations, and servers. It then explains how to customize
an installation for your personal needs. This personalization includes downloading and
operating the most important of the more than 8000 software packages in the FreeBSD
ports collection. The book also includes a very comprehensive set of systems
administration information, including the setup and operation of printers, local and
external networking, the domain name system, the NFS and Samba remote filesystems,
electronic mail, web surfing and hosting, and dial-up for FAX, remote login, and point-to-
point network connections.
In short, this book provides everything you need to know about the FreeBSD system from
the day you first pick up the software through the day you have a full suite of machines.
It covers your complete range of computing needs. There is a reason that this book is so
popular: as its title says, it is The Complete FreeBSD. I am very happy to see this revision
which once again fulfills that mandate.
Marshall Kirk McKusick
Berkeley, California
February 2003