Report on Copenhagen COP15 is a summary of events that transpired in Dec. 2009 at the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP15) including drafting of the Copenhagen Accord and subsequent public discourse.
Its all about How environmental issues were raised and how world nation ended up signing for this Paris agreement.
Then there are impacts of America's withdrawal plus role of China and India.
Presentation By Shri Mahesh Pandya, Director, Paryavaranmitra shown at The institution of Engineers, Gujarat State Center, Ahmedabad
Note: Views expressed by the author are his own. Placing this presentation here does not mean IEI GSC is in agreement with the same.
The Montreal Protocol defines measures to limit production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. Developed in 1987 under the UN Environment Programme, it came into force in 1989 as the first global agreement to protect the atmosphere. The protocol regulates substances like CFCs and halons that damage the ozone layer based on their ozone depletion potential. Developing countries faced special difficulties in phasing out substances and received financial and technical support, with a 10-year preparation period ending in 1999 before entering the compliance period.
- The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that sets binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions for industrialized countries.
- The goal is to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to help prevent dangerous climate change. Countries agreed on average reductions of 5.2% from 1990 levels by 2012.
- The United States signed but later withdrew from the agreement in 2001, citing negative economic impacts. Many other countries have ratified it but it faces challenges in comprehensively addressing long-term climate change.
The document summarizes information about the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It provides details on the IPCC's role in assessing climate change risks and impacts. It outlines the IPCC's history including its establishment in 1988 and releases of assessment reports in 1990, 1995, 2001, 2007, and 2013/2014 that informed international agreements. The document describes the IPCC process involving working groups and authors and reviewers from around the world. It previews upcoming assessment reports and special reports in the sixth assessment cycle through 2022.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to fight global warming. Under the protocol, 37 industrialized countries commit to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. The US has not ratified the treaty due to concerns about developing countries not having emissions commitments.
The document summarizes the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1987 to protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone depleting substances. It discusses how the protocol has been amended over time, identifying several ozone depleting compounds and setting timelines for their phase out. Key achievements of the protocol include worldwide participation, elimination of most ozone depleting substances, support for developing countries, and expectations that the ozone layer will fully recover by 2050 if compliance continues. The document also notes that without the Montreal Protocol, significant depletion of the ozone layer and increased health impacts from UV radiation would have occurred.
The Kyoto Protocol is a 1997 global agreement that set targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It aimed to reduce emissions in industrialized countries to 5% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012, with varying targets for different countries. While most industrialized countries met their targets, emissions in other high emitters like the US rose. The targets are now seen as too low, and greater reductions are needed to combat climate change. Individual actions and moving to renewable energy can help reduce emissions, but replacing coal with nuclear power will also be necessary to meet future targets.
The History of Climate Change NegotiationsUNDP Eurasia
The document provides a short history of international climate change policy, starting from early scientific studies in the late 19th century through the establishment of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. It summarizes the key objectives and principles of the UNFCCC, as well as commitments made by Annex I, Annex II, and other parties. It then discusses the Kyoto Protocol, including its commitments, limitations, and need for future action. It concludes by outlining the AWG-KP and AWG-LCA processes aimed at establishing new commitments beyond the first Kyoto commitment period and a long-term global climate agreement.
Unfccc, kyoto protocol, montreal protocol, pollution, international conventio...Rushell Rousseau
The document summarizes the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Montreal Protocol. The UNFCCC is a 1992 treaty aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous climate change. It lacks enforcement but established a framework for negotiating protocols like Kyoto. Kyoto set binding emissions reduction targets for developed nations from 2008-2012. The Montreal Protocol is a 1987 agreement to phase out ozone-depleting substances to protect the stratospheric ozone layer and reduce global warming.
This document discusses climate change impacts in India and the country's policy responses. It notes increasing surface temperatures and variable regional impacts on rainfall and drought. It outlines India's National Action Plan on Climate Change and its national missions to promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable habitats, water management, ecosystem protection, agriculture and strategic climate research. The document discusses how rural livelihoods dependent on natural resources are highly vulnerable to climate impacts. It defines concepts of vulnerability, adaptation and the UNFCCC and its role in coordinating the global response to climate change.
The document discusses Canada's obligations and challenges in meeting the targets of the Kyoto Protocol. It notes that Canada ratified the protocol in 2002 but has failed to meet its emissions reduction targets. Emissions have risen significantly since 1990 due largely to growth in the oil, gas and mining industries. While some provinces have their own climate policies, Canada's withdrawal from its Kyoto commitments has faced criticism from environmental and political groups.
The document discusses environmental protection movements and international conventions related to the environment. It describes how environmentalism covers broad areas like consumption of natural resources, pollution, and exposure to toxins. The movement focuses on environmental science, activism, advocacy, and justice. International conventions establish standards for preserving natural resources and protecting the environment. The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change through systems like carbon trading between countries.
A presentation by IIED principal researcher Dr Achala Abeysinghe giving an introduction to the Paris Agreement on climate change.
The presentation was made at the ecbi Training And Support Programme’s Asian regional training workshop for junior climate negotiators from developing countries, in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 14-15 April 2016.
More details: http://www.iied.org/workshops-build-climate-negotiators-capacity-european-capacity-building-initiative-training-support
The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It commits developed countries to reduce their emissions to 10% below 1990 levels between 2008-2012. Key mechanisms to help countries meet their targets include international emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism between developed and developing countries, and Joint Implementation between developed countries. While many countries have ratified the protocol, major emitters like the US have not. Developing countries like China and India are not required to reduce emissions under the agreement.
The document summarizes Agenda 21, a non-binding action plan adopted by the UN in 1992 related to sustainable development. It includes 40 chapters organized into 4 sections covering social and economic issues, conservation, strengthening major groups, and implementation. The goal is to help the environment and was agreed at the 1992 Earth Summit. It calls for governments, UN agencies, and other groups to take action globally, nationally and locally toward sustainable development. While progress has been uneven, the UN has reaffirmed commitment to Agenda 21 over subsequent years.
The document summarizes key aspects of international climate agreements, including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. It notes that the UNFCCC lacked enforcement but that the Kyoto Protocol set binding emission reduction targets for developed countries. The Paris Agreement set a goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts for 1.5°C, along with mechanisms for countries to report progress and support for developing countries. However, it did not bind countries to specific emission reduction amounts.
The document outlines the members of a group project on the Paris Climate Agreement led by Dr. Abhishek Chaudhary. It then provides information on the Paris Agreement, including that it is the first comprehensive global framework within the UN to tackle climate change. It notes key impacts of climate change and global greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, it lists some criticisms of the agreement, such as countries not being held responsible for unmet goals and a lack of enforcement mechanisms.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It set targets for industrialized countries to cut emissions by 5% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012. Each country agreed to its own target, such as an 8% cut for EU countries. The protocol went into legal effect in 2005 after Russia ratified it. However, countries are not on track to meet targets and the US withdrawal was a major setback. The Copenhagen Summit in 2009 aimed to forge a new agreement to replace Kyoto but only produced the non-binding Copenhagen Accord, continuing pressure for countries like the US to pass emissions legislation.
The Copenhagen Agreement is a document that delegates at the 15th session of the Conference of Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to "take note of" at the final plenary on 18 December 2009.
The Accord, drafted by, on the one hand, the United States and on the other, in a united position as the BASIC countries (China, India, South Africa, and Brazil), is not legally binding and does not commit countries to agree to a binding successor to the Kyoto Protocol, whose round ended in 2012.
The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, also known as the Copenhagen Summit, was held from December 7-18 at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, Denmark and brought together one of the largest gatherings of world leaders. The summit aimed to establish commitments on temperature rise limits, provide financial aid to developing nations, and increase emissions transparency but faced drawbacks as key governments did not want a binding global deal, it did not establish commitments to emissions reductions, and issues with the host government.
The document summarizes the Copenhagen Accord, an international agreement on climate change signed in 2009. The accord acknowledged that global temperatures cannot increase more than 2 degrees Celsius and set non-binding emissions reduction targets for developed countries by 2020. It also committed to creating a green climate fund and mechanisms for technology development and transfer to developing countries. Currently, 55 countries have signed on to the accord, but it lacks binding enforcement. The next major climate conference will be in 2015 to assess implementation of the Copenhagen Accord.
This document discusses the causes and effects of climate change as well as ways to prevent or reduce it. The major causes outlined are deforestation, agriculture, combustion of fossil fuels, and population growth. Effects include threats to health, natural disasters, water quality/quantity, infectious diseases, and air pollution. Suggested prevention methods include cleaner energy sources, energy saving tips, green driving/transportation, reducing/reusing/recycling, reforestation, organic farming, and green shopping habits. The document also briefly discusses climate change issues specific to Cambodia.
Complete combustion of fossil fuels occurs when there is plenty of oxygen present, resulting in hydrogen oxidizing to water and carbon oxidizing to carbon dioxide. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen, resulting in hydrogen oxidizing to water but carbon oxidizing to carbon monoxide and the release of soot. Natural gas is a better choice of fossil fuel because it releases fewer harmful air pollutants like carbon dioxide and water when combusted compared to coal and oil. The combustion of fossil fuels releases various gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, particles, and sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere.
Powai Lake is an artificial lake located in Mumbai that was constructed in 1891 as a measure against water famine. It has experienced problems with decreased area due to development, water quality deterioration from untreated sewage and garbage, and heavy siltation that has reduced its depth. Proposed solutions to address these issues include installing septic sewage pumping systems, patrolling to prevent damage and littering, education programs to raise awareness, bioremediation to remove pollutants, landscaping, desilting to increase water quantity, restricting construction in catchment areas, and promoting environmental ethics.
case study on energy conservation and utilization.tamboliameer
1) The document discusses energy conservation and load distribution analysis conducted at VIIT. It analyzed the institute's energy usage and expenses from 2012-2014.
2) Solar panels were installed in 2013, which led to a decrease in electricity expenses from nearly Rs. 11 lakh in 2012 to Rs. 7.98 lakh in 2013 despite increased campus load.
3) Further energy conservation measures helped reduce expenses further to Rs. 5.14 lakh in 2014, representing over 60% savings from 2012 levels.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. The three essential conditions necessary for combustion are:
- Presence of a combustible substance
- Presence of a supporter of combustion like oxygen
- Attainment of ignition temperature of the substance
2. CO2 extinguisher is able to control fires because CO2 is not a supporter of combustion. Being heavier than air, it settles down and cuts off the oxygen supply, thereby extinguishing the fire.
3. No, the process of rusting cannot be called combustion because it does not involve burning in the presence of oxygen with the liberation of heat and light. Rusting is a slow oxidation reaction between iron and oxygen/water.
Denmark is located in Europe and has a small size but Copenhagen is its capital city near the ocean with many jobs and seafood. Denmark is famous for having a monarchy with a King and Queen as well as a statue of a mermaid. The climate is cold due to its northern location far from the equator with strong winds, and the coldest month is July while the warmest is February. The Danish diet includes seafood like eel and shrimp as well as pastries and fruits due to fertile soil, since Denmark is close to the ocean. The largest cities are located in Copenhagen, Aalborg, Aarhus and Odense.
This document discusses lake restoration methods. It begins with an introduction to lakes and their functions. It then discusses common causes of lake degradation, including nutrients, contaminants, and sediments from nonpoint sources. Methods to restore lakes are categorized as preventive/indirect or ameliorative/direct. Preventive methods include watershed alterations and waste diversion. Ameliorative methods include in-lake physical, chemical, and biological techniques as well as outside-lake treatments. A case study on Lake Anasagar in India is presented, outlining material/methods used to assess water quality and identify degradation factors. An integrated restoration plan for the lake focuses on catchment development and lake area development through sediment removal and design plans.
Denmark is a Scandinavian country located in Northern Europe. Some key facts about Denmark include:
- The capital and largest city is Copenhagen.
- Denmark has a population of approximately 5.6 million people and has a predominantly Christian population that mostly speaks Danish.
- Denmark has a highly developed economy and ranks highly in measures of quality of life, education, health care, civil liberties, and human development.
The document discusses the need for eco-labels in the textile industry. It notes that consumers are increasingly concerned about the environmental impacts of manufacturing and demand products certified as eco-friendly. Eco-labels help identify products made from environmentally safe materials without harmful chemicals. The document outlines several eco-label schemes and criteria around the world for textile certification.
International Environmental Conferences, a short viewArjun Ariaratnam
The document summarizes several major international environmental conferences:
The 1972 Stockholm Conference was the first major conference on the environment and established the United Nations Environment Programme. The 1992 Rio Conference emphasized sustainable development and resulted in agreements like Agenda 21. The 2002 Johannesburg Conference reaffirmed commitments to sustainable development. Rio+20 in 2012 focused on green economy and institutional frameworks for sustainability. Key principles on environmental protection and sustainable development were adopted at these conferences.
The document discusses key environmental issues from a global perspective. It examines pollution levels and energy use in China, the European Union, India, and the United States. For each region, it outlines current statistics on pollution sources, energy consumption, and policies/initiatives related to improving environmental conditions and transitioning to cleaner energy sources. The document also notes how climate change poses risks like increased litigation and uncertainty from potential future regulations, but also opportunities for developing green technologies and improving corporate reputations.
Combustion is the process of burning a substance in the presence of oxygen, producing light and heat. It involves exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant. Burning produces light and heat. LPG is useful for cooking. Combustible substances burn to produce light and heat, while non-combustible substances do not. Spontaneous combustion occurs without an ignition source through heat buildup during oxidation. Rapid combustion releases a lot of heat and light quickly, and sometimes gas.
This document defines key terms related to weather and climate, including how climate differs from weather in considering average conditions over long periods of time. It discusses how climate change refers to changes in statistical weather patterns over decades or more. The main causes of global warming are identified as increases in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane from both natural sources as well as human activities like industrialization, deforestation, and fossil fuel use.
Wasteland reclamation involves reclaiming degraded or unused land to make it suitable for agriculture, habitation, or cultivation. India has significant areas of wasteland that can be reclaimed. Wastelands can be classified based on difficulty of reclamation - easily reclaimable for agriculture; reclaimable with some difficulty for agroforestry; and reclaimable with extreme difficulty only for forestry. Methods of reclamation include afforestation, reforestation, contour ploughing, and changing crop practices. A case study highlights Jatropha plantation on wastelands in Rajasthan as a promising crop that provides income while reclaiming land.
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Rio Summit or Earth Summit, was a major UN conference held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Over 170 countries participated and agreed to several important environmental agreements and declarations including the Rio Declaration, Agenda 21, and conventions on biological diversity, climate change, and desertification. The summit addressed issues like sustainable production/consumption, alternative energy sources, transportation, water scarcity, and more. It helped launch global discussions around these issues and set targets, though further negotiations were still needed to establish legally binding emissions limits.
The document discusses the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It was adopted in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and has been ratified by over 190 countries. The key points are:
- The Protocol sets mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions for industrialized nations that collectively aim to reduce emissions by 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012.
- The United States initially participated but withdrew from the treaty in 2001, citing economic concerns and the lack of participation of developing nations.
- The Kyoto Protocol represents an international effort to address the issue of global climate change through legally binding emissions reduction targets.
Expectations for the 16th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Fra...tchagutah
1) Expectations for the COP16 climate summit in Cancun are low given the failure of the 2009 Copenhagen summit to reach a binding agreement.
2) Most observers expect a modest outcome in Cancun focused on operationalizing existing commitments rather than new emissions targets. The goal is incremental progress through agreeing on specific issues.
3) Developing countries are pushing for commitments from developed nations on emissions reductions and financing. However, expectations of a comprehensive legally-binding deal in Cancun are diminished. The focus is on making headway on individual issues.
Cancun Accords – Agreement & ImplicationsKrishan Kapil
The United Nations Climate Change Conference took place in Cancun, Mexico from November 29 to December 10, 2010. [1] The key documents from the conference were the Outcome of the AWG-LCA and the Outcome of the AWG-KP. [2] Twenty-six agreements were reached, including establishing a Green Climate Fund to help poor nations, protecting forests, and transferring clean energy technologies. [3]
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that aims to manage and reduce carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases.
The Protocol was adopted at a conference in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and became international law on February 16, 2005.
Aim: Commits the parties to reduce GHGs emission
The Protocol was linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that commits industrialized nations to limit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It introduced mechanisms for emissions trading and financing climate projects in developing countries. While it represented progress in addressing climate change, the Kyoto Protocol only bound developed countries to reduce emissions and did not achieve full participation. The Paris Agreement built on the Kyoto Protocol by engaging all countries in setting emissions reduction targets.
Report on Warsaw is a summary of the negotiations that transpired at COP19, the 19th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and the 9th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, which was held Nov. 11-22, 2013 in Warsaw, Poland.
The document summarizes the outcomes of COP16, the 2010 United Nations climate change conference in Cancun, Mexico. Key outcomes included the "Cancun Agreements," which established the Green Climate Fund to mobilize $100 billion annually for developing countries, frameworks for reducing deforestation and increasing transparency, and formalization of emissions pledges. However, no agreement was reached on extending the Kyoto Protocol, postponing that decision until COP17. Overall COP16 was seen as progressing the UNFCCC process and rejuvenating global climate cooperation.
The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance starting in 2020. 194 countries have signed it, with 127 ratifying it, and it went into effect in November 2016. The agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C by reducing emissions through nationally determined contributions that are reported every 5 years. However, the contributions are not legally binding and there is no enforcement if countries do not meet their targets.
The document summarizes a student's research paper on strategies for the upcoming COP21 climate conference in Paris. It discusses the failures of the Kyoto Protocol to meaningfully reduce global emissions due to lack of participation from major emitters like the US and China. The student argues COP21 should focus on creating voluntary, specific emission guidelines for all countries to encourage widespread adoption and pressure the US to participate. This may elevate the agreement to a universal law.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It commits industrialized countries to reduce emissions by 5.2% between 2008-2012 compared to 1990 levels. The protocol offers flexible mechanisms for countries to meet emissions targets, including emissions trading between countries, investments in other countries to reduce emissions, and investments in developing countries. It monitors five main greenhouse gases and established funds to help countries adapt to climate change impacts. The protocol is seen as an important first step but more stringent reductions are still needed going forward.
BC3 Policy Briefing Videos Series: Reports that synthesise the research work carried out by the team from the Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3). This content is intended to be of use for the agents involved in decision-making on climate change.
This Policy briefing was authored by Ibon Galarraga and Mavi Román.
The document provides an overview of the Kyoto Protocol, including its history, key aspects, and mechanisms. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 and set binding emissions reduction targets for industrialized countries between 2008-2012. It established mechanisms for emissions trading, clean development, and joint implementation. While nearly all nations initially ratified it, the United States declined. The protocol placed a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities."
Global warming is being accelerated by human activity through interrupting the carbon cycle. The primary international response is the Kyoto Protocol, which sets emissions limits and was established by the UNFCCC. The Kyoto Protocol's goals are evaluated by the IPCC, whose "Hockey Stick Graph" indicates current warming trends are unprecedented. National and international policy responses aim to reduce emissions through agreements to limit greenhouse gases.
What\'s Copenhagen mean for forward thinking Australian businesses?RodDouglas
1. The Copenhagen climate summit failed to reach legally binding agreements but did produce a non-binding political accord signed by 26 countries including the US and China.
2. The accord aims to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius and have signatories nominate emissions reduction targets by January 2010, but significant uncertainties remain around countries' commitment levels.
3. Back in Australia, passage of federal climate change legislation is now uncertain given the non-binding nature of the Copenhagen accord, with the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme bill unlikely to pass until after the next election in 2011 at the earliest.
Reed Smith - Anticipating the outcome of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Confer...Nicholas Rock
The document discusses some of the key challenges that may prevent negotiators from reaching an agreement at the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference (COP21). Specifically:
1) One major legal challenge is determining the form of the international agreement, whether it will be a protocol, legal instrument, or agreed outcome under international law.
2) The role and status of the intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) submitted by countries prior to the conference is unclear in terms of how they may be renegotiated or changed post-COP21.
3) Issues around measuring and accounting for the collective impact of countries' efforts to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius and how to structure cooperative arrangements between countries.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC. It sets binding emissions reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by an average of 5% against 1990 levels between 2008-2012. The key principles are common but differentiated responsibilities, where developed countries take the lead in reducing emissions due to their historical contributions to climate change. The Kyoto mechanisms of emissions trading, clean development mechanism, and joint implementation allow countries flexibility in meeting their targets. By the end of the first commitment period in 2012, a new framework is needed to deliver further emissions reductions to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations.
This document discusses the prospects for a new international climate agreement. It notes that climate negotiations are extremely complex, covering issues like development, energy, trade, and more. The current UN process involves two working groups addressing mitigation, adaptation, finance, and more. Reaching agreement has been difficult due to gaps between developed and developing countries over responsibility for emissions reductions and finance. The Cancun conference in 2010 will be important for rebuilding trust in the UN process and making progress toward a new global climate regime.
The document summarizes key outcomes and discussions from COP17 in Durban, South Africa. There was initial lack of optimism due to disagreements between developed and developing countries. However, an agreement was reached to establish a universal legal agreement on emissions reductions by 2020 that would apply to all countries. The Durban Platform established a roadmap for negotiations toward a new treaty, but opinions were mixed on whether the outcome was sufficient to address the scale of the climate change problem.
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change was agreed more than 20 years ago, but global CO2 emissions have continued to rise. Fossil fuels still dominate the global energy supply and we are on course for a 3-5⁰C increase in global surface temperatures by the end of the century. July 2015 was the warmest month ever recorded for the globe. The OECD has been working in co-operation with its partners to identify how countries need to resolve misalignments between climate goals and policies in other domains that risk undermining climate action and making the low-carbon transition more costly. With the carbon clock ticking, the Paris COP21 conference in December must give a clear and credible directional signal that governments can and will transition from the carbon-intensive present to a low carbon resilient future.
The Paris Agreement is a global agreement signed in 2015 by 196 countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming to below 2°C. It aims to strengthen countries' abilities to deal with climate impacts and make developing countries financially capable of controlling warming. Countries set voluntary emissions reduction targets every 5 years. While a step forward, the agreement's targets have been criticized as insufficient and its country commitments are non-binding. The US withdrew but later rejoined under Biden. Withdrawal requires following specific rules over a period of years.
Road to Lima is a summary of preparations for COP20, the 20th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and the 10th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, which will be held Dec. 1-12 in Lima, Peru.
The document summarizes the outcomes of COP18, which was held in Doha, Qatar in November-December 2012. Key outcomes included finalizing the terms of the Kyoto Protocol's second commitment period through 2020 and establishing the Doha Climate Gateway. Progress was made on national adaptation plans and loss and damage, while little headway occurred on REDD+. Oversight of mitigation efforts and markets was transferred to UNFCCC bodies. The Durban Platform became the sole negotiating process for a post-2020 climate treaty.
The document provides background information on preparations for COP18, the 18th session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, which will be held in Doha, Qatar from November 26 to December 7, 2012. COP18 aims to finalize an extended second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, resolve remaining issues from the AWG-LCA, and advance negotiations on a new legal climate agreement applicable to all countries under the Durban Platform. Preparatory meetings in Bonn and Bangkok put the complex negotiations on track by establishing work programs but also exposed disagreements between developed and developing countries. Qatar faces challenges in hosting the conference as a major oil and gas producer but aims to demonstrate climate leadership.
The document summarizes the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development held in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012. It discusses the unambitious outcome document called "The Future We Want" which lacked specific goals, targets, and timelines. It also describes some of the key issues discussed at Rio+20 including institutional frameworks, sustainable development goals, climate change, and other topics, but notes that the conference did not achieve dramatic progress or consensus on many issues.
Road to Rio+20, UN Conference on Sustainable Development 2012ISCIENCES, L.L.C.
Road to Rio+20 is a summary of preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) called “Rio+20” to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil June 20-22, 2012.
Kyoto and Beyond: The Evolution of Multilateral Agreements on Climate ChangeISCIENCES, L.L.C.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of multilateral agreements on climate change from the 1970s to present day, with a focus on the Kyoto Protocol. It describes several important early agreements and conventions in the 1970s-1980s that helped bring international attention to environmental issues. It then outlines the key developments in the 1990s that led to the drafting of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The document discusses the Kyoto Protocol period from 2005-2008 and challenges faced by countries in meeting emissions targets. It concludes by looking at climate change discussions and agreements after 2009, including negotiations on the future of the Protocol.
The Road to Durban PowerPoint is a summary of the events and negotiations that have transpired since COP16 (Nov. 29-Dec. 10, 2010) and preparatory to COP17 (Nov. 28-Dec.9, 2011).
The document provides an overview and summary of negotiations leading up to COP16, the UN climate change conference to be held in Cancun, Mexico from November 29th to December 10th, 2010. It discusses the failure of COP15 to establish binding emissions reductions, key events since then, the official agenda for COP16, and opinions on expectations for the outcome in Cancun, which most see as a step towards a future agreement rather than a major breakthrough.
APM event held on 9 July in Bristol.
Speaker: Roy Millard
The SWWE Regional Network were very pleased to welcome back to Bristol Roy Millard, of APM’s Assurance Interest Group on 9 July 2024, to talk about project reviews and hopefully answer all your questions.
Roy outlined his extensive career and his experience in setting up the APM’s Assurance Specific Interest Group, as they were known then.
Using Mentimeter, he asked a number of questions of the audience about their experience of project reviews and what they wanted to know.
Roy discussed what a project review was and examined a number of definitions, including APM’s Bok: “Project reviews take place throughout the project life cycle to check the likely or actual achievement of the objectives specified in the project management plan”
Why do we do project reviews? Different stakeholders will have different views about this, but usually it is about providing confidence that the project will deliver the expected outputs and benefits, that it is under control.
There are many types of project reviews, including peer reviews, internal audit, National Audit Office, IPA, etc.
Roy discussed the principles behind the Three Lines of Defence Model:, First line looks at management controls, policies, procedures, Second line at compliance, such as Gate reviews, QA, to check that controls are being followed, and third Line is independent external reviews for the organisations Board, such as Internal Audit or NAO audit.
Factors which affect project reviews include the scope, level of independence, customer of the review, team composition and time.
Project Audits are a special type of project review. They are generally more independent, formal with clear processes and audit trails, with a greater emphasis on compliance. Project reviews are generally more flexible and informal, but should be evidence based and have some level of independence.
Roy looked at 2 examples of where reviews went wrong, London Underground Sub-Surface Upgrade signalling contract, and London’s Garden Bridge. The former had poor 3 lines of defence, no internal audit and weak procurement skills, the latter was a Boris Johnson vanity project with no proper governance due to Johnson’s pressure and interference.
Roy discussed the principles of assurance reviews from APM’s Guide to Integrated Assurance (Free to Members), which include: independence, accountability, risk based, and impact, etc
Human factors are important in project reviews. The skills and knowledge of the review team, building trust with the project team to avoid defensiveness, body language, and team dynamics, which can only be assessed face to face, active listening, flexibility and objectively.
Click here for further content: https://www.apm.org.uk/news/a-beginner-s-guide-to-project-reviews-everything-you-wanted-to-know-but-were-too-afraid-to-ask/
Demonstration module in Odoo 17 - Odoo 17 SlidesCeline George
In Odoo, a module represents a unit of functionality that can be added to the Odoo system to extend its features or customize its behavior. Each module typically consists of various components, such as models, views, controllers, security rules, data files, and more. Lets dive into the structure of a module in Odoo 17
Dr. Nasir Mustafa CERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION "NEUROANATOMY"Dr. Nasir Mustafa
CERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION
"NEUROANATOMY"
DURING THE JOINT ONLINE LECTURE SERIES HELD BY
KUTAISI UNIVERSITY (GEORGIA) AND ISTANBUL GELISIM UNIVERSITY (TURKEY)
FROM JUNE 10TH TO JUNE 14TH, 2024
The word “Gymnosperm” comes from the Greek words “gymnos”(naked) and “sperma”(seed), hence known as “Naked seeds.” Gymnosperms are the seed-producing plants, but unlike angiosperms, they produce seeds without fruits. These plants develop on the surface of scales or leaves, or at the end of stalks forming a cone-like structure.
Benchmarking Sustainability: Neurosciences and AI Tech Research in Macau - Ke...Alvaro Barbosa
In this talk we will review recent research work carried out at the University of Saint Joseph and its partners in Macao. The focus of this research is in application of Artificial Intelligence and neuro sensing technology in the development of new ways to engage with brands and consumers from a business and design perspective. In addition we will review how these technologies impact resilience and how the University benchmarks these results against global standards in Sustainable Development.
2. Introduction
Kyoto and Beyond is a series of presentations that
provide information concerning the evolving
international climate treaty process that began
with the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Report on Copenhagen is a summary of events that
transpired in Dec 2009 at the UNFCCC Conference
of the Parties (COP15), including the drafting of
the Copenhagen Accord and subsequent public
discourse.
For entire series go to:
http://www.isciences.com/spotlight/kyoto_and_beyond.html
3. Contents
1 The Kyoto Protocol
2 COP15 and the Copenhagen Accord
3 Reactions to COP15
4 Steps toward COP16
5 2010 Timeline
4. The Kyoto Protocol
The convocation of nations in Copenhagen to address a future
climate agreement is the 15th in a series of meetings
resulting from the UNFCCC
The first formal international climate agreement requiring
limits to fossil fuel emissions is the Kyoto Protocol
which is currently in force.
For more on the UNFCCC see slide 51.
5. Kyoto Protocol Background
The Protocol is a multilateral agreement aimed at reducing
greenhouse gas emissions. Developed countries were
assigned limits on emissions relative to 1990, and
targets vary by nation.
The Protocol was signed by 84 countries and ratified by
nearly all who signed. The US did not ratify. Countries
who ratified are now bound by Protocol requirements.
The Protocol, part of the UNFCCC, has been in force since
2005. The first commitment period ends 2012 and no
binding framework has been established post-2012.
Four Conference of the Parties have taken place since the
Protocol entered into force. Each COP has been
accompanied by a CMP, a meeting specific to the
Protocol.
For more on Conference of the Parties and CMP see slides 22 & 23.
6. Kyoto Protocol Emissions Updates
Developed countries were
assigned limits on
emissions relative to 1990
levels and targets vary by
nation.
This table from UNFCCC
data shows progress
made in emissions
reductions as of 2009.
Image credit: UNFCCC
7. Kyoto Protocol Emissions Updates
The Climate Scorecard below shows an interpretation of the
performance of key nations (known as the G8) with respect
to meeting the terms of the Protocol.
For specific
information on each
country, click on
the country flags
Source: World Wildlife Foundation/Allianz
http://www.worldwildlife.org/climate/policy/g8-scorecard.html
8. COP15: Overview
The most recent Conference of the Parties was COP15 in
Copenhagen, Denmark Dec 7-18, 2009.
COP15 was particularly significant due to
an increasing international push for new
binding climate change legislature.
The focus of COP15 was on attempting to
draft new legislation and deciding if goals
set by the Kyoto Protocol should continue
post-2012.
Image credit: Wikimedia Commons
Time was also spent improving the clean
development mechanism and drafting
decisions on adaptation, technology, and
capacity building.
Click here to view the schedule of COP15
9. COP15: Details
What was expected What actually happened
Finding a new commitment phase for the No binding framework was created; no
Kyoto Protocol that includes emissions obligations on developing countries to
reductions from developing countries. make cuts.
Lowering the target temperature rise The 2C target temperature prevailed due
from 2C to 1.5C to protect the least to the high cost associated with the .5C
developed nations and smallest islands decrease (trillions of dollars per
from disappearing. industrialized nation).
Forming an agreement on how to avoid The goal of reducing global CO2
catastrophic temperature increases by emissions by 50% (80% for
2050. industrialized nations) was dropped.
Forming a method for developing No mechanisms put in place to mobilize
countries to receive aid and funding $100 billion by 2020 to aid developing
towards reducing emissions levels. countries. No decisions were made as to
Creating an accountability mechanism to which developed countries would provide
ensure funding occurs. funding.
Forming a new legally binding The Copenhagen Accord was created
agreement. separately from COP15. Not legally
binding.
10. The Copenhagen Accord
It became apparent that the COP15 process was
floundering, and during the last days of COP15 the Copenhagen
Accord evolved.
The Copenhagen Accord was the result
of an independent action of the
U.S., China, Brazil, India, and South
Africa. The meeting, as well as the
drafting of the accord, were not an
official part of COP15. The process was
controversial due to the limited
Image credit: Wikimedia Commons international involvement.
Some countries that were excluded from the process renounced
the Accord. These include Venezuela, Bolivia, Cuba, and
Nicaragua.
11. Contents of the Copenhagen Accord
NOTE: No specific
Sets a goal limiting the increase in A emissions reductions
Earth‟s average temperature to 2
degrees Celsius from pre-industrial have been set and the
levels; process yet to be established.
Accord is not legally
binding.
States that Annex I countries of the B
Protocol should further strengthen their
efforts to meet targets set by the Protocol.
Funding will be provided to developing countries for C
lowering emissions from deforestation and forest
degradation, and for adaptation and technology
development and transfer.
Copenhagen Green Climate Fund will be the operator of D
finances to help developing countries conduct activities
related to mitigation.
Click here to view the entire Copenhagen Accord
12. Outcome
COP15 did not achieve its
objective which was to
establish an agreement
subsequent to the Kyoto
Protocol. However, on the last
day, December 18th, it did
acknowledge the Accord as a
Image credit: Wikimedia Commons
means to move the process
forward.
The Copenhagen Accord is not legally binding, but allows
for nations to submit voluntary commitments. While the
Accord initially raised controversy, there has been
increasing acceptance. As of January 2010, 124 countries
were engaged in some form of voluntary commitment.
The Accord is currently viewed as a declaration that
expresses an intent to act on climate change.
13. Supportive Reactions to COP15
“We‟ve come a long way but we have “We have made a start. I believe that
much further to go.” -Barack Obama, US what we need to follow up on quickly is
President ensuring a legally binding outcome.” -
Gordon Brown, UK Prime Minister
“Given where we started and
the expectations for this
conference, anything less than “The meeting has had a positive
a legally binding and agreed result, everyone should be happy.
outcome falls far short of the After negotiations both sides
mark. On the other hand… have managed to preserve their
perhaps the bar was set too bottom line. For the Chinese this
high and the fact that there‟s was our sovereignty and our
now a deal… perhaps gives us national interest.” -Xie Zhenhua,
something to hang our hat on.” Head of China’s Delegation
-John Ahse, Chair of Kyoto
Protocol Talks
“The leaders of a small number of key
“The Copenhagen Accord is no substitute
countries…worked to identify a politically
for a real-deal treaty, but world leaders
feasible path forward. Their roadmap,
became personally acquainted with the
despite its flaws, offers a possible
tough issues, directly and seriously
foundation for progress…Unlike Kyoto,
negotiating for the first time…” -Kelly
this accord establishes a framework for
Sims Gallagher, Professor of Energy and
involving key, rapidly growing developing
Environmental Policy at The Fletcher
countries” -Robert Stavins, Professor at
School
the Harvard Kennedy School
14. Unsupportive Reactions to COP 15
“Anything above 1.5 Degrees, the “It‟s very disappointing, I would say, but
Maldives and many small islands and it is not a failure…We have a big job
low-lying islands would vanish. It is ahead to avoid climate change through
for this reason that we tried very effective emissions reduction targets and
hard during the course of the last this was not done here.” -Sergio Serra,
two days to have 1.5 degrees in the Brazil’s Climate Change Ambassador
document. I am so sorry that this
was blatantly obstructed by big-
emitting countries.”
- Mohamed Nasheed, Maldives’
President
“It looks like we are being
offered 30 pieces of silver to
“I will not hide my betray our people and our
disappointment regarding the future.” -Ian Fry, Tuvalu’s Lead
non-binding nature of the Negotiator
agreement here. In that respect
the document falls far short of
our expectations” -Jose Manuel
Barroso, EU Commission
President
“Copenhagen has been an abject failure.
Justice has not been done. By delaying
“The draft text asks Africa to sign a action, rich countries have condemned
suicide pact, an incineration pact in millions of the world‟s poorest people to
order to maintain the economic hunger, suffering and loss of life as climate
dominance of a few countries” - change accelerates. The blame for this
Lumumba Stanislaus Di-Aping, Head of disastrous outcome is squarely on the
G-77 Group developed nations.” - Nnimmo Bassey,
Friends of the Earth International
Click here to view other reactions
15. COP15: Limited Progress
The general consensus of attending
parties was that COP15 was
unsuccessful.
In the coming months, countries
will work towards finding an
agreement on new binding
legislation.
Image credit: Wikimedia Commons
Many feel it will be necessary to provide more detail in the
Accord to increase transparency to rebuild trust.
There is talk of creating a global climate fund to service
developing nations. This may create balance between the
developed and developing nations.
16. Steps Toward COP16
November 29 – December 10, 2010 in Cancun, Mexico
Further talks necessary before
COP 16 in order to reach a
legislative agreement.
Forums and Talks
Emissions pledges not
large enough. Need
new program to
strengthen pledges. Click stepped text
Strengthening Emissions Pledges
for further details
on each step.
Execute progress tracking
systems for developed
countries. Create for
developing countries. Progress Tracking System
Details on finance,
forests,
adaptation,
technology. Improving Details of the Accord
17. 2010 Timeline
Key
9th Meeting of the Date Set
Second
Enforcement
International
Branch of the
Conference on
Compliance Proposed Date
Climate Change
Committee
Decoding the Bonn Climate Bonn Climate World Energy
Copenhagen Change Talks Change Talks – Congress in
Accord Event on Second Round Montreal
Capitol Hill
January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December
Address by Yvo
de Boer at
Petersberg
Climate Dialogue Mexico’s COP16 in
Proposed Cancun, Mexico
20th Meeting of the Additional Climate
Speech by Yvo de
Joint Change Meeting
Boer at Public
Implementation Hearing on Climate
Supervisory Change
Committee
G20 Climate
Meetings in Seoul
The World’s
People’s
Conference on
Climate Change in
Bolivia
Click on events for further information and supporting documents
18. Concluding Statement
Article 2 of the UNFCCC calls for the
stabilization of atmospheric GHG
concentrations at levels that “prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with
the climate system.”
The UNFCCC/Kyoto/Copenhagen process
continues as nations attempt to meet this
objective.
We plan to provide updates and links to
important documents when COP16 and
other notable events occur.
19. References
Ahmed, Imad. "What Happened at Copenhagen?" Graduate Professional School of International Affairs - The Fletcher
School at Tufts University. 7 Jan. 2010. Web. http://fletcher.tufts.edu/news/2010/01/opeds/Ahmed-Jan07.shtml
Baste, Ivar A. "Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee Publishes Report of 20th Meeting - Climate-
L.org." Climate-L.org - Daily News. 24 Feb. 2010. Web. http://climate-l.org/2010/02/25/joint-implementation-
supervisory-committee-publishes-report-of-20th-meeting/
"Bolivia Climate Change Conference and the Rights of Mother Earth." Ecowalkthetalk.com. 28 Apr. 2010. Web.
http://www.ecowalkthetalk.com/blog/2010/04/28/bolivia-climate-change-conference-and-the-rights-of-mother-
earth/
"Bonn Climate Change Talks." International Institute for Sustainable Development - Reporting Services (IISD RS) -
"Linkages" - A Multimedia Resource for Environment and Development Negotiations. Web.
http://www.iisd.ca/climate/ccwg9/
"Bonn Climate Change Talks." United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Web.
http://unfccc.int/2860.php
"Bonn Climate Change Talks Conclude: More Optimism, but Still „unbalanced‟." United Nations Non-governmental
Liaison Service. 16 June 2010. Web. http://www.un-ngls.org/spip.php?article2523
Climate Change Conference 2010." Climate Change. University of Queensland. Web. http://on-climate.com/conference-
2010/
"End of COP15: Our Work Begins Now." Cascade Climate Network. Web.
http://cascadeclimate.org/cop15/index.php/2009/12/20/end-of-cop15-our-work-begins-now/
G20 Seoul Summit. Web. http://www.seoulsummit.kr/
"G8 Climate Scorecards." World Wildlife Fund. Web. http://www.worldwildlife.org/climate/policy/G8-climate-
scorecards.html
"GHG Data from UNFCCC." United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Web.
http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/ghg_data_unfccc/items/4146.php
"Hill Event Analyzes Copenhagen Accord and the Future of Climate Negotiations." The German Marshall Fund of the
United States. 25 Jan. 2010. Web. http://bit.ly/bAoXOa
Morales, Alex. "Mexico Proposes Two Additional Climate Change Meetings in 2010." Bloomberg.com. 12 Feb. 2010.
Web. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601130&sid=ariJgCukCteI
Morgan, Jennifer. "From Angst to Action: Moving Forward After Copenhagen | World Resources Institute." World
Resources Institute | Global Warming, Climate Change, Ecosystems, Sustainable Markets, Good Governance & the
Environment. 7 Apr. 2010. Web. 22 May 2010. http://www.wri.org/stories/2010/04/angst-action-moving-forward-
after-copenhagen?utm_campaign=wri-digest&utm_medium=email&utm_source=wridigest-2010-
04&utm_content=hyperlink&utm_term=FromAngstToAction
Stavins, Robert. "Opportunities and Ironies: Climate Policy in Tokyo, Seoul, Brussels, and Washington."Belfer Center for
Science and International Affairs. Harvard University, 21 Mar. 2010. Web.
http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/analysis/stavins/?tag=cop-16
Vidal, John. "Bolivia Climate Change Talks to Give Poor a Voice." The Guardian. Guardian News, 18 Apr. 2010. Web.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/apr/18/bolivia-climate-change-talks-cochabamba
"What Happened at COP15 in Copenhagen?" GHG Accounting. Web. http://ghgaccounting.ca/?p=282
20. Citation
When referencing this slideshow please use the following
citation:
ISCIENCES, L.L.C. Report on Cancun COP16. A slideshow;
4th installment in the series: Beyond Copenhagen.
February 1, 2011. Ann Arbor, Michigan.
www.isciences.com.