The European Union is a unique economic and political partnership between 27 European countries that has delivered peace, stability, and prosperity over the past 50 years. It was initially created to foster economic cooperation but has evolved to span all areas of policy. The EU has its own flag, currency (euro), and anthem. It has a bicameral legislative branch consisting of the directly elected European Parliament and the Council of the European Union composed of national ministers. The European Commission acts as the executive branch. The Court of Justice of the European Union interprets EU law.
The document provides a history of the formation and expansion of the European Union from 1951 to 2007. It started as the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 and became the European Economic Community in 1957 with Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands as founding members. Over subsequent decades, additional countries joined, including the UK in 1973. The Maastricht Treaty in 1992 formed the modern European Union. The EU continued expanding with several eastern European countries joining in 2004 and 2007.
The European Union began in the 1950s as the European Economic Community with six founding members. It has since expanded to 27 member states, with the latest being Bulgaria and Romania joining in 2007. The Maastricht Treaty formed the EU in 1992, and it works to promote peace, democracy, human rights and economic stability across Europe.
The document provides an overview of the history, structure, and policies of the European Union (EU). It discusses the origins and evolution of the EU from the 1950s agreements that formed the European Coal and Steel Community. It describes the main EU institutions like the European Parliament, Council of the EU, European Commission, and courts. It also summarizes some of the EU's key policies and initiatives like the Euro currency, trade relations, and current issues around enlargement.
Regional grouping involves countries within a geographic area joining together for mutual benefit. The European Union began in the 1950s with six founding members and has since grown to include 28 member states. Key objectives of the EU include establishing a single market, customs union, and common policies around issues like agriculture, transportation, and social and economic goals. Members benefit from free trade and movement of goods, services, capital and people across borders, as well as increased economic and political influence on the global stage.
The European Union provides support to Syria through various cooperation frameworks aimed at consolidating Syria's political, social and economic reforms. The EU allocates funds through its Country Strategy Paper and National Indicative Programme to support Syria in areas like administrative modernization, decentralization, economic transition, and human resources development. The EU is also Syria's main trade partner, with trade totaling over €7 billion in 2008, though Syria's exports to the EU are dominated by oil and petroleum products. Overall, EU-Syria cooperation seeks to guide Syria's own reform agenda through sharing objectives and joint projects.
The European Union began in 1950 as an economic cooperation between Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands to promote peace and avoid future conflicts. It has since expanded to 27 member states with policies covering not just economics but also areas like environmental protection. The EU has a population of over 500 million people and a combined GDP of over $16 trillion. It uses the euro currency and has legislative, judicial, and executive branches to govern its policies and member states.
The European Union has helped bring peace and prosperity to Europe over the past 50 years since its establishment. It began as a coal and steel community between 6 countries and has since expanded to include 27 member states with 493 million citizens. Through economic and political integration, the EU has overcome divisions and advanced democracy while preserving diversity. The EU works globally to address challenges like security, trade, development, and environmental protection, and maintains a close partnership with the United States.
The European Union began as the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 with 6 member states, established in the aftermath of World War 2 to foster economic cooperation and prevent future wars between European nations. It later expanded through numerous treaties to establish the European Economic Community and other bodies, growing over time from 6 members to 28 states across Europe. The Maastricht Treaty formally established the European Union in 1993 to further economic and political integration among its members.
The key institutions of the European Union are the European Council, the Council of the European Union, the European Parliament, the European Commission, and the Court of Justice. The European Council sets the overall political direction and priorities of the EU. The Council of the European Union represents member states and develops foreign policy. The European Parliament represents EU citizens and approves laws and budgets along with overseeing other institutions. The European Commission proposes new laws and manages programs and budgets. The Court of Justice ensures consistent application of EU law across states and resolves legal disputes.
The European Union consists of 27 member states with over 500 million citizens. It was founded after World War 2 to promote peace and economic cooperation. Key EU institutions include the European Parliament which is elected by EU citizens, the Council of Ministers which represents the member states, and the European Commission which proposes legislation. The EU has a single market with freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and people. It uses the euro as a single currency for 19 member states. The EU aims to promote prosperity, security, research and environmental protection through cooperation between member states.
The document lists the team members of an organization and then provides information about the European Union (EU). It discusses how the EU was created in the aftermath of World War II to foster economic cooperation among European countries. It has now grown to include 28 member countries and has become the world's largest trading bloc.
The document provides information on the European Union (EU) including its formation, governance, economy, trade, funding, policies, and challenges. It was formed in 1993 and currently has 28 member states. Key points include that the EU has a single market across members and seven governing institutions. It also discusses the Eurozone, which has the euro as a common currency for 17 members, and the ongoing Eurozone crisis involving government debt.
A referendum was held in the UK on June 23, 2016 to decide whether the country should remain in or leave the European Union. 51.9% voted to leave the EU, known as Brexit. Supporters of Brexit believe the EU imposes too many rules on business and charges high membership fees with little return. Leaving the EU will allow the UK to take back control of its borders and immigration. Brexit will significantly impact the UK and EU economies, as half of UK exports go to the EU and half of imports come from the EU. It will also impact the UK's role on the global stage as a military partner in NATO. By the end of March 2017, the UK Prime Minister Theresa May plans to trigger Article
The document discusses the debate around the supranational vs intergovernmental approaches to European integration in the context of rejections of the EU constitution by France, the Netherlands, and Ireland. It outlines the key principles of each approach and proposes a new vision for a supranational EU with a directly elected parliament, prime minister, and limited power president as head of state. Critics argue for maintaining national sovereignty through an intergovernmental model focused on cooperation between states.
EU stands for European Union but for what does the European Union stands for actually?
European Council, European Commission, Council of the European Union, European Parliament are just a few of the 7 institutions of the European Union. Sounds all so confusing!
But now worries, SAY organized a special European Union session. The session provided interesting and clear information about the European Union and creativity with the European countries. Furthermore, participants were able to join the quiz about the European Union and test their knowledge.
For the unfortunate people who could not make it to the meeting or for the ones who want to review the information, the PowerPoint used during the session can be found here. What do you know about the European Union? Take the quiz in this PowerPoint!
El documento resume la historia de la Unión Europea desde sus orígenes después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuando se crearon las primeras comunidades económicas para fomentar la cooperación entre los países europeos occidentales. Explica los principales tratados que han ampliado la cooperación en áreas como el mercado común y la unión monetaria, así como las rondas de ampliación de la UE hacia el este. También describe las principales instituciones de la UE y algunas de sus políticas clave como la agrícola y regional.
The document provides an overview of the history and structure of the European Union. It discusses the origins of the EU in promoting cooperation between European countries after World War 2. It outlines key treaties and milestones that expanded cooperation to create the common market and later the European Union. The institutions of the EU are described including the European Council, European Commission, European Parliament, and European Court of Justice. The document also discusses the adoption of the Euro currency by many EU members and the criteria for joining. In addition, it covers the EU's role on the international stage and relations with other countries like the US.
The document is a project report submitted by Mr. Ojas Nitin Narsale to the University of Mumbai on the topic of the European Union. It includes sections on the history, member states, politics, budget, legal system, fundamental rights, key acts, foreign relations, and economy of the European Union. The report was completed in the 2015-2016 academic year under the guidance of Professor R.A. Joshi at the M.L. Dahanukar College of Commerce in Mumbai, India.
The European Union is an organization formed after World War 2 to promote cooperation among European countries. It started in 1951 with 6 founding countries and has since expanded to 28 member countries. The EU aims to promote democracy, human rights, economic growth and free movement of goods, services, money and people among member states. Key institutions that govern the EU include the European Commission, European Parliament, Council of the European Union and European Court of Justice. The EU also uses common symbols like its flag, anthem and currency (euro) to promote unity.
El documento resume los principales componentes de una computadora, incluyendo la CPU, ALU, unidad de control, memoria RAM y ROM, puerto USB, placa madre y tarjetas de video y sonido. Explica brevemente las funciones de cada uno y cómo se usan en nuestro día a día a pesar de que parecen conceptos complejos a primera vista.
MetodologíA De ImplementacióN Proyectos E Learningljcardoso
Este documento presenta una metodología para implementar proyectos de aprendizaje virtual que incluye desarrollar un diseño instruccional, validar las herramientas tecnológicas, analizar el público objetivo y asignar recursos. La metodología también cubre el desarrollo de contenidos, la validación de tutores, las evaluaciones y el control de calidad para garantizar la efectividad de la transferencia de conocimiento.
Este documento contiene 13 preguntas de bioquímica relacionadas con monosacáridos, polisacáridos, glucosaminoglicanos y otras moléculas orgánicas importantes. Fue escrito por estudiantes y profesores de la Universidad Internacional de Agricultura y Ganadería en Rivas, Nicaragua y dirigido por Irnan Bustos. Cubre temas como la diferencia entre monosacáridos y polisacáridos, la proyección de Haworth, derivados de monosacáridos, desoxiasuc
This document discusses the topic of racism through several paragraphs. It begins by defining racism as the belief that members of each race have characteristics that distinguish races as superior or inferior. It notes that the concept of racism has changed over time to justify slavery, colonialism, and today asylum seekers. Biologically, there are no significant differences between human races. Later paragraphs discuss forms of discrimination and harassment in the workplace based on race in the USA. The document also explores reasons for racist prejudices and ways individuals and organizations can work to combat racism.
La diabetes mellitus es un conjunto de trastornos metabólicos que comparten la característica de presentar altos niveles de glucosa en la sangre de forma persistente. Existen tres tipos principales de diabetes: tipo 1 causada por la falta de insulina, tipo 2 relacionada con resistencia a la insulina y diabetes gestacional durante el embarazo. Los síntomas incluyen aumento de la sed, hambre y orina, mientras que las complicaciones pueden afectar los ojos, riñones, nervios y vasos sanguíneos. La diabetes afecta
29. calibração de paquímetros e micrômetrosEdvaldo Viana
O documento descreve os procedimentos para calibração de paquímetros e micrômetros de acordo com as normas técnicas brasileiras. Inclui detalhes sobre como verificar a precisão de leitura, planeza, paralelismo e desvios dos instrumentos usando blocos-padrão e planos ópticos.
El documento describe la teoría del aprendizaje significativo de Ausubel, en donde el aprendizaje ocurre cuando el estudiante puede relacionar la nueva información con sus conocimientos previos. El aprendizaje significativo conduce a la transferencia de conocimientos a nuevas situaciones y contextos, en contraposición al aprendizaje mecánico que se basa en la memorización. La estructura cognitiva previa del estudiante condiciona cómo se adquiere el nuevo conocimiento.
El documento describe los pasos para realizar una investigación cualitativa. Explica que este tipo de investigación estudia fenómenos sociales en su contexto natural para comprender el comportamiento y significados desde la perspectiva de los sujetos, a través del análisis e interpretación de sus palabras y acciones. También cubre características como inducir teoría desde los hechos y considerar todas las perspectivas valiosas, así como enfoques metodológicos y técnicas de recolección y análisis de datos cualitativos.
Este documento trata sobre los derechos de autor. Explica que los derechos de autor protegen las obras literarias, artísticas y científicas de sus creadores. Además, describe los diferentes tipos de derechos de autor como los derechos morales, patrimoniales y conexos. También cubre temas como la piratería, las licencias obligatorias y quién puede reclamar los derechos de autor.
Este documento describe el programa "Aval Liberteño: Defendiendo la Salud" implementado en La Libertad, Perú para mejorar la calidad de los servicios de salud a través de la participación ciudadana. El programa selecciona ciudadanos prestigiosos llamados "Avales Liberteños" para monitorear los establecimientos de salud, identificar problemas, y proponer soluciones junto con los proveedores. Hasta octubre de 2009, el programa había capacitado a 274 Avales Liberteños.
El documento lista numerosas sustancias dañinas y potencialmente mortales que se encuentran en el humo del tabaco, incluyendo la nicotina, alquitrán, monóxido de carbono, metales pesados como plomo y mercurio, y compuestos químicos como cianuro, DDT y tolueno. Se advierte que fumar introduce estas sustancias tóxicas en el cuerpo, lo que puede causar adicción, cáncer y otros graves problemas de salud.
Este trabalho propõe criar uma biblioteca digital sobre educação a distância para o Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Competência Informacional para facilitar o acesso aos seus documentos. A pesquisa revisou literatura sobre digitalização, bibliotecas digitais e educação a distância e selecionou, digitalizou e disponibilizou documentos no site "Recursos Digitais em EaD".
El documento presenta la matriz de valoración de un portafolio interactivo digital y planificador de un ambiente de aprendizaje mediado por TIC. El portafolio y planificador obtuvieron una valoración alta en la mayoría de categorías evaluadas, incluyendo estructura, integración de evidencias, presentación de actividades, planificación curricular, estrategia pedagógica, técnicas y métodos, y evaluación. Se recomienda implementar el proyecto diseñado en los grados correspondientes para el año lectivo siguiente.
El documento resume dos artículos de periódico sobre un accidente donde un taxi atropelló a una madre e hija al cruzar una avenida. Los artículos detallan que el taxista conducía a exceso de velocidad y no pudo frenar a tiempo, atropellando a las mujeres. Como consecuencia, el taxista fue sancionado y llevado ante las autoridades.
Certificación Internacional en Gestión de Compras y Cadena de Suministrosescueladeempresas
Objetivo:
Promover la competitividad y el desarrollo empresarial por medio de una mejor gestión de compras y aprovisionamientos.
Dirigido:
El programa está dirigido a gerentes de logística, distribución, compras e inventarios, de operaciones y almacenamiento, al igual que todos aquellos ejecutivos y personal responsable, actual y futuro, quetengan relación con la gestión de compras y de la cadena de suministros de su negocio.
El documento describe una experiencia educativa sobre actividades de investigación con estudiantes. Los estudiantes completaron las tareas pero sin mucho interés o aprendizaje real, enfocándose principalmente en las calificaciones. El profesor expresa su decepción por la falta de curiosidad de los estudiantes por la ciencia y su enfoque exclusivo en las notas finales.
Este documento describe la diferencia entre mitos y leyendas. Los mitos intentan explicar los orígenes del mundo y los dioses a través de relatos simbólicos, mientras que las leyendas combinan hechos históricos y elementos ficticios para explicar fenómenos naturales o aspectos de una cultura. El documento también proporciona ejemplos de diferentes tipos de mitos y características comunes de las leyendas.
Julian Beever es un artista inglés conocido por crear ilusiones anamórficas dibujando imágenes en el pavimento con ceras y tizas que parecen tridimensionales cuando se ven desde una perspectiva específica.
The European Union began as several separate organizations that were merged over time to foster cooperation among European countries after World War II. It is now comprised of 27 member states and several institutions. The EU was established through treaties that increased economic and political integration, such as the Maastricht Treaty which created the EU and established the euro currency. The main EU institutions are the European Parliament, European Council, Council of the EU, European Commission, European Court of Justice, and European Central Bank.
The history of European integration began after World War II to unite Europe economically and prevent future wars. In 1950, the Schuman Declaration proposed a European Coal and Steel Community to pool the industries between France and Germany. This led to the 1951 Treaty of Paris establishing the ECSC. In 1957, the Treaties of Rome created the European Economic Community and Euratom to build a single market. Over subsequent decades, more countries joined and treaties expanded the EU's scope and powers, including the introduction of the euro currency. Today, the EU comprises numerous institutions that work together to determine policy, legislate, administer programs, and more for the economic and political cooperation of member states.
Citizenship provides both rights and responsibilities within a community. The European Union aims to bring European citizens closer together by encouraging travel, education, and cultural programs between member countries. While European identity is still developing, symbols like the euro currency and EU flag and anthem represent the idea of a shared European identity.
The document discusses the history and development of regionalism and regional arrangements in Europe. It outlines the stages of European integration from post-WWII organizations like the OEEC and Council of Europe to current institutions like the European Commission, Council, Parliament, and Court of Justice. Key treaties and events that advanced integration are mentioned, including the founding of the ECSC in 1951 and the Maastricht Treaty establishing the European Union in 1993. The current 28 EU member states and main EU institutions are also listed.
The European Union consists of 28 member states with a combined population of over 500 million people. It has a single market and allows freedom of movement between member states. Key EU institutions that make decisions include the European Parliament, European Council, Council of the EU, and European Commission. The EU began with six founding members and has undergone several enlargements to reach its current 28 members.
The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 European countries established in 1993 under the Maastricht Treaty. It has a unique supranational form of government in the world, with institutions like the European Commission, European Parliament, and European Council. The EU has a population of over 500 million people and accounts for about 30% of global GDP.
The document provides an overview of the European Union, including:
1) It describes the EU as an economic and political partnership between 27 European countries that has delivered peace, stability, prosperity, and an integrated single market.
2) It outlines some of the key events in the history and development of the EU, from the initial European Coal and Steel Community to successive treaties and enlargements.
3) It briefly explains several EU institutions and policies, such as the European Commission, European Parliament, European Council, euro currency, and free movement within the Schengen Area.
The document provides an overview of how the European Union works, including its institutions and decision-making processes. It explains that the EU is governed by treaties agreed by member states, with decisions made democratically through institutions like the European Parliament, European Council, and European Commission. Key points covered include the history of EU treaties updating the rules and objectives of the union, as well as the roles of the main EU institutions in proposing and adopting legislation to govern the bloc.
The document discusses Romania's integration into the European Union. It provides background on the EU, including its origins after World War II to promote unity and prevent extreme nationalism, and its main institutions. It outlines key events in Romania's accession process, addressing initial concerns around corruption and reform, and Romania's successful completion of reforms to join the EU on January 1st, 2007 as part of the first wave of enlargement.
The European Union is an economic and political union of 28 member states located primarily in Europe. It operates through supranational independent institutions and intergovernmental decisions made by member states. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community formed in the 1950s. It has expanded over time to its current 28 members through several treaties and accessions. The EU aims to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services and capital across members through a single market and common policies.
Class 1 INTRODUCTION TO EUROPEAN COMMERCIAL LAW.pptjoostMwakwaye
This document provides an introduction to European commercial law and outlines the history and development of the European Union (EU). It discusses the origins of the EU in the 1957 Treaties establishing the European Economic Community and Euratom. It describes the four main Treaties that have expanded EU integration - the Single European Act, Maastricht Treaty, Amsterdam Treaty, and Lisbon Treaty. The document also summarizes the key policies and principles of the EU including the single market, customs union, and adoption of the Euro.
The document provides information about Romania's integration into the European Union. It discusses the history and objectives of the EU, as well as key symbols like the flag and anthem. It also outlines the main EU institutions, including the European Parliament, Council, and Commission. Finally, it describes Romania's process of adopting reforms to integrate all sectors and achieve the goals of democracy and economic progress to become a full EU member.
The document discusses economic integration in Europe, specifically the evolution and structure of the European Union (EU). It can be summarized as follows:
1) The EU was formed after World War 2 to promote peace and economic cooperation in Europe. It began as the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 and later became the European Economic Community.
2) The EU currently has 28 member states and uses the euro currency. Its main institutions that guide policies are the European Council, European Commission, Council of the EU, European Parliament, and European Court of Justice.
3) Key milestones in EU integration include adopting the Single European Act in 1987 to create a single market, establishing the euro currency via the Maastricht
Victor Hugo's speech calls for a united Europe where war between European nations will seem absurd, just as it does between French provinces today. Hugo envisions a day when European nations will form a European brotherhood and the only fields of battle will be open markets and ideas, not weapons. Nations will resolve issues through voting and arbitration, not violence. One day, cannons will be displayed in museums, as people cannot believe they were once used for war. The document then provides a brief history of the European Union, from its origins in the European Coal and Steel Community, to its expansion over several decades through treaties establishing political and economic cooperation between European states.
The European Union was formed after World War 2 to promote stability and economic cooperation in Europe. It originated from the European Coal and Steel Community formed in 1951 among six countries. Over time, more countries joined the EU which now has 27 member states. The EU aims to ensure peace, prosperity, freedom and fairness for its citizens. It works to create a single market where people and goods can move freely between member states.
The European Union was formally established in 1993 by the Maastricht Treaty, which created the EU and established many of its foundational policies and institutions. The EU grew out of earlier economic and political cooperation between European countries after World War 2. By 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden had joined the newly established EU, bringing the total member states to 15. The Maastricht Treaty laid the groundwork for further economic integration of the EU and defined the concept of European citizenship.
The document summarizes the history and role of the European Union. It discusses how the EU began as a coal and steel community among 6 countries in 1951 and has since expanded to include 27 member states and over 500 million citizens. The EU aims to promote peace, democracy, human rights, and economic prosperity within Europe. It has become an important global actor working with countries and organizations worldwide to address challenges like security, trade, development, and the environment. The EU has a strong partnership with the United States based on their shared values and interests.
Instructions Your initial post should be at least 500 words T.docxmaoanderton
Instructions: Your initial post should be at least 500 words
The readings this week apply different theoretical perspectives to analyze the European Union as a regional IO. For example, in the articles, we read about rationalism, social constructivism, multi-level governance, enforcement and management theory, and more. In addition, the lesson notes discuss intergovernmentalism, supranationalism, and veto player theory. Which theoretical perspective(s) do you find the most persuasive and why when it comes to analyzing EU policymaking? Which is the least persuasive and why? Please incorporate specific examples to support your arguments.
Reading and references:
Lesson 7 | Regional Organizations: The European Union
In this lesson, we will turn our attention to regional organizations, taking the European Union (EU) as our case study. We examine and assess several theories that explain how EU policy-making works. At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
Examine the institutions of the EU
Assess important issues in EU policymaking
Apply concepts and theories about IOs to the operation of the EU
The European Union (EU): An Overview
The purpose of this lesson is not to master the history of European integration; rather, we focus here on setting up the framework for the study of the European Union (EU) as a regional organization. It makes sense to approach the complex processes of economic enlargement and political integration by first providing a brief overview of the different key stages of enlargement.
View the interactive map of the current EU member states. This is worth taking 10 minutes to explore. You can filter by states using the euro currency, by prospective member states, and more.
EU Website
1951
Six states enter into the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC): Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany.
1957
The six states enter into the Treaty of Rome. This treaty extended the European Coal and Steel Community, established a customs union through the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC), and created the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) for cooperation in developing nuclear energy.
1973
The first enlargement occurs with the membership of Denmark, Ireland, and the UK (for a total of 9 total members).
1979
This year marks the first direct, democratic elections to the European Parliament.
1981
Greece enters into full membership, in part to “lock in” democracy after a period of military dictatorship. With Greece’s membership, the total stands at 10 members.
1986
Spain and Portugal become members, bringing the total to 12.
1990
East Germany was folded in by way of its unification with West Germany after the fall of the Berlin Wall.
1993
The Maastricht Treaty formally establishes the European Union (EU).
1995
Austria, Finland, and Sweden join the EU, bringing the total to 15 members.
2002
The Euro is introduced as the.
The European Union is a political and economic union of 27 European countries established after World War II to promote cooperation and shared values among member states. Key events included the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community in 1957, the Maastricht Treaty founding the EU and introducing the euro in 1992, and the Lisbon Treaty reforming decision-making in 2007. The EU's main institutions are the European Commission, European Parliament, European Council, and European Central Bank. The EU works on policies related to the single market, agriculture, fisheries, border control, research, the environment, and more. It faces challenges including Brexit, economic issues, migration, rule of law concerns, and nationalism within member states.
The European Union began in 1950 as an agreement between France and Germany to pool their coal and steel resources to promote peace and economic cooperation. This agreement later expanded into the European Economic Community and today's European Union. The EU has grown from 6 founding members to 28 member states, with the most recent addition being Croatia in 2013. Key EU institutions that govern it include the European Commission, European Parliament, Council of the European Union, and Court of Justice. The EU aims to promote free movement of goods, services, capital and people across Europe.
The United Nations was established in 1945 to replace the League of Nations. It aims to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations. The UN has six main organs: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, and Secretariat. It also has various specialized agencies, funds, and programs that address issues like health, education, agriculture, refugees, and more. The UN works to resolve international conflicts, develop economic and social cooperation, and codify international law through conventions, treaties, and agreements.
Global sourcing refers to procuring products or services from independent foreign suppliers or subsidiaries located abroad. Companies adopt global sourcing strategies to lower costs, improve quality, ensure reliable supply, enter new markets, access new technologies, and react to competitor moves. Key considerations in global sourcing include make-or-buy decisions, sourcing configurations like vertical integration or outsourcing to industrial clusters, and strategies to minimize risks like currency fluctuations, weak legal environments, and over-reliance on suppliers. Large companies like Apple, Dell, and Samsung employ complex multi-country global supply chain models for assembly, manufacturing, and component sourcing.
The document provides information about the World Trade Organization (WTO) in three parts. It begins with an overview of the WTO as an international organization dealing with global trade rules. It then discusses the key facts about the WTO such as its location, establishment, membership size, and budget. Finally, it outlines some of the basic principles of the WTO like non-discrimination, reciprocity, and enforceable commitments.
The document discusses various trade barriers faced by different countries in their trade with India, China, Japan, the US and the EU. It outlines tariffs, import/export restrictions, standards and certification requirements, investment barriers, service sector restrictions etc. imposed by these economies. The trade barriers addressed include agricultural import tariffs in Japan, land ownership rules and IP protection in China, public procurement preferences and FDI limits in the US, sanitary standards and licensing rules in India for the EU and other partners.
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an intergovernmental organization consisting of 12 oil producing countries. It was founded in 1960 in Baghdad by 5 countries and aims to coordinate and unify petroleum policies among member countries. Key objectives include stabilizing oil prices and ensuring a steady supply of oil to consuming countries. OPEC faces challenges in enforcing production quotas and preventing price cheating among its members.
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States that establishes a free trade zone in North America. It was formed in 1994 to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the three countries. NAFTA aims to promote cross-border trade and investment through establishing common rules and reducing tariffs and other trade barriers. It has significantly increased trade, investment, employment, and economic growth among the member countries over the past two decades.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to fight global warming. Under the protocol, 37 industrialized countries commit to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. The US has not ratified the treaty due to concerns about developing countries not having emissions commitments.
Mercosur is a trading bloc in South America consisting of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. It was created in 1991 with the goal of promoting free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency between member states. Key objectives include eliminating customs duties and lifting restrictions on the movement of goods. Mercosur has established a common external tariff and aims to integrate member economies and develop common institutions. It currently functions as a customs union. India has a preferential trade agreement with Mercosur that came into effect in 2009.
The document discusses intellectual property rights (IPR) and the TRIPS and TRIMS agreements. It provides an overview of the history of IPR treaties and organizations like WIPO. It describes the different types of IPR like patents, copyrights, trademarks. It discusses why IPR is needed and outlines some of the key provisions and standards in TRIPS, including national treatment, enforcement procedures, and dispute settlement.
Venezuela is located in northern South America with a population of 29 million people. It has the world's largest proven oil reserves and oil exports account for most of its GDP. However, the economy is overly dependent on oil and subject to volatility in oil prices. Business opportunities exist in oil/gas, construction, food processing, and other industries, but the business environment also faces challenges like high inflation, crime, and strained foreign relations.
Global sourcing refers to procuring products or services from independent foreign suppliers or subsidiaries located abroad. Companies adopt global sourcing strategies to lower costs, improve quality, ensure reliable supply, enter new markets, access new technologies, and react to competitor moves. Key considerations in global sourcing include make-or-buy decisions, sourcing configurations like vertical integration or outsourcing to industrial clusters, and strategies to minimize risks like currency fluctuations, weak legal environments, and over-reliance on suppliers. Large companies like Apple, Dell, and Samsung employ complex multi-country global supply chain models for assembly, manufacturing, and component sourcing.
The document discusses Islamic law systems and how several countries have adopted hybrid legal systems that incorporate aspects of Islamic law and civil law traditions. It provides tables listing countries and their legal systems, with many Middle Eastern and Southeast Asian nations following a mixed legal system based on Islamic law and laws imported from other legal traditions like English common law. The document also outlines some key concepts and principles of Islamic law such as Sharia, different types of Islamic banking, and the role of Islamic law in certain countries' court systems.
This document provides an overview of China, including its:
- History from 1644 to present, covering major dynasties and events
- Culture, which is collectivist and influenced by Confucianism
- Single-party communist political system led by the Chinese Communist Party
- Large and growing economy, which had a GDP of $5.878 trillion in 2010 and focuses on industries like mining, steel, machinery, and consumer goods.
The document discusses the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, which has 21 member economies in the Asia-Pacific region accounting for over 40% of the world's population and GDP. APEC aims to support sustainable economic growth through cooperation and by achieving the Bogor Goals of free and open trade/investment across the region. It operates through annual meetings and three pillars - trade and investment liberalization, business facilitation, and economic and technical cooperation. APEC's progress, strengths, and ongoing challenges are also summarized.
The document provides information about the World Bank, including that it is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries. It was established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference and has 187 member countries. The World Bank Group consists of five institutions focused on global development and poverty reduction. Key units include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Development Association (IDA), International Finance Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).
Israel has a heterogeneous culture with influences from Judaism. It has a parliamentary democracy and a strong high-tech sector. Key advantages include a highly educated workforce and government investment in R&D. However, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict presents political risks. The economy has grown significantly in recent decades through industrial and tech exports, though challenges remain in education and regional perceptions.
The document summarizes the 1963 Great Train Robbery in England, where robbers led by Bruce Reynolds stole over £2.6 million from a Royal Mail train. Key figures in the robbery included Douglas Goody, Charlie Wilson, and Brian Field. The robbers tampered with signal lights and took control of the train at Sears Crossing, stopping it at Bridego Bridge to loot cash from the high-value packages carriage. Detective Tommy Butler later discovered the robbers' hideout and most were caught, though only a small portion of the money was recovered. The aftermath discusses how most of the robbers spent time in prison and the negative impacts of the crime.
1. European
Union
Submitted By:-
Avishek Singh
113
Pratik Akerkar
2. Agenda
Brief Introduction
History
Member States
Political and Judicial structure
Economy
Shortfalls
MNE Implications
EU and India
3. Introduction
The EU is an unique economic and political partnership between 27 European
countries that has delivered half a century of peace, stability, and prosperity,
helped raise living standards, and is progressively building a single Europe-
wide market in which people, goods, services, and capital move among
Member States as freely as within one country.
EU was initially created to foster economic cooperation and thus avoid conflict.
But over the years it has evolved into an organisation spanning all areas,
from development aid to environmental policy.
EU has its own flag, currency i.e. EURO and anthem ―Ode to joy‖.
Motto: United in diversity
The EU is larger in area than all but six countries with an area of 4,423,147
sq.kms.
The EU has the world's second-longest coastline, after Canada, which is
65,993 km.
No of official languages in EU – 23 ; German the most widely spoken mother
tongue in EU.
4. History
1950s- Beginning of cooperation
9th May 1950 - Robert Schuman, French minister of
Foreign Affairs, proposed that France and Federal
Republic of Germany pool their coal and steel
resources.
18th April 1951- Paris treaty signed between the six
countries Belgium, France, Federal Republic of
Germany, Italy, Luxembourg & Netherlands
establishing the European Coal and Steel
Community(ECSC) which came into force on 23rd July
1952.
25th March 1957- Rome treaties were signed between
the six countries forming the European Economic
Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy
community(Euratom) which comes into force on 1st
January 1958.
5. History
1960s- Period of economic growth
4th January 1960- The Stockholm Convention
establishes the European Free Trade Association
(EFTA), comprising of Austria, Denmark, Norway,
Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and UK.
8th April 1965- Merger treaty is formed merging the
executive bodies of the ECSC, EEC and Euratom and
thus creating a single Council and a single
Commission which comes into force on 1st July 1967.
1st July 1968 - Customs duties between the member
states on industrial goods are completely abolished
and a common external tariff is introduced.
6. History
1970s- Growing community
1st January 1973- Denmark, Ireland and the
United Kingdom join the European Communities,
bringing their membership to nine.
10th December 1974- At the Paris Summit, the
political leaders of the nine member states decide
to meet three times a year as the European
Council. They also give the go-ahead for direct
elections to the European Parliament.
7th-10th June 1979 - The first direct elections to
the 410-seat European Parliament.
7. History
1980s- The changing face of Europe - Fall of
Berlin wall
1st January 1981- Greece joins the European
Communities, bringing the number of members to 10.
14th June 1985 - The Schengen Agreement is signed
with the aim of abolishing checks at the borders
between member countries of the European
Communities.
1st January 1986 - Spain and Portugal join the
European Communities, bringing their membership to
12.
28th February 1986 - The Single European Act is
signed in Luxembourg and The Hague. It comes into
force on 1 July 1987.
9th November 1989 – Fall of Berlin wall.
8. History
1990s- Europe without frontiers
7th February 1992- The Maastricht European Council
signed a Treaty on European Union, laying the foundation
for a common foreign and security policy, closer
cooperation on justice and home affairs and the creation of
an economic and monetary union, including a single
currency. It comes into force on 1st November 1993.
1st January 1993 – Single European Market comes into
force.
1st January 1995 - Austria, Finland and Sweden join the
EU, bringing its membership to 15.
1st January 1999 – 11 EU countries adopt the euro. The
European Central Bank takes on responsibility for
monetary policy. The 11 countries are joined by Greece in
2001.
9. History
2000s- Decade of further expansion
26th February 2001- Signing of the Treaty of Nice. It comes
into force on 1 February 2003.
1st January 2002 – Euro notes and coins are introduced in
the 12 euro-area countries.
1st May 2004 - Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia,
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and
Slovenia join the European Union, bringing its membership
to 25.
1st January 2007 – Bulgaria and Romania join the
European Union, bringing its membership to 27. Slovenia
adopts the euro.
13th December 2007 - The 27 EU countries sign the Treaty
of Lisbon, which amends the previous Treaties.
1st January 2008 - Cyprus and Malta adopt the euro.
1st January 2011 - Estonia adopts the euro as its currency,
becoming the 17th member of the euro area.
11. Member States
The European Union is composed of 27 sovereign
Member States: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and
the United Kingdom.
Croatia is an acceding country and may become
the member on 1st July,2013.
There are four candidate countries: Iceland,
Macedonia, Montenegro and Turkey
The ‗Copenhagen criteria‘ for EU membership
stability of institutions guaranteeing
democracy, the rule of law, human rights and
respect for and protection of minorities;
the existence of a functioning market
economy as well as the capacity to cope with
competitive pressure and market forces
within the Union;
the ability to take on the obligations of
membership including adherence to the aims
of political, economic & monetary union.
12. Benefits of Joining EU
Political
United Europe– minimizes the risk of war
Economical
Free transfer of goods, services, people & capital
Gives smaller economies the ability to negotiate with
much bigger economies like US & China on an equal
footing
Social
Higher quality of life w.r.t. safety of citizens, job,
health, education, & information.
Environmental
Transfer of eco-friendly technologies
13. Political Structure
The Principle of subsidiarity
EU Law divided into primary & secondary
legislation
The treaties (primary legislation) are the basis or
ground rules for all EU action
Secondary legislation – which includes regulations,
directives and decisions – are derived from the
principles and objectives set out in the treaties
Laws passed in two forms:
Laws which do not require national implementation
measures
Laws which specifically require national
implementation measures
14. Bicameral legislative branch
of the European Union
Ordinary Legislative Procedure (previously called ‗Co-
decision procedure‘)
European Parliament ( abbreviated as Europarl or EP)
736(soon to be 751)
directly elected every five years by universal suffrage since
1979
shares equal legislative and budgetary powers with the
Council
The Council of European Union (also called the
"Council" and sometimes referred to as the "Council of
Ministers")
Composed of twenty-seven national ministers (one per state)
Exact membership depends upon the topic
Has legislative initiative in limited sensitive areas
holds, jointly with the Parliament, the budgetary power of the
Union
15. Executive Branch
European Council
mentioned by the Lisbon Treaty as a body which "shall provide the Union with
the necessary impetus for its development"
comprises the heads of state or government of the EU member states, along
with the President of the European Commission and the President of the
European Council
Meetings are chaired by its President and take place at least twice every six
months
Has no formal powers; it gathers the executive power of the member states
European Commission
body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding
the Union's treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union
operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (one
from each member state)
Members proposed by the member states, however they are bound to act
independently
develop medium-term strategies; draft legislation and arbitrate in the legislative
process; represent the EU in trade negotiations; make rules and regulations;
17. Judiciary
Court of Justice of the European Union
The Court of Justice
primarily deals with cases taken by member states, the
institutions, and cases referred to it by the courts of
member states
The General Court
mainly deals with cases taken by individuals and
companies directly before the EU's courts
. Decisions from the General Court can be appealed to the
Court of Justice but only on a point of law
The European Union Civil Service Tribunal
adjudicates in disputes between the European Union and
its civil service
18. Economy– Overview
GDP (figures for 2010)
in PPP – $14.82 trillion
real growth rate – 1.8%
per capita – $ 32,000
Sector wise composition
Agriculture – 1.8 %
Industry – 25 %
Services – 73.2 %
GINI Index for 2009 – 30.4
HDI (2010) – 0.835
External Debt – $16.08 trillion (as on June 30, 2011)
19. Economy
26% share of the global GDP in 2010
161 corporations out of the Fortune Global 500
in 2010 headquartered in EU
Two of the original core objectives of the EEC
Development of single market and a customs
union between its member states
Ensure undistorted competition within the single
market
20. EU27 Foreign Direct
Investment
Net Outflows– Decreased from 281to107
billion euro in 2010
Net Inflows– Decreased from 216 to 54 billion
euro in 2010
USA & Switzerland two largest investors into
EU27
EU is the single largest investor in US
accounting for almost 75% of the total FDI
flowing into the US
Belgium largest net investor
United Kingdom largest net recipient
21. Monetary Union
Maastricht Treaty in 1993 made the member
states legally bound to start the monetary
union by 1999
Euro duly launched on Jan 1, 1999 by 11 of
the 15 member states – remained an
accounting currency
Jan 1, 2002– Euro notes & coins issued;
phasing out of national currencies
Euro is the sole currency of 17 EU member
states today
22. Benefits of Euro
Remove the cost of exchanging currency
Differences in prices – in particular in price
levels – should decrease because of the 'law
of one price‗
Many national and corporate bonds
denominated in euro are significantly more
liquid and have lower interest rates than was
historically the case when denominated in
national currencies
Strong effect on European financial integration
24. Shortfalls
The globalization of finance
Rising government debt levels
Trade imbalances
Monetary policy inflexibility
Loss of confidence
27. Effect of a possible currency
conversion on MNEs
Trigger contractually agreed mechanisms for termination or
adaptation of the contract
Exchange Rate risk for international MNEs (EURIBOR or EONIA)
Dependency on a single contractual partner
Following items to be considered in new contracts:
Terms of the contract
Liquidity and insolvency
Temporary government regulations
Specifics in the case of company purchases
Restrictions of the free movement of goods and capital
28. EU Cultural Initiatives
European Capitals of Culture, 2011 - Turku and Tallinn
EU‘s Culture programme (2007-2013)
Budget of €400
3 objectives:
Promoting cross border mobility
Encouraging transnational circulation of cultural & artistic output
Fostering intercultural cultural dialogue
3 stands:
Cultural actions
European level cultural bodies
Analysis and dissemination of activities
European Cultural Month event, Media Plus programme,
Orchestras such as the European Union Youth Orchestra
European Capital of Culture programme
The Treaty of Lisbon, International Olympic Committee and FIFA
EU Football 4 Peace project - Israeli, Jordanian, Irish and British football
32. Rankings of the
EU27 in the
Global
Competitiveness
Index 2010–11
- The European Union has
proposed a new strategy—
Europe 2020—for smart,
sustainable, and inclusive growth
- Consists of consolidating public
finances while promoting
economic integration, investing in
pan-European energy and
transport infrastructure, and
developing further information and
communication technologies
-Emphasis on upgrading skills
and promoting innovation
33. Rankings of the EU27 in the
Global
Competitiveness Index 2010–
Basic requirement
11 Institutions
Infrastructure
Macroeconomic Environment
Health and Primary Education
Efficiency enhancer
Higher education and Training
Goods Market Efficiency
Labor market Efficiency
Financial market Efficiency
Technological Readiness
Market Size
Innovation and sophistication factor
Business sophistication
Innovation
34. EU and India
India – one of the fastest growing economies in the
world, with a market potential of more than 1 million
people
Trade in goods
EU goods exports to India 2010 : €34.7
billion
EU goods imports from India 2010 : €33.2 billion
Trade in services
EU services exports to India 2010 : €9.8 billion
EU services imports from India 2010 : €8.1
billion
Foreign Direct Investment
35. EU and India
2004 – EU Strategic Partner
2005 – EU-India Joint Action Plan
2006 – negotiations for FTA as part of Global
Europe Strategy
2008 – Revised Joint Action Plan
Annual EU-India Summit
10th Dec, 2010 in Brussels
€13.4million allocated through the Trade and
Investment Development Programme (TIDP)
funded from the Country Strategy Paper (CSP)
2002-2006
€470 million allocated for actions on health,
education and the implementation of the Joint
Action Plan through the Country Strategy Paper