This document provides an overview of protocol writing for clinical research. It defines a research protocol as outlining the study plan to safely answer research questions while protecting participants. The summary outlines key components of a protocol including objectives, methodology, and management plans. A protocol allows researchers to plan, review steps, and guide the investigation. Developing a protocol requires considering factors like the research question, importance, methods, and resources needed before writing each required component.
institutional review board and independent ethics committeeMOHAMMAD ASIM
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of institutional review boards (IRBs) in protecting human subjects in clinical research. It provides details on:
- The composition and quorum requirements of IRBs, including the need for diverse expertise and community representation.
- The functions of IRBs, which include reviewing research protocols, approving studies, overseeing informed consent processes, and ensuring ongoing ethical review of approved studies.
- The responsibilities of IRBs in evaluating risks and benefits to research participants, assessing payment amounts and methods, and requiring modifications or halting studies when necessary.
- The necessary components of informed consent forms used in clinical studies, including study details, risks/benefits, confidentiality
The document outlines the phases of clinical trials:
- Phase 0 involves microdosing to determine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
- Phase 1 studies a drug's safety on 20-100 healthy volunteers and finds the optimal dose.
- Phase 2 trials on 100-300 people study a drug's biological effects and continues safety monitoring. It has two types: 2a determines dosing and 2b is pivotal, blinded, and multicenter.
- Phase 3 are large randomized controlled trials on 300-3000 people comparing a drug to standard treatment. It has two types: 3a tests different indications and 3b continues trials pending regulatory approval.
- Phase 4 occurs after approval to detect rare adverse effects
Clinical study on human subjects according to all guidelines to form a ideal protocol and requirement to conduct clinical trial with very efficient way mainly considering to India and ICH associated countries
Table of contents
-Definition of CRF
-What is CRF
-Types & Methods of filling of CRF
-CRF Input team
-CRF Approval team
-Review team
-Facts about CRF
-Purpose of CRF
-CRF Development process & Guidelines
-Elements of CRF
-CRF Design
-CRF completion checklist
-CRF Design tools
-CRF use
-GCP connection
This document discusses the role and functions of an Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC). The IEC is responsible for ensuring research involving human subjects is conducted ethically and protects participants' rights, safety, and well-being. The IEC reviews research proposals, consent forms, and other documents to evaluate risks and benefits to participants. It can approve research, approve with modifications, require resubmission with more information, or disapprove projects. The IEC also conducts continuing reviews of approved research. It is mandated by guidelines in India to ethically review all biomedical research involving human subjects.
Clinical research involves systematic studies in human subjects to improve quality of life. Clinical trials are a form of clinical research that experimentally tests medications, devices, or biologics to evaluate safety and effectiveness. There are different phases of clinical trials, from small early phase safety studies to larger late phase studies to establish efficacy. Clinical trials require many players including regulators, sponsors, investigators, ethics committees, and participants to design, monitor, and conduct the trials according to strict protocols to safely and effectively evaluate potential new treatments.
Dr. Kaushik Mukhopadhyay's presentation discusses the importance of informed consent in clinical research. It provides an overview of the historical events that led to the formalization of informed consent standards, including the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report. The presentation outlines the key components of informed consent as defined by international and Indian regulatory guidelines, including providing study information, assessing participant comprehension, and ensuring voluntary participation. It emphasizes that informed consent is a process rather than just a signed form and discusses challenges in obtaining proper consent.
This document outlines a clinical research protocol template. It begins with an introduction section defining clinical research and clinical trials. It then describes the purpose and contents of a clinical research protocol, including sections for objectives, background/rationale, study design, eligibility criteria, treatments, assessments, data collection and analysis, monitoring, ethics and regulations. The protocol template provides guidance on the level of detail needed for each section to clearly explain the research question, methodology, and procedures to ensure scientific validity and participant safety.
This document discusses various types of clinical trial designs. It begins by defining clinical trials and describing key elements like the PICO framework. It then covers ways to reduce bias through randomization and blinding. The document categorizes clinical trials based on factors like number of centers, control groups, randomization, and blinding. It provides details on traditional study designs like parallel group designs and crossover designs. It also discusses special designs for small populations and miscellaneous designs. Overall, the document provides an overview of different clinical trial designs, methods to reduce bias, and ways to categorize trial types.
Clinical trials are research studies that test new medical treatments and drugs on human volunteers. They are important for discovering new treatments and determining what is safe and effective for human use. There are different types of clinical trials including observational studies that monitor participants' health over time without interventions, and interventional studies that test new drugs, therapies or treatments. Clinical trials go through several phases and are tightly regulated to protect participants and ensure scientific validity.
INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB/IEC).pptxRAHUL PAL
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of an Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee (IRB/IEC). It states that an IRB/IEC reviews clinical trial protocols to ensure the ethical treatment of study participants and protection of their rights and well-being. The IRB/IEC is composed of at least five members with diverse qualifications and one member from a non-scientific discipline. It is responsible for approving, monitoring and reviewing research involving humans. The IRB/IEC conducts initial and annual reviews of trial procedures and documentation. All records are maintained for at least three years.
This document discusses various types of endpoints used in clinical research trials. It defines endpoints as the final outcomes measured to assess a drug's efficacy or safety. Endpoints are classified as primary or secondary. Primary endpoints directly answer the main trial questions, while secondary endpoints are analyzed post-hoc. Endpoints can also be hard or soft, composite, surrogate, clinical, or related to mortality, morbidity, quality of life, or patient-reported outcomes. The document provides examples of endpoints used in oncology trials like overall survival and progression-free survival.
Designing of clinical study documentation -protocol and crfRumana Hameed
The document discusses guidelines for designing clinical study documentation, including protocols and case report forms (CRFs). It provides details on establishing master files, protocol contents such as objectives, design, endpoints, and statistical analysis plans. It also covers CRF design, including formatting, instructions, question types, and procedures for corrections. The goal is to create documentation that clearly conveys all study details and collects comprehensive and accurate patient data to allow for analysis and regulatory review.
Clinical research involves systematically studying new drugs in human subjects to discover and verify their safety, efficacy, clinical effects, and adverse reactions. Careers in clinical research include clinical research associate, clinical research coordinator, clinical investigator, medical advisor, biostatistician, data manager, clinical trial auditor, medical writer, and clinical research trainer. Clinical research work involves clinical trial processes and operations, clinical data management, medical writing, pharmacovigilance, regulatory affairs, and quality assurance.
This document provides an overview of different study designs used in clinical research. It describes descriptive studies like case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies which aim to describe characteristics of populations. Analytical studies like case-control and cohort studies assess associations between exposures and outcomes. Experimental studies like randomized clinical trials allocate exposures to subjects. Biases like selection bias, information bias, and confounding are discussed. An example of a cross-sectional study design assessing hypertension prevalence is provided.
Observational Studies and their Reporting Guidelineskopalsharma85
Observational studies observe individuals and outcomes without influencing them. There are several types including case reports, ecological studies, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies. Guidelines like STROBE were created to improve reporting transparency. Upcoming developments include using clinical registries as cohort studies and propensity score matching to assemble comparable groups. Observational studies provide important descriptive data and can study long-term outcomes unlike clinical trials.
This document provides guidance on writing a health research proposal. It discusses the key components of a research proposal including an introduction justifying the importance and significance of the study, a literature review to establish the background and rationale, clear research objectives and hypotheses, a description of the study methodology including definitions of variables and measures, details on data collection and analysis, a timeline, and consideration of ethical issues. The document emphasizes that a well-written proposal with adequate methodological details is necessary to obtain approval and funding to conduct the proposed research study.
Protocol writing is a critical step in clinical research that involves developing a detailed plan or protocol for conducting a clinical trial. The protocol serves as a roadmap for the study, outlining the objectives, methodology, participant eligibility criteria, data collection procedures, and analysis plan. Here are key considerations when writing a protocol in clinical research:
Study Objectives and Research Questions: Clearly define the primary and secondary objectives of the study. State the research questions or hypotheses that the study aims to answer. This sets the foundation for the study design and data analysis plan.
Study Design: Describe the study design, such as randomized controlled trial (RCT), observational study, or non-inferiority trial. Specify the study phases (if applicable) and the allocation of study participants to different arms or groups. Justify the chosen design and explain how it aligns with the research objectives.
Participant Selection and Eligibility Criteria: Define the inclusion and exclusion criteria for participant selection. These criteria should be specific and relevant to the study population. Consider factors such as age, gender, medical history, disease severity, and previous treatments.
Interventions and Procedures: Describe the study interventions or treatments in detail. Specify the dosage, administration route, duration, and frequency of interventions. Document the study procedures, including data collection methods, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and follow-up visits.
Sample Size and Power Calculation: Provide a rationale for the sample size estimation. Explain the statistical power calculation, specifying the desired effect size, significance level, and power. Justify the selected values and ensure that the sample size is sufficient to detect the intended effect or difference.
Data Collection and Management: Detail the data collection methods, including the use of case report forms (CRFs), electronic data capture (EDC) systems, or other data collection tools. Specify the variables to be collected, their measurement scales, and any scoring systems or questionnaires to be used. Describe the data management processes, data quality control procedures, and methods for ensuring data integrity.
Statistical Analysis Plan: Outline the statistical analyses that will be performed on the collected data. Describe the primary and secondary endpoints, statistical tests, and methods for handling missing data and outliers. Specify any interim analyses, subgroup analyses, or sensitivity analyses that will be conducted.
Ethical Considerations: Address ethical aspects, such as informed consent procedures, protection of participant confidentiality, and compliance with ethical guidelines and regulations. Discuss any potential risks and benefits to participants and how they will be mitigated. Outline the process for obtaining ethical approvals and reporting adverse events.
writing a proposal - Main steps and components of research proposals Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This document outlines the key sections of a research proposal, including the title, investigators and affiliations, abstract, background/literature review, objectives, and methodology. The methodology section provides details on study design, setting, time period, inclusion/exclusion criteria, sample size, data collection methods, instruments, exposure and outcome definitions, and data analysis plans. The overall purpose of a research proposal is to obtain approval and funding by describing the rationale, methods, and significance of the proposed research.
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal and outlines its key components. It explains that a research proposal allows researchers to plan their project, review steps, and serve as a guide. The main components include an introduction on the research topic and question/objectives, literature review, methodology, timeline, and ethics considerations. Developing aims, objectives, and hypotheses helps link different aspects of the study and determine how variables will be measured to achieve the proposed goals. Writing a proposal enables researchers to critically evaluate prior work and monitor their project progress.
This document provides guidance on writing a successful research proposal. It discusses the key components of a proposal such as the title, abstract, introduction, literature review, aims and objectives, methodology, timeline, budget, and references. The objective is to describe what will be done, why it should be done, how it will be done, and what results are expected. An effective proposal clearly outlines the research problem, methodology, intended outcomes, and significance of the study. It also demonstrates the qualifications of the research team and feasibility of the budget. Overall, this document serves as a useful guide for developing a well-structured research proposal that persuades reviewers of the study's importance and viability.
This document provides guidance on how to write a research proposal. It explains that a well-written proposal is crucial for obtaining funding and approval for a research project. The document outlines the key components that should be included in a proposal, such as an introduction on the background and significance of the research problem, clearly defined objectives and research questions, a description of the proposed methodology, consideration of ethical issues, a timeframe and budget, and details on the qualifications of the research team. By following these guidelines, researchers can develop attractive, well-organized proposals that clearly communicate their proposed project to funding bodies and ethics committees.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective research proposal. It discusses including an overview of the proposed research, background on the topic being studied, the significance of the problem, clear objectives, relevant research questions, thorough methods, consideration of ethical issues, and a realistic timeframe. The proposal should demonstrate knowledge of the field, justify the need for the study, and convince the reader and funding agencies that the research merits support and can be successfully completed as planned.
This document provides guidance on how to write a research proposal. It explains that a well-written proposal is crucial for obtaining funding and approval for a research project. The document outlines the key components that should be included in a proposal, such as an introduction on the background and significance of the research problem, clearly defined objectives and research questions, a description of the proposed methodology, consideration of ethical issues, a timeframe and budget, and details on the qualifications of the research team. By addressing all relevant aspects, the proposal demonstrates that the research is feasible, ethical, and worthy of support.
designing proposal for research projects budget and funding schemesabhisrivastava11
This document provides information about writing a research proposal for funding. It begins with the aim and objectives of making participants proficient in writing research proposals. It then discusses key elements like the title, introduction, literature review, methodology, expected outcomes, facilities, budget, funding agencies and eligibility. The document provides guidance on writing each section of the proposal, including defining problems, objectives, hypotheses and significance. It also outlines the budget, time schedule and reviewers' expectations for funding approval.
The document provides guidelines for writing a research proposal, outlining its typical sections and content. These include: a cover page with study title, investigators, dates; an introduction with background on the topic, problem statement as a question, and justification for the study; objectives; materials and methods covering study design, area, population, sampling, data collection instruments, management and analysis; ethical concerns; a time plan; budget; and references. Key elements within each section are described, such as including socioeconomic context, factors influencing the problem, and potential study benefits in the introduction.
The document provides guidance on developing and presenting a research proposal. It discusses that a research proposal communicates a research idea to obtain approval and funding to conduct the study. It should convince readers that the research is significant and address key elements like the title, objectives, methodology, budget, and dissemination plan. Developing a clear proposal helps facilitate smooth conduct of the research project.
This document provides a framework for a research proposal in education. It discusses the key components of an effective research proposal, including an introduction with the title, problem statement, objectives and hypotheses. It also covers the literature review, significance of the study, definition of terms, delimitations, assumptions, data collection procedures, data analysis procedures, bibliography, time schedule and budget. The proposal framework is intended to guide researchers in developing well-structured research proposals that clearly outline their planned study.
This document provides an overview of the key components that should be included in a research proposal. It discusses that a research proposal establishes a systematic plan for a proposed study and serves to determine feasibility. The main sections covered are: introduction with title, problem statement, objectives and hypotheses, literature review, significance, definitions, delimitations, assumptions, population and sampling methods, data collection tools, data analysis procedures, bibliography, time schedule, and budget (if seeking funding). Providing all these elements gives necessary information for guiding and evaluating the proposed research project.
This document provides guidance on writing a health research proposal. It discusses key components such as the problem statement, objectives, methodology, and ethics. The methodology section should define the study design, variables, participants and sampling. It emphasizes that proposals require clear objectives, detailed methodology, and consideration of ethics. Well-defined proposals are needed to obtain funding and regulatory approval, and to allow other researchers to replicate the study.
The document provides guidance on developing a research proposal. It explains that a proposal summarizes the proposed research, sets out the central questions, and convinces others that the project is worthwhile and can be completed competently. Key components of a proposal include an introduction/literature review, research questions, methodology, timeline, and budget. The document emphasizes developing focused research questions and describing the study design, participants, data collection/analysis plans, and ethical considerations in detail.
Nursing research is a systematic process that helps nurses answer questions about patient care, education, and administration. It ensures practices are evidence-based rather than tradition-based. Nursing research can be conducted in various settings to evaluate effectiveness of techniques, determine educational needs, and refine existing knowledge. The overall goal is to develop an evidence-based body of knowledge to guide the nursing profession.
The document provides guidelines for writing a research protocol, including defining what a protocol is, its purpose, and key components. A protocol is a plan that demonstrates guidelines for conducting a clinical trial, illustrating what will be done, how, and why. Key components of a strong protocol include the title, administrative details, project summary, introduction/literature review, objectives, methodology, data analysis plan, management, and ethics. The protocol allows researchers to plan their study and serves as a guide.
The document outlines the key steps in the research process, including exploration, literature review, developing research questions and hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, hypothesis testing, and preparing the final research report. It provides details on each step, such as how to conduct an effective literature review by using keywords and reviewing a variety of sources. The document also defines important terms and concepts used in research.
The document provides guidelines for formatting a research proposal submitted to the Research Division of Tribhuvan University in Nepal. It recommends including: a title, introduction stating the background/need, clear problem statement, literature review, objectives, methodology including data collection/sampling/analysis, limitations, time/manpower planning, chapter outline, and itemized budget. The proposal should comprehensively describe all facets of the proposed work to allow for proper evaluation and ensure a smooth research process.
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measurement of GFR and creatinine clearence-- design of dosage for hepatic patients -- therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical pharmacokinetics fifth pharm D notes
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This document discusses genetic polymorphisms in drug transporters and drug targets. It defines genetic polymorphisms as variations in gene sequences that occur in at least 1% of the general population. The most common type is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) resulting from a change in a single nucleotide base pair. SNPs can be synonymous or non-synonymous, with non-synonymous SNPs potentially altering the protein's structure and function. The document outlines various drug transporters including P-glycoprotein and discusses genetic polymorphisms that can affect their expression and activity levels. It also discusses how genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes and drug receptors can influence drug response and side effects.
Clinical pharmacokinetics and its application--
1)definition
2) APPLICATIONS OF CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS
Design of dosage regimens:
a) Nomograms and Tabulations in designing dosage regimen,
b) Conversion from intravenous to oral dosing,
c) Determination of dose and dosing intervals,
d) Drug dosing in the elderly and pediatrics and obese patients.
Pharmacokinetics of Drug Interaction:
a) Pharmacokinetic drug interactions
b) Inhibition and Induction of Drug metabolism
c) Inhibition of Biliary Excretion.
Therapeutic Drug monitoring:
a) Introduction
b) Individualization of drug dosage regimen (Variability – Genetic, Age and Weight, disease, Interacting drugs).
c) Indications for TDM. Protocol for TDM.
d) Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Correlation in drug therapy.
e) TDM of drugs used in the following disease conditions: cardiovascular disease, Seizure disorders, Psychiatric conditions, and Organ transplantations
Dosage adjustment in Renal and Hepatic Disease.
a. Renal impairment
b. Pharmacokinetic considerations
c. General approach for dosage adjustment in renal disease.
d. Measurement of Glomerular Filtration rate and creatinine clearance.
e. Dosage adjustment for uremic patients.
f. Extracorporeal removal of drugs.
g. Effect of Hepatic disease on pharmacokinetics.
Population Pharmacokinetics.
a) Introduction to Bayesian Theory.
b) Adaptive method or Dosing with feedback.
c) Analysis of Population pharmacokinetic Data
Therapeutic drug monitoring for immunosuppressive agents ( organ transplants)pavithra vinayak
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is used to measure drug concentrations in body fluids to aid in managing drug therapy for diseases. TDM is integral for immunosuppressive drugs used after organ transplants as they have a narrow therapeutic index and concentrations vary between individuals. Common immunosuppressive drugs monitored include cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and mycophenolic acid. Monitoring is important as supratherapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of these drugs can have serious negative health outcomes for transplant recipients. Factors like metabolism, drug interactions, and individual pharmacokinetics require close monitoring to optimize efficacy and safety.
conversion from INTRAVENOUS TO ORAL DOSING----- design of dosage regimenpavithra vinayak
conversion from INTRAVENOUS TO ORAL DOSING----- TYPES OF IV TO PO THERAPY CONVERSIONS: MEDICATIONS INCLUDED IN AN IV TO PO CONVERSION PROGRAM: SELECTION OF PATIENTS FOR IV TO PO THERAPY CONVERSION: design of dosage regimen--clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring-- fifth pharm D notes
Nomograms and tabulations in design of dosage regimens pavithra vinayak
Nomograms and tabulations in the design of dosage regimens --- NOMOGRAM IN UREMIC PATIENTS: NOMOGRAM FOR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CREATININE CLEARANCE AND ELIMINATION RATE CONSTANT FOR FOUR DRUGS clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring ---fifth PharmD notes
adaptive methods are doing with feedback in population pharmacokinetics---- clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring-- fifth pharm D notes
Bayesian theory in population pharmacokinetics--
1) INTRODUCTION TO BAYESIAN THEORY
2)BAYESIAN PROBABILITY TO DOSING OF DRUGS
3)APPLICATIONS AND USES OF BAYESIAN THEORY IN APPLIED PHARMACOKINETICS:
therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical pharmacokinetics-fifth pharm d notes
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Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy that is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. It is commonly associated with elevated intraocular pressure but can occur with normal pressure. There are two major types: open-angle and closed-angle glaucoma. Treatment focuses on lowering intraocular pressure through decreasing aqueous humor production or increasing outflow, using various eye drops such as beta-blockers, alpha-2 agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, prostaglandins, or parasympathomimetics. Additional options include laser or surgical procedures. While treatment aims to slow progression, glaucoma can still cause vision loss.
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These guidelines provide advice on cardiopulmonary resuscitation for children, including:
- Initial steps of establishing airway, breathing and circulation
- Obtaining vascular access via intravenous or intraosseous routes
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- Details on ventilation rates, cardiac compression rates, and equipment such as endotracheal tubes
- Guidance on establishing and maintaining an airway, and obtaining intravenous or intraosseous access
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Expert Treatment for Sex Issues at Kaya Kalp Clinic in Patna -best sexologist in patna
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Discover the Best Sexologist in Patna: Expert Care at Kayakalp Clinic
Kayakalp Clinic - Best Sexologist in Patna
Kayakalp Clinic - Best Sexologist in Patna
When it comes to sexual health, finding the right expert is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. At Kayakalp Clinic in Patna, we pride ourselves on providing exceptional care for a wide range of sexual health issues. If you’re searching for the best sexologist in Patna, look no further. Our team of highly skilled professionals is here to help you navigate and resolve your concerns with confidentiality and compassion.
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Our sexologists are highly trained and experienced in dealing with various sexual health issues. They stay updated with the latest advancements in the field to provide the best care possible.
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At Kayakalp Clinic, we offer a wide range of services, including:
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These simplified lecture slides by Dr Sidra Arshad offer a concise look at the cardiovascular effects of heart failure:
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2. Differentiate between the factors causing hyper-effective and hypo-effective heart functions
3. Differentiate between right and left heart failure based on their presentation
4. Outline the physiology of treatment of cardiac failure
This Presentation provides information on hyperlipidemic drugs. It begins with an introduction to hyperlipidemia and its causes. It then discusses various drug classes for treating hyperlipidemia, including their mechanisms of action, effects on lipid levels, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, adverse effects and interactions. The major drug classes discussed are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), bile acid sequestrants, fibrates, and niacin. For each class, specific drugs are highlighted and their properties compared.
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CASE PRESENTATION ON CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE) WITH HE...Bhavana
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This document contains an overview of different types of ocular neoplastic disorders or ocular tumors among pediatric patients. you can have a quick basic concept about ocular tumors among children and a basic management strategy. You will have perfect idea about almost 8 ocular tumors among pediatric patients .
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga- MALE CIRCUMCISION, ITS Vs SOCIOCULTURAL BELIEFS (C...Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
MALE CIRCUMCISION consists of the surgical act of removing the foreskin (skin that covers the glans of the penis), leaving the glans more prominent and better cleanable.
MALE CIRCUMCISION itself has medical as well as sociocultural implications, as it has been proven to be an act that can minimize SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs), especially HIV, but it also represents the SOCIOCULTURAL IDENTITY of some people, respectively.
Now, in a SERO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE like that of Mozambique where the prevalence of HIV is around 12.5% which corresponds to approximately 2 million people living with HIV, where the province of GAZA is the most seroprevalent with a positivity rate of 21% (INSIDA, 2021), it is extremely necessary to THOROUGHLY scrutinize all possibilities for preventing or minimizing the spread of HIV and other STIs.
Principles of Cleaning
Nonsurgical root canal treatment is a predictable method of retaining a tooth that otherwise would require extraction. Success of root canal treatment in a tooth with a vital pulp is higher than that of a tooth that is necrotic with periradicular pathosis. The difference is the persistent irritation of necrotic tissue remnants, and the inability to remove the microorganisms and their by-products. The most significant factors affecting this process are tooth anatomy and morphology, and the instruments and irrigants available for treatment. Instruments must contact and plane the canal walls to debride the canal.
Morphologic factors such as lateral and accessory canals, canal curvatures, canal wall irregularities, fins, cul-de-sacs, and isthmuses make total debridement virtually impossible. Therefore the goal of cleaning not total elimination of the irritants but it is to reduce the irritants.
Currently there are no reliable methods to assess cleaning. The presence of clean dentinal shavings, the color of the irrigant, and canal enlargement three file sizes beyond the first instrument to bind have been used to assess the adequacy; however, these do not correlate well with debridement. Obtaining glassy smooth walls is a preferred indicator. The properly prepared canals should feel smooth in all dimensions when the tip of a small file is pushed against the canal walls. This indicates that files have had contact and planed all accessible canal walls thereby maximizing debridement (recognizing that total debridement usually does not occur).
Principles of Shaping
The purpose of shaping is to
1) facilitate cleaning and
2) provide space for placing the obturating materials.
The main objective of shaping is to maintain or develop a continuously tapering funnel from the canal orifice to the apex. This decreases procedural errors when cleaning and enlarging apically. The degree of enlargement is often dictated by the method of obturation. For lateral compaction of gutta percha the canal should be enlarged sufficiently to permit placement of the spreader to within 1-2 millimeters of the corrected working length. There is a correlation between the depth of spreader penetration and the apical seal.5 For warm vertical compaction techniques the coronal enlargement must permit the placement of the pluggers to within 3 to 5 mm of the corrected working length.6
As dentin is removed from the canal walls the root is weakened.7 The degree of shaping is determined by the preoperative root dimension, the obturation technique, and the restorative treatment plan. Narrow thin roots such as the mandibular incisors cannot be enlarged to the same degree as more bulky roots such as the maxillary central incisors. Post placement is also a determining factor in the amount of coronal dentin removal.
CASE PRESENTATION ON ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS.Bhavana
This is a case presentation of a 72 year old female patient who was admitted in the hospital with the chief complaints of loose stools since 6 Days and generalised weakness and history of one episode of vomiting (one day back).
General Endocrinology and mechanism of action of hormonesMedicoseAcademics
This presentation, given by Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology, delves into the foundational concepts of general endocrinology. It covers the various types of chemical messengers in the body, including neuroendocrine hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and traditional hormones. Dr. Faiza explains how these messengers are secreted and their modes of action, distinguishing between autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects.
The presentation provides detailed examples of glands and specialized cells involved in hormone secretion, such as the pituitary gland, pancreas, parathyroid gland, adrenal medulla, thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testis. It outlines the special features of hormones, differentiating between peptides and proteins based on their amino acid composition.
Key principles of endocrinology are discussed, including hormone secretion in response to stimuli, the duration of hormone action, hormone concentrations in the blood, and secretion rates. Dr. Faiza highlights the importance of feedback control in hormone secretion, the occurrence of hormonal surges due to positive feedback, and the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus as the master clock regulating rhythmic patterns in biological clocks of neuroendocrine cells and endocrine glands.
The presentation also addresses the metabolic clearance of hormones from the blood, explaining the mechanisms involved, such as metabolic destruction by tissues, binding with tissues, and excretion by the liver and kidneys. The differences in half-life between hydrophilic and hydrophobic hormones are explored.
The mechanism of hormone action is thoroughly covered, detailing hormone receptors located on the cell membrane, in the cell cytoplasm, and in the cell nucleus. The processes of upregulation and downregulation of receptors are explained, along with various types of hormone receptors, including ligand-gated ion channels, G protein–linked hormone receptors, and enzyme-linked hormone receptors. The presentation elaborates on second messenger systems such as adenylyl cyclase, cell membrane phospholipid systems, and calcium-calmodulin linked systems.
Finally, the methods for measuring hormone concentrations in the blood, such as radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), are discussed, providing a comprehensive understanding of the tools used in endocrinology research and clinical practice.
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Introduction to Dental Implant for undergraduate studentShamsuddin Mahmud
Introduction to Dental Implant
Dr Shamsuddin Mahmud
Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics
Nortth East Medical College (Dental Unit)
Definition of Dental Implant
A prosthetic device
made of alloplastic material(s)
implanted into the oral tissues beneath the mucosal and/or periosteal layer and
on or within the bone
to provide retention and support for a fixed or removable dental prosthesis.
Classification of Dental Implant
According to placement within the tissue
Blade/Plate form implant
According to Material Used
A) METALLIC IMPLANTS
Commercially pure Titanium
Cobalt chromium molybdenum
Titanium aluminum vanadium
Stainless steel
B) NON-METALLIC IMPLANT
Zirconium
Ceramic
Carbon
According to the ability of implant to stimulate bone formation
A) Bio active
Hydroxyapatite
Tri Calcium Phosphate
B) Bio inert
Metals
Parts of Dental Implant
Implant fixture
Implant mount
Cover screw
Gingival former/healing screw/healing abutment/permucosal extension
Impression post/impression transfer abutment
Implant analogue
Abutment
Fixation screw
Implant Fixture
Implant Mount
Connected to the fixture
Function: used to carry implant from its vital to the prepared osteotomy site either by hand or with a ratchet/ handpiece adaption
Cover Screw
component that is used to cover the implant connection during the submerged healing of the implant
Function: preserves the patency of the connection by preventing any soft tissue ingrowth in the connection
Gingival former/ Healing Abutment/ Healing screw
Screw/ abutment used to create the soft tissue emergence profile around the implant.
Time of placement:
During 1st surgery – One step surgery
After Osseointegration – Two step/stage surgery
Gingival former/ Healing Abutment/ Healing screw
Placed in the site 2-3 weeks for soft tissue healing
Function:
Create gingival emergence profile
Formation of biological width
Impression post/impression transfer abutment
component that is used to trans- fer the implant Hex position and orientation from the mouth to the working cast.
Types
Closed tray
Open tray
Implant analogue/
component which has a different body but its platform and connection are exactly similar to the implant. The analogue is used to replicate the implant platform and connection in the laboratory mode.
Abutment
Abutments
Advantages of Dental Implant Retained Prosthesis
Maintain bone height and width by preventing bone resorption
Maintain facial esthetics
Improve masticatory performance
Improve stability and retention of prosthesis
More esthetics
Increase survival times of prostheses
There is no need to alter adjacent teeth
Improve psychological health
Disadvantages of Dental Implant Retained Prosthesis
Very expensive.
Cannot be used in medically compromised patients who cannot undergo surgery.
Longer duration of treatment
Requires a lot of patient co-operation because of repeated recall visits are essential
INDICATION OF DENTAL IMPLANT
Dental implants can successfully restore all
Co-Chairs, Stephen Salloway, MD, MS, and Sharon J. Sha, MD, MS, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer's disease for this CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA activity titled “Preparing Your Practice for the New Era of Amyloid-Targeting Therapies in Alzheimer's Disease: Expert Insights on Key Evidence, Administrative and Clinical Considerations, and Best Practices for Individualized, Patient-Centered Care.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3twjpAt. CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA credit will be available until June 19, 2025.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/AWaobASkZM4
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/1cQRmJ3SKWc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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2. PROTOCOL WRITING IN CLINICAL RESEARCH
DEFINITION:
‘A research protocol is the document that contains a set of rules and
outlines the study plan for a clinical research project. The study plan
must be carefully designed to safeguard the health and safety of the
participants, as well to as answer specific research questions.’
FLOW OF STUDY:
3. AIMS OF RESEARCH PROTOCOL:
1) To raise the question to be researched and clarify its importance.
2) To collect existing knowledge and discuss the efforts of other
researchers who have worked on the related questions (Literature
review).
3) To formulate a hypothesis and objectives.
4) To clarify ethical considerations.
5) To suggest the methodology required for solving the question and
achieving the objectives.
6) To discuss the requirements and limitations in achieving the
objectives.
BENEFITS OF PROTOCOL:
Allows the researcher to plan and review the project’s steps.
Serves as a guide throughout the research.
Forces time and budget estimates.
FACTORS CONSIDERED BEFORE WRITING PROTOCOL:
What is the question? (Hypothesis) What is it to be
investigated?
Why is the study important? (Significance)
Where and when it will take place?
What is the methodology? (Procedures and methods to be
used).
How are you going to do it? (Research design)
4. Proposed time table and budget.
Resources required (technical, scientific, and financial).
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH PROTOCOL:
1) Title of the study
2) Administrative details
3) Project summary
4) Introduction to the research topic, background (Literature
review)
5) Preliminary studies
6) Study objectives and/or questions. Statement of the problem.
7) Methodology: Study design, study population and methods of
recruitment, variables list, sample size, methods of data
collection, data collection tools, plan of analysis (analysis of
data)
8) Project management: Work plan (Timeline - proposed
schedule)
9) Strengths and limitations of the study
10) Issues for ethical review and approvals
Protocol writing allows the researcher to review and
critically evaluate the published literature on the interested topic,
plan and review the project steps and serves as a guide throughout
5. the investigation. The proposal is an inevitable document that
enables the researcher to monitor the progress of the project.
1) TITLE OF THE STUDY:
Title of proposal should be accurate, short, concise, and
identify
What is the study about,
Who are the targets,
Where is the setting of the study and
When it is launched, if applicable-
CHARECTERISTICS:
It should make the main objective clear, convey the main
purpose of the research and mention the target population.
Carry maximum information about the topic in a few words;
it is a good practice to keep the title to within 12-15 words.
It should convey the idea about the area of research and what
methods are going to be used in a compact, relevant, accurate,
attractive, easy to understand, and informative way.
2) ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS:
The following administrative details and a protocol content
summary should follow the title page:
6. Contents page list of relevant sections and sub-sections with
corresponding page number.
Signature page is signed by senior members of the research team and
dated to confirm that the version concerned has been approved by
them.
Contact details for the research team members listing postal, e-mail
addresses and telephone numbers.
3) PROJECT SUMMARY:
The summary should be distinctive, concise and should sum up all
the essentials of the protocol.
4) INTRODUCTION (BACKGROUND):
The background to the project should be concise and refer to
the subject straight forwardly. In writing the review, attention
should be drawn to the positives, negatives and limitations of
the studies quoted .
CHARECTERISTICS:
Introduction is concluded by explaining how the present study
will benefit the community.
The literature review should logically lead to the statement of
the aims of the proposed project and end with the aims and
objectives of the study.
The review should include the most recent publications in the
field and the topic of the research is selected only after
completing the literature review and finding some gaps in it.
7. Introduction should briefly answer the importance of the topic,
the gaps/lacunae in the literature, the purpose of the study and
benefits for the society, from the study.
The research question should be described precisely and
concisely. It is going to be the basis of designing the project.
The definition of the problem should be clear so that a reader
can straight forwardly recognize the real meaning of it.
5) STUDY OBJECTIVES (AIMS):
Aims should be logical and coherent, feasible, concise,
realistic, considering local conditions, phrased to clearly
meet the purpose of the study and related to what the
specific research is intended to accomplish.
For example, to evaluate knowledge level regarding dental
caries in primary school children in KSA (this is not detailed).
The following should be added: Causes, treatment, preventive
measures, etc.
The objectives should be
(SMART objective): Specific,
Measurable,
Achievable,
Relevant and
Time based
Specific Aims:
Specific aims one by one should be listed concisely.
8. It is good practice not to include too many aims in the study (2-5
best); too many objectives often lead to inaccurate and poorly
defined results.
They should be stated in action verbs that illustrate their purpose:
i.e., “to determine, to compare, to verify, to calculate, to
reduce, to describe, etc.”
Secondary Objectives (Optional): These are referred to as ancillary
and minor objectives that could be studied during the course of the
study.
The formulation of objectives helps to focus the study and to avoid
the collection of any unnecessary data and hence organize the
study in clear and distinct stages.
Hypothesis: It is a statement based on sound scientific theory that
recognizes the predicted correlation between two or additional
assessable variables. It is always developed in response to the
purpose statement or to answer the research questions posed.
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS STATEMENTS:
Null hypothesis:
A null hypothesis is a statement that there is no actual
relationship between variables (H0 or HN)
H0 states the contradictory of what the researchers expect. The
final conclusion of the investigators will either keep or reject
It does not essentially mean that H0 is accurate when not
rejecting it as there might not be an adequate proof against it.
9. Alternative hypothesis:
An alternative hypothesis is a statement that suggests a
potential outcome that the researcher may expect (H1 or HA).
This hypothesis is derived from previous studies where an
evident difference between the groups to be compared is
present. It is recognized only when a null hypothesis is
rejected.
Such hypotheses of no difference will be challenged by
researchers and the result of the statistical testing gives the
probability that the hypothesis of no difference is true or false .
Example:
Research question: Is there a difference in fluoride release
between the Compomer and Glass- ionomer cement?
Null Hypothesis: There is no difference in fluoride release
between the Compomer and Glass- ionomer cement.
Alternate Hypothesis: There is a difference in fluoride release
between the Compomer and Glass-ionomer cement.
6) METHODS AND MATERIALS:
It explains the study design and procedures and techniques
used to achieve the proposed objectives.
It defines the variables and demonstrates in detail how the
variables will be measured.
It details the proposed methodology for data gathering and
processing.
Methodology composes an important part of the protocol. It
assures that the hypothesis will be confirmed or rejected. It
also refers to a thorough strategy to attain the objectives .
10. The methods and materials are divided into various subheadings:
a) Study design (cross-sectional, case-control, intervention study,
RCT, etc.):
A study design is in fact the researcher’s general plan to acquire
the answer (s) to the hypothesis being tested. Here, strategies will
be applied to develop balanced, correct, objective and meaningful
information .
Purpose Study Design
To determine frequency and burden of
a disease
* Cross-sectional survey (Prevalence)
* Cohort study (Incidence)
To identify the risk factors * Cohort study
* Case-Control study
To determine prognosis of a disease * Cohort study
To determine efficacy/effectiveness of
a new treatment
* Clinical trials
* Community intervention
To evaluate community programs * Evaluation
11. b) Study population (Study subjects):
It describes in detail about the study subjects, all aspects of the
selection procedure and sample size calculation.
Proper definition of eligibility, inclusion, exclusion and
discontinuation criteria of the study subjects should be stated.
Allocation of subjects to study arms should be explained and
described in details bearing in mind the concealment and
randomization process .
c) Sample size:
Sample size calculation is recommended for economical and
ethical reasons . The calculation of the sample size must be
explained including the power of the sample.
The sampling technique should be mentioned, e.g.,
randomization that will be used in order to obtain a
representative sample for your target population.
Each step involved in the recruitment of the study subjects
should be described according to the selection criteria (inclusion
and exclusion criteria).
“Informed consent” should be mentioned (Permission granted in
full knowledge of the possible consequences).
d) Proposed intervention:
Full description of proposed intervention should be given.
When using drugs, both scientific and brand name should
be mentioned followed by the name of the manufacturing
company, city, and country. Drug route, dosage, frequency of
12. administration, and total duration of treatment with the drug
should be mentioned.
When using apparatus its name should be given followed
by the name of the manufacturer, city and country.
Involved personnel should precisely define:
Who will be responsible for the interventions?
What activities each personnel will perform and with what
frequency and intensity?
e) Data collection methods, instruments used:
Data collection tools are:
Retrospective data (medical records)
Questionnaires
Interviews (Structured, Semi-Structured)
Laboratory test (literature or personal knowledge should be
referenced, if established test, or description should be
provided in details, if not established)
Clinical examinations
Description of instruments, tools used for data collection, as
well as the methods used to test the validity and reliability of
the instrument should be provided .
7) DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS PLAN:
This section should be written following statistical advice from
a statistician.
13. The analysis plan and which statistical tests will be used to
check the significance to the research question/hypothesis with
appropriate references should be described.
Names of variables that will be used in the analyses and the
name of statistical analysis that will be performed to assess the
outcome should be listed .
If computer programs are to be applied, it is important to
mention the software used and its version.
8) PROJECT MANAGEMENT:
Proper time table for accomplishing each major step of the
study should be defined.
Assigning time frame to each step in the trial will be helpful in
organizing the structure of the research trial.
The personnel (investigators, assistants, laboratory technicians
etc.) involved in the study or data collection should be
properly trained.
9) STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS:
It is important to mention the strengths or limitations of the
study,
i.e., what study can achieve or cannot achieve is important, so as
to prevent wasteful allocation of resources.
10) Ethical Considerations (Issues for Ethical Review and
Approvals):
14. It should indicate whether the procedures to be followed are in
accord with the Declaration of Helsinki. In any case, study should
not start unless approval from ethics committee is received [26].
The following points should be explained:
The benefits and risks for the subjects involved. The physical,
social and psychological implications of the research.
Details of the information to be given to the study patients
including alternative treatments/approaches.
Information should be provided on the free informed consent of the
participants. Information form should contain: Justification for
research, outline of study, risks, confidentiality, and voluntary
participation should be told patients about the freedom to withdraw
from the study whenever they wish to. Confidentiality indicates
how the personal information obtained from the patient will be
kept secret (Data safety).
10) OPERATIONAL PLANNING AND BUDGETING
(BUDGET SUMMARY):
Outline the budget requirement showing head wise
expenditure for the study-manpower, transportation,
instruments, laboratory tests, and cost of the drug.
Budget estimate is to be attached in the annexure. All costs
including personnel, consumables, equipment, supplies,
communication, and funds for patients and data processing are
all included in the budget.
15. 11) REFERENCE SYSTEM:
o Referencing is the regular method of recognizing
information taken from other researchers’ work.
o A proper citation will enable the readers to follow-up any
reference of interest. Plagiarism refers to claiming and
acquiring someone else’s ideas, an action that is considered a
criminal action.
o The two most commonly used citation systems in clinical
writing are the
+ Vancouver system
+Harvard system.
13) ANNEXURE:
The following annexes are to be attached at the end of the protocol:
i.Informed consent form.
ii.Letters from ethics committees.
iii.Study questionnaire (copies of any questionnaires or draft
questionnaires).
iv.Case Record Forms (CRFs).
v.Budget details.
vi.Curriculum Vitae (CV) of the chief investigator and co-
investigator and their role in the study. It will ensure that the role
of each investigator is well defined.
16. REFERENCES:
1)NCBI- journal o clinical and diagnostic research JCDR- guidelines
for writing a protocol
2)ICH- guidelines for protocol
3) Bowling A. Research methods in health: Investigating health and
health services research. 4th ed. Maidenhead, England: Open
University Press; 2002.
4) O’Brien K, Wright J. How to write a protocol. J
Orthod. 2002;29(1):58–61