The document provides information on India's National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP). It discusses the magnitude of TB in India, the evolution of control efforts from the initial National TB Control Program to the current Revised National TB Control Program (RNTCP) launched in 1997 based on WHO's DOTS strategy. The RNTCP aims to achieve 85% cure rates among new cases and detect 70% of cases. It utilizes strategies like standardized treatment regimens, involvement of communities/NGOs, and program innovations to achieve its goals.
REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMME (RNTCP)Vivek Varat
The document summarizes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It discusses that over 6000 people develop TB and 600 die from it daily in India. The objectives of RNTCP are to achieve 85% cure rate of infectious cases and detect 70% of estimated cases. It operates using the WHO recommended DOTS strategy involving diagnosis, standardized treatment, drug supply management, and monitoring/evaluation. New initiatives include expanding use of CBNAAT and establishing an online case reporting system. The program aims to achieve universal access to TB diagnosis and treatment.
The National AIDS Control Programme in India has gone through 4 phases since 1987 aimed at reducing HIV transmission and providing treatment. Phase 1 from 1987-1999 focused on awareness campaigns. Phase 2 from 1999-2006 shifted to behavior change interventions. Phase 3 from 2007-2012 integrated prevention, care, support and treatment. Phase 4 from 2012-2017 focused on key populations and reducing stigma. The programme is coordinated by NACO and implemented through state and district societies and ICTCs with nurses playing a role in service delivery.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight infection and disease.
The National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), launched in 1992, is being implemented as a comprehensive programme for prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in India. Over time, the focus has shifted from raising awareness to behavior change, from a national response to a more decentralized response and to increasing involvement of NGOs and networks of PLHIV.
MATERNAL & CHILD HEALTH PROGRAMME IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
According to W.H.O. (1976) Maternal & child health services can be defined as “promoting, preventing, therapeutic or rehabilitation facility or care for the mother & child.” Thus maternal & child health services is an important & essential services related to mother & child’s overall development.
6. Reduce maternal, perinatal, infant & child mortality & morbidity rates. Child survival. Promoting reproductive health or safe motherhood. Ensure birth of healthy child.
7. Prevent malnutrition. Prevent communicable disease. Early diagnosis & treatment of the health problems. Health education & family planning services.
8. The MCH service are rendered through the infrastructure of P.H.C. & sub centers. It is proposed to set up one P.H.C. & sub-centers. It is proposed to set up one P.H.C. for every 30,0000 population, & one sub-centers for every 3000 to 5000 population. Each sub-centers are foundation of national health system. Each sub-sub-center is manned by a team of one male & female health worker. In addition there is a team of one trained Dai & one health guidein every village.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on India's Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP). It provides an introduction to tuberculosis, the burden of TB in India, and a brief history of TB control efforts. It then describes the key aspects of RNTCP Phase I and Phase II, including the DOTS strategy of ensuring quality microscopy, adequate drug supply, directly observed treatment, and accountability. Advanced diagnostic techniques introduced in RNTCP Phase II like GeneXpert were also mentioned. The document highlights India's strategy of passive case detection and the laboratory network established under RNTCP.
A decentralized system of disease surveillance for timely and effective public health action with a focus on functional integration of surveillance components of various vertical programmes.
The document summarizes India's Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), which began in 1985 to provide several vaccines to infants, children, and pregnant women. The UIP aims to immunize against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases and has helped reduce child mortality by 75% in India. It also describes key vaccination initiatives under UIP like Mission Indradhanush, which was launched in 2014 to increase vaccination coverage for children under age 2, especially in rural areas. Intensified versions of Mission Indradhanush were later launched to boost immunization rates further.
This PPT has all the necessary information about 'National Rural Health Mission'. It is useful for students of Medical field learning 'Preventive & Social Medicine' as well as anyone who is interested in knowing about it.
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National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)Sneha Gaurkar
The National Leprosy Eradication Programme aims to eliminate leprosy in India through early detection and treatment of cases. Key objectives include reducing prevalence and grade 2 disabilities. The program provides free diagnosis and multi-drug therapy through public health facilities. It also conducts training, awareness campaigns, disability prevention, and monitoring. Major milestones include introducing multi-drug therapy in 1982 and eliminating leprosy nationally in 2005. Recent achievements show reductions in grade 2 disabilities among new cases and in children cases.
The National Family Welfare Programme was launched in 1952 in India to promote family planning and improve maternal and child health. It provides reproductive healthcare services, conducts immunization programs, and distributes medical supplies and equipment to primary healthcare centers. The objectives are to reduce population growth, improve access to family planning services, and lower infant and maternal mortality rates. Services include antenatal, natal, and postnatal care for mothers; immunizations for children; family planning methods; and emergency obstetric care. The program aims to improve quality of life through these comprehensive welfare services.
The document discusses the recommendations of various committees related to development of healthcare services in India. Some of the key recommendations include:
- Integration of preventive and curative services at all levels of administration.
- Establishment of a three-tier primary healthcare system with primary health units, regional health units, and district hospitals.
- Training of community health workers to deliver primary healthcare services and act as a link between the community and primary health centers.
- Creation of a unified health services cadre with common terms of service.
- Involvement of medical colleges in rural healthcare delivery through programs like Reorientation of Medical Education.
The document outlines the evolution and key facts of India's Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). It discusses how the programme was launched in 1974 by WHO and expanded over the decades to gradually cover more vaccines and reach more people across India. It details the vaccines included in UIP, objectives of missions like Mission Indradhanush to increase coverage rates, and monitoring and evaluation of the programme.
This document provides an overview of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India. It discusses how tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through droplets. It outlines the history and weaknesses of previous tuberculosis programs in India. It then describes how the RNTCP was established in 1993 using the DOTS strategy to administer supervised treatment courses and improve diagnosis and case finding. The objectives, phases of implementation, and components of the RNTCP are summarized.
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was initiated in India in 1997 to address the limitations of the previous National Tuberculosis Control Programme. RNTCP follows the WHO recommended DOTS strategy and aims to decrease TB mortality and morbidity. It has a decentralized organizational structure and seeks to achieve at least 90% cure rates for new sputum-positive cases and detect at least 85% of expected new sputum-positive cases. RNTCP relies on sputum testing, DOTS treatment, and engagement with private providers and communities to control TB in India.
Unit:-2. Health and welfare committeesSMVDCoN ,J&K
Various committees of experts have been appointed by the government from time to time to render advice about different health problems. The reports of these committees have formed an important basis of health planning in India. The goal of National Health Planning in India is to attain Health for all by the year 2000.
This ppt contains all the information about Revised NationalTuberculosis Control programme (RNTCP) It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it.
The document summarizes the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India. It outlines the need for a revised strategy due to low diagnosis and treatment rates under the previous program. RNTCP was launched in 1992 with goals of reducing TB mortality and interrupting transmission. Key components include political commitment, quality microscopy, drug supply, and direct observation of treatment. The program achieved scale up across India in phases from 1992 to 2006 and aims to further improve access, strengthen collaboration, and implement interventions for drug-resistant TB and TB-HIV co-infection.
After the successful NSP 2017-2025,Goi is lauching NSP 2017-2025 for elimination of TB on 24th march( World TB day ) 2017. Module is on MOHFW site but i have try to keep it brief,hope its ll be useful specially for academic and administrative purposes.
Reasons for innovations and changing strategies in RNTCP 2019Drsadhana Meena
The RNTCP in India has undergone several innovations and strategy changes over time to address shortcomings in tuberculosis control. When launched in 1962 as the NTCP, it faced issues like low treatment completion rates, drug supply issues, and overemphasis on diagnosis over cure. In 1993, WHO declared TB a global emergency, prompting India to revamp the program as the RNTCP. Key strategies of the RNTCP included ensuring regular drug supplies, emphasis on training and DOTS treatment. It has now set a goal to eliminate TB in India by 2025, five years ahead of global targets, through strategies like engaging private providers, active case finding, addressing social determinants, and strengthening surveillance.
The document summarizes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). Some key points:
- TB poses a major public health burden in India, with over 2 million estimated cases annually.
- RNTCP was launched in 1997 based on the DOTS strategy to decrease TB mortality and morbidity. Its objectives are to achieve 85% cure rates for new sputum-positive cases and detect 70% of estimated cases.
- RNTCP implements standardized treatment regimens, with drugs administered under direct observation at least during the intensive phase. This along with other measures like improved diagnostics and supervision have helped reduce TB prevalence.
- The program has expanded nationwide in phases since 1997 to achieve universal
India has moved from a tuberculosis (TB) control program to eliminating TB through its National Strategic Plan for TB Elimination (2017-2025). Key challenges include engaging private providers, addressing drug-resistant TB, and preventing new TB cases. The plan aims to reduce TB incidence and mortality by 80% and 90% respectively by 2025. Strategies include engaging private providers, active case finding, addressing social determinants, and a multisectoral approach. The government's digital Nikshay program tracks TB cases and outcomes nationwide to support elimination goals.
Revised national tuberculosis control programmeRavi Rohilla
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) control in India. It discusses the background and epidemiology of TB globally and in India. It describes India's National TB Control Programme established in 1962 and the Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) launched in 1997, which applies the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy. The RNTCP aims to achieve 85% treatment success among new sputum-positive TB patients and detect at least 70% of estimated cases. It emphasizes standardized treatment regimens, quality-assured diagnosis, and direct observation of treatment.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) control efforts in India, including:
1. India has a high TB burden and accounts for over 1/5 of global incidence, with an estimated 1.98 million new cases annually.
2. The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was launched in 1997 to expand the internationally recommended DOTS strategy across India.
3. RNTCP's objectives include achieving and maintaining an 85% cure rate and 70% case detection among new sputum-positive patients.
Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program- Dr. Atul MD, PGIMERYogesh Arora
The document summarizes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It discusses the burden of TB in India, the evolution of TB control programs from the National TB Programme (NTP) to the current RNTCP. It outlines the goals and strategies of the RNTCP and the National Strategic Plan (NSP) 2017-2025 to eliminate TB in India through improved detection, treatment, prevention, and building of infrastructure and resources. Key approaches include engaging private providers, active case finding, drug-resistant TB management, addressing social determinants, and strengthening surveillance and community engagement.
Global TB burden updates provide information on the TB situation globally and in India. Key points include:
- India accounts for over a quarter of the global TB burden, with an estimated 28 lakh incident cases in 2016 and 4.2 lakh deaths.
- WHO has revised their estimates of India's TB burden upwards based on new evidence, though the trend still shows a decline in incidence and mortality.
- India has achieved the MDG target of reducing prevalence and mortality by 50%, but a huge burden remains, especially among economically productive groups.
- The government of India's strategic vision is to achieve a TB-free India by 2025 through universal access to quality diagnosis and treatment.
National tuberculosis elimination programme [Autosaved].pptxSanaKhader1
The document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) in India, including key terminology, disease burden statistics, milestones in the country's TB program, and details of the current National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP). It notes that India accounts for over a quarter of global TB cases. The NTEP aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025 through strategies like improving diagnosis, ensuring appropriate treatment, preventing at-risk populations from developing TB, and strengthening related policies and resources. It outlines diagnostic protocols, treatment regimens, and initiatives to engage private providers and provide social support to patients.
India has a large tuberculosis (TB) disease burden, with over 2 million new cases annually according to WHO. The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was established in 1993 to address India's TB epidemic using the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy of diagnosis, treatment and monitoring. RNTCP has since expanded nationwide and achieved high treatment success rates. Its Phase II aims to further improve TB detection and treatment, including of drug-resistant cases and among HIV patients. RNTCP is now the world's largest DOTS program and has successfully treated over 19 million TB patients.
1) India has a high burden of tuberculosis, accounting for nearly 1/4 of global TB cases. The social and economic costs of TB in India are also high, with estimated indirect costs of $3 billion and direct costs of $300 million annually.
2) The National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) was implemented in 1962 but had low treatment success rates of only 30%. The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) was launched in 1993 using the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy.
3) RNTCP has expanded coverage to the entire country and achieved targets of 70% case detection and 85% treatment success rates. It has contributed to reducing prevalence and mortality rates of TB in India
The document provides an overview and critical review of India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It summarizes the history and evolution of tuberculosis control efforts in India, from the initial National Tuberculosis Programme established in 1962 to the introduction of the RNTCP and DOTS strategy in 1993. It outlines the goals, objectives and organizational structure of the RNTCP, and reviews its achievements as well as ongoing challenges, including high rates of multi-drug resistant TB, lack of private sector engagement, and ensuring consistent treatment adherence among India's large population.
The document discusses the evolution of tuberculosis (TB) control strategies in India over time. It begins with the epidemiology of TB and risk factors. The National Tuberculosis Programme was established in 1962 but had low treatment success rates. This led to the launch of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in 1997, applying the WHO DOTS strategy. RNTCP expanded coverage and introduced strategies like DOTS-Plus for multi-drug resistant TB. More recent strategies include the STOP TB strategy (2006), Universal Access to TB Care (2010), and the National Strategic Plan (2012-2017) with a goal of TB elimination.
DOTS is the WHO-recommended strategy for tuberculosis detection and treatment. It involves identifying infectious TB patients through microscopy, observing patients swallowing anti-TB drugs daily for 6-8 months, and regularly monitoring patients' progress. DOTS was launched in Pakistan in 1995 but faced challenges until being expanded nationwide by 2005. While cure rates and coverage increased under DOTS, Pakistan still faces ongoing issues with drug-resistant TB, capacity, and monitoring systems. The updated Stop TB Strategy aims to further improve TB control globally through universal access to diagnosis and treatment.
The document summarizes the evolution of tuberculosis (TB) control in India from 1962 to the present. It describes how the National TB Programme (NTP) was established in 1962 but only diagnosed 30% of estimated cases and treated 30% successfully. This led to the launch of the Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) in 1993, which was scaled up nationally from 1998 onwards and covered the entire country by 2006. The RNTCP implemented the DOTS strategy with a goal of reducing TB mortality and interrupting transmission through improved case detection and treatment success rates.
Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria that usually affect the lungs and can spread through air droplets from coughing or sneezing. Left untreated, a TB patient may infect 10-20 people over two years. The DOTS strategy endorsed by WHO aims to control TB through early detection, standardized treatment, and ensuring patients complete their multi-drug regimen over 6-12 months to cure the disease. In the Philippines, community health workers are trained to provide TB education, testing, treatment and monitoring to improve access and cure rates in remote areas as part of programs like the National TB Program and AKAP.
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India has the following key objectives:
1) To achieve and maintain at least 85% cure rate amongst new smear positive tuberculosis cases and 70% case detection rate.
2) To provide universal access to tuberculosis treatment through the DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course) strategy where a treatment observer watches patients take their medication.
3) To introduce programmatic management of drug resistant tuberculosis through standardized regimens using second-line drugs under the DOTS strategy.
The document summarizes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It provides background on tuberculosis (TB), including symptoms, diagnosis methods, and treatment drugs. It then describes the objectives and activities of the RNTCP, including expanding DOTS treatment coverage nationwide, increasing detection and treatment rates, and addressing multi-drug resistant TB. The RNTCP aims to achieve 90% detection and treatment success rates for new and previously treated TB cases by 2017 through improved diagnostics, drug-resistant TB management, and public-private partnerships. Ongoing challenges include maintaining service quality, addressing multi-drug resistant TB, and engaging all healthcare providers.
Ppt of national health programes on infectious diseasesJItendra Bhalavi
The document provides details about various national health programmes in India related to controlling communicable diseases. It discusses the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), National Tuberculosis Control Programme (NTCP), and National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP). For NACP, it describes the objectives and components of NACP phases I through IV and their aims to reduce new HIV infections and provide treatment and support. For NTCP, it outlines the objectives of RNTCP to detect 70% of estimated TB cases and achieve 85% cure rate through DOTS. It also discusses the National Strategic Plan for TB. For NMEP, the objectives are early detection, prompt treatment and surveillance activities to eliminate malaria as
The National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) was launched in India in 2020 with the goal of eliminating tuberculosis by 2025. Key aspects of NTEP include detecting all TB cases through improved diagnostics and case notification, treating all patients with standardized drug regimens, preventing further transmission through contact tracing and preventive therapy, and strengthening the healthcare system's response to TB. NTEP addresses both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant forms of TB.
Bordetella pertussis is a highly contagious bacterial disease, commonly known as whooping cough. It is characterized by an insidious onset of mild fever and cough that gradually becomes paroxysmal, with a characteristic whoop. It is most lethal in infants and young children who are not immunized. The disease is transmitted through droplets from the respiratory tract of infected individuals. Active immunization with DPT or other pertussis-containing vaccines is the mainstay of prevention. Prompt treatment of cases and prophylaxis of contacts can help control outbreaks.
Viral hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver caused by viruses. The five main types are Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A is transmitted through the fecal-oral route while Hepatitis B, C, and D are transmitted through blood or bodily fluids. Acute viral hepatitis causes symptoms for less than 6 months while chronic hepatitis lasts over 6 months and can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer over time if left untreated.
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. It is characterized by a continuous fever for 2-3 weeks and involvement of lymphoid tissues. Humans are the only reservoir, transmitting the disease through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with feces or urine of infected individuals. Control involves identifying and treating cases and carriers, improving sanitation and water quality, and vaccinating at-risk populations.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria, whose spores are found worldwide in soil. The bacteria produces a neurotoxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It is transmitted through puncture wounds exposed to contaminated soil. Tetanus is prevented through active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines. For wound management, antibiotics may be given along with tetanus immunoglobulin for passive protection until active immunity kicks in from vaccination. Neonatal tetanus is prevented by vaccinating women of childbearing age and clean delivery practices.
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a mild viral illness caused by the rubella virus. It was first described as a distinct clinical entity in the 18th century. In 1941, an Australian ophthalmologist documented the virus's ability to cause birth defects when a pregnant woman is infected. An attenuated vaccine was developed in 1967 that provides lifelong immunity. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and causes a maculopapular rash. If a pregnant woman is infected it can lead to congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus, resulting in defects like deafness, cataracts and heart disease. Diagnosis involves virus isolation or serology to detect antibodies. There is no specific treatment but the live attenuated M
This document provides an overview of poliomyelitis (polio). It begins by describing the virus, signs and symptoms, and transmission routes. It then discusses epidemiology including endemic countries, modes of transmission, incubation period, and susceptibility by age. The clinical spectrum is outlined including inapparent infection, abortive polio, and paralytic forms. Complications, case fatality rates, and diagnosis are also summarized. The document concludes by covering prevention strategies such as vaccination, comparing Salk versus Sabin vaccines, and outlining epidemiological investigation protocols.
Mumps is an acute infectious disease caused by the mumps virus, which commonly causes swelling and tenderness of the parotid glands. It most often affects children between 5-9 years old and has an incubation period of around 2-3 weeks, usually 18 days. The virus spreads through droplets from infected individuals when they cough or sneeze. While complications are not common, they can include orchitis, ovaritis, or inflammation of the pancreas, meninges, thyroid, or other organs. Vaccination with the live attenuated mumps vaccine is the best prevention.
Measles is a highly infectious childhood disease caused by a specific virus. It is characterized by fever, runny nose, cough, and a spreading rash. While measles is endemic worldwide, it is more common and deadly in developing nations with weak immunization systems. The virus is transmitted through airborne droplets from the nose and throat of infected individuals. Prevention relies on vaccination with a live attenuated vaccine, which is most effective when administered around 9 months of age.
Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses A, B, and C. Type A influenza is characterized by pandemics every 10-40 years caused by antigenic changes, including the 1918 Spanish flu, 1957 Asian flu, and 1968 Hong Kong flu. Between pandemics, seasonal epidemics occur caused by influenza A strains. Influenza viruses are transmitted through respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces. While most people recover within a week, influenza can cause severe illness and death in high risk groups like the elderly, young children, and those with pre-existing medical conditions. Vaccination and antiviral medications can help prevent and treat influenza.
This document provides information on various types of food poisoning including bacterial and non-bacterial causes. It discusses bacterial food poisoning caused by Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus, and botulism. For each, it describes the agent, source, incubation period, mechanism of action, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and prevention. It also compares cholera to food poisoning and discusses investigation and prevention of food poisoning outbreaks.
This document summarizes information about diphtheria, including:
- It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and can affect the respiratory tract and skin.
- Rates have declined in many countries due to widespread childhood vaccination programs. However, outbreaks still occur where immunization coverage is low.
- Clinical features depend on site of infection but may include sore throat, fever, and formation of a pseudomembrane. Complications can include heart and nerve damage.
- Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Contacts are screened and given prophylactic treatment including toxoid vaccines.
- Immunization programs recommend routine childhood vaccination with combined DPT or
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus and causes a blistering rash. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, and a rash that leaves scabs. It is usually diagnosed based on symptoms but lab tests on fluid from blisters can confirm. Antiviral drugs like acyclovir are prescribed to reduce symptoms and complications which can include bacterial infections or pneumonia. The varicella vaccine protects against chickenpox but is not recommended for those with weak immune systems. Treatment focuses on reducing fever and itching while the rash heals in 7-10 days.
Amoebiasis is an infection caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. About 90% of infections are asymptomatic while the remaining 10% can cause intestinal disorders ranging from mild abdominal discomfort to dysentery or invasive extraintestinal infections. Common symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea. The parasite is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples or biopsies while treatment involves antibiotics like tinidazole. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation and hygiene to reduce transmission.
This document provides information on acute diarrhoeal disease, including:
1. It defines acute watery diarrhea as diarrhea lasting less than 14 days caused by pathogens without blood in the stool. Dysentery involves bloody stools.
2. Diarrhea is a major cause of death in children under 5 globally, responsible for over 4 million deaths per year.
3. The main mechanisms of diarrhea are osmotic, secretory, and inflammatory. Osmotic diarrhea occurs when an osmotically active substance draws water into the gut. Secretory diarrhea involves impaired sodium absorption and increased chloride secretion. Inflammatory diarrhea features blood and involves mucosal invasion.
4. Oral rehydr
Hospital building compendium of norms_for_designing_of_hospitals_and_medical_...Dr. Saurabh Agrawal
This document provides an overview of public healthcare infrastructure in India including sub-centers, primary health centers, community health centers, sub-district hospitals, and district hospitals. It also outlines the Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) guidelines for physical infrastructure, space requirements, and residential accommodation for sub-centers, primary health centers, and community health centers. The IPHS aims to provide uniform standards for public health facilities across the country.
The document outlines the National Immunization Schedule for infants, children, and pregnant women in India. It provides information on the vaccines, when they should be given, dosage, route of administration, and site for each vaccine. Key vaccines included are BCG, hepatitis B, OPV, pentavalent, rotavirus, IPV, measles/MR, and JE for infants. DPT booster, measles/MR booster, OPV booster, and JE booster are recommended for children from 16-24 months. TT vaccines are recommended for pregnant women and later in life.
Report Back from ASCO 2024: Latest Updates on Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC)....bkling
Join Dr. Kevin Kalinsky, breast oncologist and researcher from Emory Winship Cancer Institute, to learn about the latest updates from The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) annual meeting 2024.
Yoga talk & yoga slides by Flametree Yoga 11 July 2024.pdfStuart McGill
Yoga talk and yoga slides on the benefits of yoga and meditation, how it works, and how to get more very low cost yoga, or meditation, or both, in your life.
The impact of CD160 deficiency on alloreactive CD8 T cell responses and allog...MARIALUISADELROGONZL
CD160 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with a pattern of expression
mainly restricted to cytotoxic cells. To assess the functional relevance of the HVEM/
CD160 signaling pathway in allogeneic cytotoxic responses, exon 2 of the CD160
gene was targeted by CRISPR/Cas9 to generate CD160 deficient mice. Next, we
evaluated the impact of CD160 deficiency in the course of an alloreactive
response. To that aim, parental donor WT (wild-type) or CD160 KO (knock-out) T
cells were adoptively transferred into non-irradiated semiallogeneic F1 recipients,
in which donor alloreactive CD160 KO CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells clonally
expanded less vigorously than in WT T cell counterparts. This differential proliferative
response rate at the early phase of T cell expansion influenced the course of CD8 T
cell differentiation and the composition of the effector T cell pool that led to a significant
decreased of the memory precursor effector cells (MPECs) / short-lived effector
cells (SLECs) ratio in CD160 KO CD8 T cells compared to WT CD8 T cells. Despite
these differences in T cell proliferation and differentiation, allogeneic MHC class I
mismatched (bm1) skin allograft survival in CD160 KO recipients was comparable
to that of WT recipients. However, the administration of CTLA-4.Ig showed an
enhanced survival trend of bm1 skin allografts in CD160 KO with respect to WT recipients.
Finally, CD160 deficient NK cells were as proficient as CD160 WT NK cells in
rejecting allogeneic cellular allografts or MHC class I deficient tumor cells. CD160
may represent a CD28 alternative costimulatory molecule for the modulation of
allogeneic CD8 T cell responses either in combination with costimulation blockade
or by direct targeting of alloreactive CD8 T cells that upregulate CD160 expression
in response to alloantigen stimulation
Interventional radiology is a medical specialty that uses imaging techniques, such as X-rays, CT scans, and ultrasound, to guide minimally invasive procedures to diagnose and treat a variety of conditions. These procedures can be an alternative to open surgery, often resulting in shorter recovery times for patients.
Anthelmintics or antihelminthics are a group of antiparasitic drugs that expel parasitic worms and other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them and without causing significant damage to the host. They may also be called vermifuges or vermicides
Introduction of mental health nursing, Perspective of mental health and mental health nursing, Evolution of mental health services, treatment and nursing practices Mental health team, Nature and scope of mental health nursing, Role & function of mental health nurse inn various settings and factors affecting the level of nursing practice, concept of normal and abnormal behavior
an huge problem we are facing about the anaemia , we slight our contribution to aware with one of its class , with detailed description. it is usefull for health , medicine , pharmacy , nursing.
STRATEGIES FOR RATIONALISING/REDUCING CAESAREAN SECTION RATE BY USE OF "SION ...Niranjan Chavan
The journey to reduce/rationalise the C-section rate started in June 2023 and it’s an ongoing study been carried out at #SionHospital #LTMMC Mumbai.
It’s going to revolutionise the journey of motherhood for safer, predictable maternal and fetal outcome.
The SION model is a structured and networked approach to promoting vaginal deliveries.
By integrating education, support, policy implementation, and continuous improvement, it aims to enhance maternity care and reduce unnecessary C-sections through collaborative efforts among healthcare providers and patients.
Encouraging trials of labor after previous C-sections (TOLAC) and fostering a multidisciplinary team approach in maternity care are crucial.
Regular training for healthcare providers and establishing supportive hospital policies further promote vaginal births.
Subcutaneous nodules in rheumatic diseases Ahmed Yehia Assistant Professor of internal Medicine, Immunology, rheumatology and allergy
How to use subcutaneous nodules as a clue for diagnosis by completing the puzzle
CASE PRESENTATION ON ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS.Bhavana
This is a case presentation of a 72 year old female patient who was admitted in the hospital with the chief complaints of loose stools since 6 Days and generalised weakness and history of one episode of vomiting (one day back).
Lymphoma Made Easy , New Teaching LecturesMiadAlsulami
This lecture was presented today as part of our local Saudi Fellowship program. After three years of direct interaction with trainees and hematologists, I have started to develop an understanding of what needs to be covered. This lecture might serve as a roadmap for approaching and reporting lymphoma cases.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 10, AVF and AVG - Complications (Diagnosis and Manageme...NephroTube - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/akgMSyA06Qg
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/HAR3QLj0Q5A
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK Physical Examination and Health Assessment 9th Edition by Carolyn J...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK Physical Examination and Health Assessment 9th Edition by Carolyn Jarvis, All Chapters 1 - 32 Full Complete.pdf
TEST BANK Physical Examination and Health Assessment 9th Edition by Carolyn Jarvis, All Chapters 1 - 32 Full Complete.pdf
2024 07 12 Do you share my autistic traits_ - Google Sheets.pdfCarriePoppy
I made this spreadsheet when I was waiting for my autism assessment. It helped me determine that I probably have autism. When I did get tested, they (UCLA) told me I do, indeed, have Type 1 autism. You can use this spreadsheet to compare your experience to mine. I am a white woman, AFAB. My diagnosis is Type 1 autism with a pragmatic language deficit.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 11, Venous Catheter - Basics, Insertion, Use and Care -...NephroTube - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/QeWTw_fYPlA
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/fUWI9boFc7w
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
An exciting session emphasizing the timely intervention and management of obstetric sepsis for better patient outcomes.
This presentation highlights risk factors, diagnosis, management, and some interesting cases of obstetric sepsis.
Staphysagria is often indicated for individuals who have a tendency to suppress emotions and suffer from the effects of suppressed anger, grief or indignation. They may exhibit a tendency to have a fragile or sensitive disposition. Staphysagria individuals often have a craving for solitude and a desire for sympathy.
Definition of mental health nursing, terminology, classification of mental disorder, ICD-10, Indian Classification, Personality development, defense mechanism, etiology of bio psychosocial factors,
2. 20-Feb-16
Lesson Objectives
To know about the magnitude of TB
problem
To know about the evolution of TB
control in India
To learn about the goals, objectives
and strategies
To know about the achievements and
progress
3. 20-Feb-16
Magnitude of the Problem
Source: WHO Geneva; WHO Report 2008: Global Tuberculosis Control; Surveillance, Planning and Financing
Global annual incidence = 9.1 million
India annual incidence = 1.9 million
India is 17th among 22
High Burden
Countries (in terms of
TB incidence rate)
4. 20-Feb-16
Global Burden of Tuberculosis
TB is one of the leading causes of death
due to infectious disease in the world
Almost 2 billion people are infected with M.
tuberculosis
Each year about:
9 million people develop TB disease
2 million people die of TB
5. 20-Feb-16
The Beginning :National Tuberculosis
Control Program (1962)
Before the Revised National Tuberculosis
Program (NTCP) came into force the existing
Tuberculosis program had the following
objectives:
• To identify and treat as large a number of TB
patients as possible so that infectious cases are
rendered non- infectious.
• To reduce the magnitude of TB problem in the
country to a level where it ceases to be a public
health problem.
6. Y REVISED??
Was technically sound but suffered
from managerial weakness
Inadequate funding
Overall reliance on x ray for diagnosis
Frequent interrupted supplies of drugs
Low rates of treatment completion
20-Feb-16
7. 20-Feb-16
Revised National TB Control Program
(RNTCP)
Launched in 1997 based on WHO DOTS
Strategy
Entire country covered in March’06 through an
unprecedented rapid expansion of DOTS
Implemented as 100% centrally sponsored
program
Govt. of India is committed to continue the support till TB
ceases to be a public health problem in the country
All components of the STOP TB Strategy-
2006 are being implemented
8. 20-Feb-16
Objectives of RNTCP
To achieve and maintain a cure rate of at
least 85% among newly detected
infectious (new sputum smear positive)
cases
To achieve and maintain detection of at
least 70% of such cases in the population
9. 20-Feb-16
Strategy
1. Augmentation of organizational support at
the central and state level for meaningful
coordination
2. Increase in budgetary outlay
3. Use of Sputum microscopy as a primary
method of diagnosis among self reporting
patients
4. Standardized treatment regimens.
10. 20-Feb-16
contd.
7 Augmentation of the peripheral level
supervision through the creation of a sub
district supervisory unit
8. Ensuring a regular uninterrupted supply of
drugs up to the most peripheral level
9. Emphasis on training, IEC, operational
research and NGO involvement in the
program
11. 20-Feb-16
Program innovations
Creation of sub district level supervisory and monitoring
unit “TB Unit”
Patient-wise individual drug boxes for entire course of
treatment
Community involvement in DOTs – shopkeepers, teachers,
postmen, cured patients, etc
Continuous Internal Evaluation of districts
Monitoring strategy document with checklists
NGO & PP (Private Provider) schemes
Task Force mechanism for involvement of Medical colleges
Web based IEC resource centre
12. 20-Feb-16
Contd.
District TB Control Society
Modular training
Patient wise boxes
Sub-district level supervisory staff (STS,
STLS) for
Treatment & microscopy
Robust reporting and recording system
13. 20-Feb-16
RNTCP Organization structure: State
level
Health Minister
Health Secretary
MD NRHM Director Health
Services
Additional / Deputy / Joint
Director
(State TB Officer)
State TB Cell
Deputy STO, MO, Accountant,
IEC Officer, SA,
DEO, TB HIV Coordinator etc.,
State Training and Demonstration
Center (TB)
Director, IRL Microbiologist, MO,
Epidemiologist/statistician, IRL LTs etc.,
14. 20-Feb-16
Core elements of Phase I
The core element of RNTCP in Phase I (1997-
2006)was to ensure high quality DOTS expansion in
the country, addressing the five primary components
of the DOTS strategy
Political and administrative commitment
Good Quality Diagnosis through sputum
Microscopy
Directly observed treatment
Systematic Monitoring and Accountability
Addressing stop TB strategy under RNTCP
15. 20-Feb-16
RNTCP Phase II( 2006-11)
The RNTCP phase II is envisaged to:
Consolidate the achievements of phase I
Maintain its progressive trend and effect
further improvement in its functioning
Achieve TB related MDG goals while
retaining DOTS as its core strategy
17. 20-Feb-16
Classification of Patients in Categories
for Standardized Treatment Regimen
Category Type of Patient Regimen Duration in
months
Category I
Color of
box: RED
New Sputum Positive
Seriously ill sputum negative,
Seriously ill extra pulmonary,
2 (HRZE)3,
4 (HR)3
6
Category II
Color of
box: BLUE
Sputum Positive relapse
Sputum Positive failure
Sputum Positive treatment
after default
2 HRZES)3,
1 (HRZE)3
5 (HRE)3
8
18. 20-Feb-16
Contd.
Category Type of Patient Regimen Duration
in
months
Category
III
Color of
box:
GREEN
Sputum Negative,
extra pulmonary not Seriously
ill
2
(HRZ)3,
4 (HR)3
6
19. Pediatric TB
20-Feb-16
•For diagnosis and treatment of pediatric cases
revision was made in guidelines in 2003 in RNTCP
•The pediatric drugs has to be supplied in boxes
(PWB) similar to adults
•Treatment on bases of child body wt
•2 PWB – 6-10 kg
11-17kg
•Were available from 2006
•This was first in world
20. 20-Feb-16
Types of Drug-Resistant TB
Mono-resistant Resistant to any one TB treatment
drug
Poly-resistant Resistant to at least any two TB
drugs (but not both isoniazid and rifampicin)
Multidrug- resistant
(MDR TB) Resistant to at least isoniazid and
rifampicin, the two best first-line TB treatment drugs
Extensively drug-resistant
(XDR TB)
Resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, PLUS resistant to
any fluoroquinolone AND at least 1 of the 3 injectable
second-line drugs (e.g., amikacin, kanamycin, or
capreomycin)
21. 20-Feb-16
By 2010 DOTS-Plus services available in all states
By 2012, universal access under RNTCP to
laboratory based quality assured MDR-TB
diagnosis for all retreatment TB cases and new
cases who have failed treatment
By 2012, free and quality assured treatment to all
MDR-TB cases diagnosed under RNTCP (~30,000
annually)
By 2015, universal access to MDR diagnosis and
treatment for all smear positive TB cases under
RNTCP
RNTCP- DOTS-Plus Vision
22. 20-Feb-16
TB-HIV: Accomplishments
Developed and implemented mechanism for TB & HIV
program collaboration at all levels (National, State,
District)
Conducted surveillance and determined national burden
of HIV in TB patients
Mainstreamed TB-HIV activities as core responsibility of
both programs (training & monitoring)
23. 20-Feb-16
TB-HIV: Current Policies (2008)
TB/HIV activities in all States
Coordination & Training on TB/HIV
Intensified Case Finding (ICF)
Referral of all HIV- TB patients for HIV care and
support (CPT & ART)
Involve NGOs
Activities in high-HIV states
Provider-initiated HIV counseling and testing for all
TB patients
Decentralized provision of Co-trimoxazole
Expanded TB-HIV monitoring
24. 20-Feb-16
Quality Diagnostic and Treatment
Services
~12,500 decentralized designated microscopy
centers established
External Quality Assurance (EQA) system for
sputum microscopy as per international
guidelines
Quality assured anti-TB drugs
Patient friendly DOT services
25. 20-Feb-16
412766
Achievements in line with
the global targets
Achievements Under RNTCP
Since implementation
> 40 million TB suspects examined
> 9 million patients placed on treatment
> 1.6 million lives saved (deaths averted)
26. 20-Feb-16
Progress Towards Millennium
Development Goals
Indicator 23: between 1990 and 2015 to halve
prevalence of TB disease and deaths due to TB
Indicator 24: to detect 70% of new infectious cases
and to successfully treat 85% of detected sputum
positive patients
The global NSP case detection rate is 61% (2006) and
treatment success rate is 85%
RNTCP consistently achieving global bench mark of
85% treatment success rate for NSP; and case
detection rate 70% (2007)