Learning disabilities
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What is a Learning Disability? A learning disability is a neurological disorder. In simple terms, a learning disability results from a difference in the way a person's brain is "wired." Children with learning disabilities are as smart or smarter than their peers. But they may have difficulty reading, writing, spelling, reasoning, recalling and/or organizing information if left to figure things out by themselves or if taught in conventional ways.
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Learning disabilities
- 2. • The Process of Learning There are two main concept in the term learning disabilities. First concept describe the learning process Second explain the phenomenon about children who have average or even above average ability to learn but who experience difficultiesin learning.
- 3. What is Learning? • Is the process by which experience and practice result in a stable change in the learner’s behavior. • Result from efficient teaching that develops the learner’s genetic capacity to learn to the maximum in an environment that is conductive to an effective-learning process.
- 4. INVENTING 6. Adoptation: creating new uses by adapting learning skills USING 4. Generalization: uses in novel settings 3. Maintenance: high rate and accuracy over time KNOWING 2. Proficiency and Automaticity: high rate and accuracy 1. Acquisition and 0 to 85% accuracy reversion: 60 to 85% accuracy
- 5. Acquisition and Revision • Acquisition of knowledge and skills takes place when the intruction goals and objectives, skills and competencies, strategies and materials match the learning abilities of the student. • Revision. Correct practive, drill, revies and similar strategies are used with immediate feedback and reinforcement.
- 6. • Are determined by the strength of prior learning. When mastery of a skill or concept is attained, the learner moves on the substages of proficiency and automaticity.
- 7. Maintenance • The learning of new skills is built on the skills that are maintained. If the learned skills are not used they will weaken even if they were learned earlier with proficiency. • Appropriate feedback and reinforcemnt are given to strengthen the maintenance of the skills.
- 8. • One skill is learned proficiently, it should be availabe for using in any appropriate situation. Goals of Generalization: a) For the learner to recogniza a new or different stimulus as a prompt to apply the learned skills b) To use the acquired skills in various situations, bahaviors, settings and time.
- 9. • Adaptation In this last stage of leraning,the student recognize the need to apply learning skills in situation outside the school.
- 10. Another significant concept to understand in teaching children with learning disabilities is the level of learner’s intellectual functioning or mental ability. Concept 1. Standarized test of mental ability measure intellectual functioning •Standarized test of mental ability have been proven to be the best single predictor of school achievement.
- 11. • To discribe how one particular score varies from the mean or average score, the population is divided into units called standard deviation (SD). A standard deviation is a mathemathical concept that refers to average score of all the score in norm sample.
- 13. • Even though the major intelligence test are among the most carefully develop and standardized of all psychological test, they are still far from perfect. • Factors affect an individual IQ score Motivation The time and location of administration The inconsistency or bias of the test administration in scoring reponses that are not precisely covered by test manual
- 14. • The term learning disabilities was introduced in 1963 by Dr. Samuel Kirk, well-known American special education expert. • In the Philippines, special education for children with learning disabilities is only in tis early years of implementation. • Children with learning disabilities have relatively average or even above average intelligence who experience severe learning or academic problems in schools.
- 15. • Learning disabilities is a generic term that refers to a heterogenous group or disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speking, reading, acting, reasoning or mathematical abilities. • The group of disorder is heterogenous, that is, there is not only one but several disorder that occur at the same time.
- 16. Common Types of Learning Disabilities Dyslexia Difficulty with reading Problems reading, writing, spelling Dysclaculia Difficulty with math Problems doing math problems, understanding time, using money Dysgraphia Difficulty with writing Problems with handwriting, spelling, organizing ideas Dyspraxia (Sensory Integration Disorder) Dissiculty with fine motor skills Problems with hand-eye coordination, balance manual dextenity Dysphasia/ Aphasia Difficulty with language Problems understanding spoken language, poor reading Auditory Processing Disorder Difficulty hearing differences between sounds Problems with reading, comprehension,language Visual Processing Disorder Difficulty interpreting visual information Problems with reading, math, maps, charts, symbols, pictures AD/HD Attention problem Problem with accessing information
- 17. • The child does not learn knowledge and skills in accordance with his or her potential to learn as measured by a standardized mental ability test. While his or her mental ability is appropriate to his or her chronological age, the child’s performance in school shows that achievement is two or more years below the grade level.
- 18. • Learning disabilities is intrinsic to the individual. This means that the learning disabilities are organic, biological, genetic or environmental. Organic or biological factors are traced to the central nervous system particularly the brain. In most cases, causes of learning disabilities remains a mystery.
- 19. 1. Severe discrepancy between the child’s potential and actual achievemnt 2. Exclusion or absence of mental retardation, sensory impairement and other disabilities 3. Need for special education