Guidelines of Figures - APA Style - 7th Edition - Thiyagu
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The document provides guidelines for constructing figures according to APA style. It discusses the different types of figures, which include graphs, charts, drawings, maps, plots, photographs, and multipanel figures. It also outlines the standards for good figures, such as simplicity, clarity, and information value. The document then describes the basic components of a figure, including the figure number, title, image, legend, and notes. It provides details on formatting these components, such as using bold for the number, italic title case for the title, and placement of legends and notes. Sample figures are also included to demonstrate these guidelines.
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Guidelines of Figures - APA Style - 7th Edition - Thiyagu
- 1. APA Style Guidelines for Figure Construction K.THIYAGU, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod (Research Article / Dissertation / Thesis)
- 2. Figures (Consists) Graph Display the relationship between two quantitative indices or between a continuous quantitative variable (X-axis and Y-axis) For Example, Bar Graph and Line Graph Charts Display nonquantitative information (Boxes, squares, or circles connected with straight or curved lines or arrows.) For Example, Flow diagrams, Research Design, Framework, SEM, CFA models & path models; Drawing Show information pictorially and can be used to illustrate For Example, Experimental setups and Experimental stimuli. Maps Display Spatial Information For Example, Geographic Census Information CC-BY-NC-SA 2
- 3. Figures (Consists) Plots Plots present individual data points as a function of axis variables. For Example, Scatterplot, which is used to explore the relationship between two variables Photographs Contain direct visual representations of information. For Example, Facial Expression Multipanel Figures A multipanel figure may combine bar graphs, linegraphs, histograms, and other figure types into one figure For Example, Combine panels into one figure CC-BY-NC-SA 3
- 5. Principles of Figure Construction A good figure augments rather than duplicates the text Conveys only essential information Omits visually distracting detail, Easy to read โ its elements (e.g., type, lines, labels, symbols) Easy to understandโits purpose is readily apparent, Carefully planned and prepared Consistent with and in the same style as similar figures in the same article. CC-BY-NC-SA 5
- 6. Images Clear Lines Smooth Sharp Font Simple Legible Units Measurement should provided Axes Clearly Labeled Elements Within the figure are labeled For figures of all types, Check that CC-BY-NC-SA 6
- 8. Figure Components Number Appear Above the figure - Left Font Look Bold Title Appear One Double- spaced line below the figure number Font Style Italic Title case Image Image Portion Chart, Graph, Photograph, Drawing, or other illustration itself. Legend Position Within the borders of the figure Explains Any symbols used in the figure image Note Types General, Specific, and Probability Appear Below the Figure Example Definitions of abbreviations, Copyright Attribution CC-BY-NC-SA 8
- 9. Basic Components of a Figure Source: 7th Edition : Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association CC-BY-NC-SA 9
- 10. Figure Numbers โขArabic Numerals โขEg: Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3Numbers โขAssign numbers to all figures in the orderAssign โขBoldFont โขFlush Left (Not indented or centered)Appear โขFigures that appear in appendices follow a different numbering schemeAppendix CC-BY-NC-SA 10
- 11. Figure Titles Figure โข Every figure a brief but clear and explanatory title Content โข The basic content of the figure should be easily inferred from the title. Font โข Italic title case Appear โข Below the figure number and double-space the figure number and title Avoid โข Avoid overly general and overly detailed figure titlesCC-BY-NC-SA 11
- 12. Figure Images Size and Proportion of Elements Each element in a figure must be large enough and sharp enough to be legible. Use a simple sans serif font (e.g., Arial, Calibri, Lucida Sans Unicode) Font size should be no smaller than 8 points and no larger than 14 points. As a general guideline, plot symbols should be about the size of lowercase letters that appear in a label within the figure. Spelling, Capitalization, and Numbers Within Figure Images Abbreviate the words โnumberโ to โno.โ and โpercentageโ to โ%.โ Words within figure images other than those on the axis labels or in the figure legend may be written in either title case or sentence case it is permissible to use numerals for all numbers in a figure if this would be clearer or save space. Statistics, Greek letters, and units of measurement do not need to be defined in a figure note CC-BY-NC-SA 12
- 13. Figure Images Shading Limit the number of different shadings used in a single graphic. If different shadings are used to distinguish bars or segments of a graph, choose shadings that are distinct; If more than two shadings are needed, use patterns, again making sure that the patterns are distinct Color Color can serve both Communicative and Decorative Purposes in Figures Article Publication Should avoid the use of color (Because of the relatively high cost of color reproduction for printed materials) Panel The decision of whether to divide a figure into panels or create a separate figure for each panel (e.g., Top panel, Left panel, Middle panel). To label panels, assign each one a capital letter (e.g., A, B) and place the label at the top left of the panel. Refer to the panels as โPanel A,โ โPanel B,โ and so forth. CC-BY-NC-SA 13
- 14. A Legend A legend (also called a key) explains any symbols, line styles, or shading or pattern variants used in the image portion of the figure The legend is an integral part of the figure; Only figures that have symbols, line styles, or shadings needing definition should include legends. When possible, place legends within or below the image instead of to the side to avoid having empty space around the legend. CC-BY-NC-SA 14
- 15. Figure Notes Figure notes contain information needed to clarify the contents of the figure for readers. As with tables, figures may have three kinds of notes: General, specific, and probability. CC-BY-NC-SA 15
- 16. GeneralNote Appears below the figure. General note to a figure appears first and contains information needed to understand the figure Eg: Abbreviation, Copyright Attribution SpecificNote Explains a particular elements of the figure and appears in a separate paragraph below any general notes ProbabilityNote It appears as a separate paragraph below any specific notes follow in the same paragraph (For p Values) Figure Notes CC-BY-NC-SA 16
- 18. Basic Components of a Figure Source: 7th Edition : Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association CC-BY-NC-SA 18
- 29. Thank You Jai Bharat! CC-BY-NC-SA 29