This document discusses corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the public and private sectors in India. The author aims to analyze whether CSR investments are higher in public or private sectors through an examination of 18 major companies. The introduction provides background on globalization, sustainability, and India's CSR requirements for companies. The theoretical framework section outlines the UN's sustainable development goals and definitions of sustainability and how it relates to business. The purpose is to understand the relationship between business sector type and CSR investments and their impact on sustainability.
Emergence of india as an economic super powerKavya B.S
Four important strategies for our Economy to prosper is that of:
1) Inclusive growth
2) Environmental concern
3) Investment in innovation
4)Curbing of Black Money
thus explaining each of them.
India Dialogues conference held at the University of Columbia, NYC. Top level economists, educationalists etc spoke for the cause. Also talked about the relation between India and USA.
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SECTOR ENTERPRISES IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL WELFAREijmpict
After 63 year of Independence and a population of one billion, India is the largest democracy in the world. To sustain this democracy and freedom, it is very necessary to ensure economic empowerment and better quality of life for all the citizens of India. Since the real India lives in villages, the rural development has assumed high priority and it is one of the very important factors of the Indian economy. The Industrial Policy Resolution in 1956 gave the public sector enterprises a strategic role in Indian Economy and the public sector was thought of as the engine for self-reliant economic growth to develop a sound agricultural and industrial base, diversify the economy and overcome economic and social backwardness. In this paper, we shall address the trade-off between the social and economic objectives of public sector enterprises with a focus on the Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC) and its role in the community development and social welfare of Neyveli population.
India has transitioned from an agrarian economy to a manufacturing economy and is now in the era of a service economy, with services contributing 57% to India's GDP. As manufacturing became more automated, excess labor moved to service industries. The future of services marketing in India is bright, as many multinational firms are investing in partnerships and operations in India to capitalize on its growth, such as the Bharti-Walmart retail tie-up. These foreign service companies are also generating significant employment in India.
India must refocus at the core domestic economic fundamentalsIndiastat .com
- Pramod Bhasin, Chairman of ICRIER, believes India must refocus on core domestic economic fundamentals like synchronized foreign trade, FDI, digital, skills, and job policies to boost its COVID-19 impacted economy.
- He recommends using data and technology as tools to capture real-time sectoral data and build platforms to help address issues.
- India needs to improve its health and education infrastructure, conduct risk mapping of the informal sector, and prioritize sectors like agriculture, pharmaceuticals, healthcare, startups, and digital to achieve its $5 trillion economy goal and speed economic growth post-pandemic.
The document discusses several factors contributing to regional differences in educational attainment in India. It notes that states differ in language, culture, needs, climate and more. As a result, some regions lack educational facilities while others prioritize education more. For example, states like Bihar, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh have lower literacy rates while states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Uttaranchal have higher rates. Generally, regions with lower standards of living, fewer job opportunities and more subsistence level work value education less. Poverty also prevents families from sending children to school, as they rely on child labor. Gender disparities further contribute to regional differences in education across India.
Changing work and its impact on Human ResourcesDebasis Ray
A proposed solution which can convey how the nature of work is changing and what your country/sector governments can do to prepare and support their workforces
CALL FOR PAPERS for May 2010 issue of IER journal published at the IIPM Think Tank, Hyderabad
Topic: INCLUSIVE INDIA: DOES MARKET OFFER A SOLUTIONS FOR GROWTH?
The 6th Government Industry Dialogue was held in Delhi on February 2nd, 2019 to bridge the gap between government and industry. The theme was "Ease of doing business and Make in India." Senior decision makers from government and industry CEOs discussed challenges faced by businesses and provided recommendations to improve processes and ease of doing business in India.
The document discusses human capital formation in India. It defines human capital formation as acquiring skills, education, and experience to increase economic and political development. Sources of human capital formation include expenditures on education, health, on-the-job training, migration, and information. While human capital growth in India has been fast, economic growth has not increased at the same rate due to challenges like high population growth, poverty, and low education quality. Further investments in education and health are needed to fully realize gains from India's demographic dividend.
Human capital: Education and health in economic development egpShivani Baghel
A brief study on the economic development of health and education in India in the present scenario.
It talks about joint investment in both the sectors considering their rate of return, while dealing with questions like why increasing income is not sufficient? It also briefs about child labor and gender gap.
Government role in influencing creative economy for community purchasing powerTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This research was conducted to find out whether the West Java provincial government has implemented the development of creative economy by looking at the form of policy and budget support in APBD and the problem. The results show, West Java Provincial Government has made regional regulations and creative economic blueprints. It is suggested to be more committed to facilitate the marketing of results, facilitate business actor access to banking, protection of intellectual property rights, and enhancement of cooperation between provinces and districts/municipalities for the sustainability of necessary raw materials.
This document provides an introduction to the study of geography and economics. It begins with an overview of the topics that will be covered over the course of the year, including economic foundations, globalization, and political and social organization. It then presents a series of questions for students to answer to assess their existing knowledge. The remainder of the document covers key concepts in economics, such as the three main economic sectors, companies and job markets, and different economic systems.
The service sector in India has grown rapidly in recent times and now accounts for over half of India's GDP. Growth has been driven by the development of skill-intensive IT and professional services catering to external markets. While the service sector provides many jobs, official employment figures likely understate the total as much work is informal. The rapid growth of the IT and ITES industries has contributed significantly to the expansion of India's service economy. Key factors driving growth include low costs, supportive government policies, and an available skilled workforce. [/SUMMARY]
The document discusses the growth of the service sector in India and its importance to the economy. It notes that the service sector now dominates India's economy, accounting for over half of GDP. Services are becoming a larger source of employment than manufacturing or agriculture. The sector is expected to generate about 70% of new jobs in the coming years. Growth has been driven by both increasing domestic and foreign demand for services as well as reforms and trade liberalization. The conclusion states that further improving service quality and speed will be important for India's continued economic development.
Friends of BJP - Manifesto Inputs to BJPrajeshjain
The document provides policy inputs and recommendations for the BJP party agenda and manifesto from an organization called "Friends of BJP". It touches on key issues of governance and administrative reforms, economy and business, social issues, national security, and foreign policy. Specific recommendations are provided around reducing corruption, improving education and healthcare, boosting the economy through reforms and infrastructure development, dealing with security threats internally and from neighbors, and positioning India as a global power.
The document provides an overview of emerging service sectors in India including education, banking, information technology, telecom, and insurance. It discusses the liberalization and growth of each sector. For education, it notes the increase in private institutes and foreign universities entering India. For banking, it outlines the functions and role of commercial banks in India's economic system. The information technology sector is highlighted for its low costs and skilled workforce that have contributed to its rapid growth. An overview is also given of India's large telecom network and the growth of internet and broadband access. Finally, the insurance sector's contributions to India's economic development through infrastructure funding and employment are summarized.
1. Human capital formation refers to increasing the productive qualities of a country's labor force through education, skills training, health care, and other means.
2. Key factors that influence human capital formation in Pakistan include low literacy rates, lack of on-the-job training, insufficient health and nutrition levels, and inadequate basic infrastructure and services.
3. Improving human capital formation is important for Pakistan's economic development as it can increase labor productivity and utilization of resources, promote technological advancement, boost industrial performance, and reduce poverty and unemployment. However, challenges to human capital formation in Pakistan include rapid population growth, unequal access to education, and lack of awareness about its benefits.
Service marketing role in Indian economyGagan Gupta
The Service industry forms a backbone of Social and Economicdevelopment of a region. It has emerged as the largest and fastest growingsectors in the world economy, making higher contribution to the global outputand employment. Its growth has been higher than that of Agriculture andManufacturing sectors. It is a large and most dynamic part of Indian Economyboth in terms of employment potential and contribution to National Income.
Outcome Statement & Recommendations- Responsible Business Forum 2014Rosie Helson
The document summarizes the proceedings and recommendations from the 3rd Responsible Business Forum on Sustainable Development held in Singapore in November 2014. Over 500 leaders from government, business, and civil society attended to discuss how to generate greater and more widely shared prosperity through sustainable development. Key recommendations included:
- Encourage knowledge sharing across industries and value chains on best practices for sustainability.
- Harmonize sustainability data standards and measurements to increase transparency.
- Establish sustainable procurement policies and educate future generations on these issues.
- Incentivize the adoption of innovative sustainable solutions through policies like carbon taxes.
Integrating Environmental Accounting in Agro-Allied and Manufacturing Indust...IJMER
ONLY WHEN THE LAST TREE IS CUT, ONLY WHEN THE LAST RIVER IS POLLUTED, ONLY WHEN THE LAST FISH IS CAUGHT, ONLY THEN WILL THEY REALIZE THAT YOU CANNOT EAT MONEY’ American proverb
Due to growing awareness and concern on the impact of human activity on the ecosystem, there is an
increasing trend to judge organizations in relation to the community in which it operates. The impact of the activities on the environment with regard to pollution of water, air, land and abuse of natural resources are coming under scrutiny of governments, stakeholders and citizens. Education is considered the key to effective development strategies and TVET institutions then must be the master
key that can alleviate poverty, promote peace, conserve the environment, improve the quality of life
for all and help achieve sustainable development. Unless proper accounting work is done, it cannot be determined that both have been fulfilling their responsibilities. The aim of the study was to explore whether distinctive processes of environmental accounting are possible in agro-allied and
manufacturing industries with a view to enhancing sustainability. To accomplish this aim, this research explores environmental accountability practices in TVET institutions. This paper is in part of an exploratory research project and it is limited in that it attempts to be illuminative and theoretically driven. The paper aims to prove that environmental reporting and disclosure will
enable in agro-allied and manufacturing industries undertake a major transformation that includes
approaches that harmonize economic prosperity, environmental conservation and social well-being.
However, while strategies for achieving this goal are not widespread, a range of international experiences is beginning to suggest ways forward. These initiatives include national TVET policy reforms, green campus, green curriculum, green community, green research and green culture. The paper includes suggested templates that can be useful in agro-allied and manufacturing industries
Integrating Environmental Accounting in Agro-Allied and Manufacturing Industr...IJMER
‘ONLY WHEN THE LAST TREE IS CUT, ONLY WHEN THE LAST RIVER IS
POLLUTED, ONLY WHEN THE LAST FISH IS CAUGHT, ONLY THEN WILL THEY REALIZE
THAT YOU CANNOT EAT MONEY’ American proverb
Due to growing awareness and concern on the impact of human activity on the ecosystem, there is an
increasing trend to judge organizations in relation to the community in which it operates. The
impact of the activities on the environment with regard to pollution of water, air, land and abuse of
natural resources are coming under scrutiny of governments, stakeholders and citizens. Education is
considered the key to effective development strategies and TVET institutions then must be the master
key that can alleviate poverty, promote peace, conserve the environment, improve the quality of life
for all and help achieve sustainable development. Unless proper accounting work is done, it cannot
be determined that both have been fulfilling their responsibilities. The aim of the study was to explore
whether distinctive processes of environmental accounting are possible in agro-allied and
manufacturing industries with a view to enhancing sustainability. To accomplish this aim, this
research explores environmental accountability practices in TVET institutions. This paper is in part
of an exploratory research project and it is limited in that it attempts to be illuminative and
theoretically driven. The paper aims to prove that environmental reporting and disclosure will
enable in agro-allied and manufacturing industries undertake a major transformation that includes
approaches that harmonize economic prosperity, environmental conservation and social well-being.
However, while strategies for achieving this goal are not widespread, a range of international
experiences is beginning to suggest ways forward. These initiatives include national TVET policy
reforms, green campus, green curriculum, green community, green research and green culture. The
paper includes suggested templates that can be useful in agro-allied and manufacturing industries
This document is a paper titled "Sustainable development in India: Governance, Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility" written by Arbaaz khan and Suhail khan, students at Al-Barkaat Institute of Management Studies in Aligarh, India. The paper discusses sustainable development in India with a focus on governance, ethics, and corporate social responsibility. It provides background on sustainable development and examines issues like business ethics, corporate social responsibility, and how sustainable development can be achieved through responsible governance and industry practices.
This document discusses sustainable development and green corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices in India, using the TATA group as a case study. It begins by defining sustainability and CSR, noting that businesses are called to pursue economic growth while preserving natural resources. The document then discusses how India's rapid economic growth has led to environmental degradation, and how companies are adopting "green practices" through CSR to balance development and conservation. The TATA group is highlighted for its efforts in this area to contribute to sustainable development and environmental protection in India.
Innovation and Sustainable Development: The Question of Energy EfficiencyIOSR Journals
This document discusses the relationship between innovation and energy efficiency as it relates to sustainable development. It begins by defining key concepts like sustainable development, renewable energy, and energy efficiency. It then examines how technological innovation and the use of renewable energy can help foster sustainable development by reducing environmental impacts and promoting socioeconomic development. Specifically, it explores how renewable energy and energy efficiency in agriculture can contribute to the environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainability in Tunisia.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Community welfare is one of the ultimate goals that is expected by each region. Various efforts have been designed and implemented by the local government to increase the growth for the region itself and subsequently are expected to have a positive impact on the welfare of the community. One of the efforts made by the regional government in the discussions carried out with the implementation of development. This study aims to study the role of the government in CSR implementation programs that have an impact on people's welfare significantly. This research was conducted by using quantitative research methods and using path analysis. The results of the study show that the government rules and implementation of CSR programs are able to improve the welfare of the community of Kampung Warna-Warni Jodipan, Malang.
Raheem Sultan, a class 10 student, submitted a project on sustainable development to his social science teacher. The 3-page project covered key topics like the meaning and evolution of sustainable development, its three pillars of economic development, social development, and environmental protection. It discussed India's needs and goals in sustainable development, and steps taken by the Indian government like the Paris Agreement and initiatives on climate change. The teacher evaluated the project positively based on its content, presentation, and the student's understanding during a viva voce.
Social innovation practices in sustainable waste management case study of suc...Ambati Nageswara Rao
This paper aims to understand the role of social enterprise engagement in social innovations that facilitate, promote or challenge the environmental sustainability in Ahmedabad city.
Social innovation practices in sustainable waste management case study of suc...Ambati Nageswara Rao
This document discusses social innovation practices in sustainable waste management through case studies of three successful social enterprises in Ahmedabad, India: Ekam Eco Solutions, Let's Recycle, and Waste-Pro. It analyzes how these enterprises have adopted social innovations to create value from waste, maximize benefits from waste materials and energy efficiency, develop solutions to waste management at scale, and take on leadership roles. The findings reveal how these social enterprises are protecting the environment and promoting sustainability through their innovative waste management solutions.
This white paper from the World Economic Forum's Global Future Council discusses the future of the care economy. It argues that care underpins the global economy and is critical to addressing inequities and fueling growth. The care economy encompasses both paid and unpaid care work that sustains human activity. While estimates show the care economy is large, representing trillions in economic value, many care systems are inequitable and experience shortages. To achieve care equity and unlock the care economy's potential, stakeholders must work collaboratively to address issues like the reliance on unpaid care work, precarity of paid care jobs, and gaps in care access.
Corporate social responsibility_xws_my4m7dkPartha Das
The document provides an overview of key topics related to corporate social responsibility (CSR). It discusses the global context of CSR and how business operations impact society and the environment. It also examines stakeholders and their importance, as well as the historical shift from philanthropy to CSR. Theories around CSR strategy and implementation are presented. Metrics for monitoring, measuring, and reporting on CSR programs are also covered. Finally, the roles of government, voluntary codes, and corporate ethics/governance in relation to CSR are addressed.
This document is a project report submitted by a student named Ojas Nitin Narsale for their M.Com degree. The report covers environmental auditing and accounting. It includes a declaration by the student, acknowledgements, an index of topics to be covered, and an introduction providing an overview of environmental accounting. The report will examine the purpose and practice of environmental auditing, trends in the field, techniques used, and the benefits of auditing. It will also discuss environmental auditing in India and how to become an environmental auditor.
The Challenges of Microfinance Institutions in Empowering Micro and Small Ent...Mercu Buana University
This study aims to examine the challenges of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in empowering micro and small entrepreneur to concern and care not only for the business growth but also the environmental sustainability in their surroundings. Indonesia as developing countries also faces the environmental degradation that contributes by micro and small entrepreneurs. Moreover MFIs have substantial relationships in term to preserve the environment because of the objectives are not only achieve the profit but also balancing with the social (people) and environment (planet) achievement and MFIs clients also micro and small entrepreneur who as the majority contributor of environment degradation in developing countries. The discussion of the paper is determined by three research questions (i) What’s the role of MFIs in preserving the environment? (ii) How the role of corporate governance in MFIs? (iii) How the implementation of corporate governance in MFIs in empowering micro to implementing green activity (Indonesia evidence)? In addition, to ensure the commitment of MFIs should exist corporate governance, which supervise the compliance with Act No.1 2013 related to the sustainability concern from MFIs because until now the impact of the act has not given the significant impact yet because of the importance is not only the existence of regulation but also the consciousness all stakeholders related to comply and implementing of green activity.
Green Economy around the World; Advancement & Challenges in BangladeshAbdullahais16
The document discusses the concept of green economy, which focuses on economic growth while reducing environmental risks. It traces the evolution of green economy from the 1992 Earth Summit to recent initiatives by the UN and some countries. Several principles, components, and the differences between traditional and green economies are also introduced.
Project on Corporate Social ResponsibilityPadma Ch
This document is a project report submitted by Ch. Padmavati to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Business Management degree. The report focuses on studying corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities at the Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Project operated by NTPC Limited in Kayamkulam, Kerala. Some key CSR initiatives discussed include providing drinking water infrastructure, roads, healthcare services, and vocational training to local communities. The report aims to assess the level of satisfaction among people receiving free medical services in tsunami-affected villages. It utilizes primary data collected through questionnaires with 100 patients and secondary data from NTPC brochures.
This document discusses challenges Pakistan faces in implementing the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It examines how political economy and public policy influence sustainable development. The study aims to evaluate Pakistan's institutional structure for achieving the SDGs and develop recommendations. It finds that imbalanced regional development, inequality, and misallocation of resources due to political preferences have hindered progress. The study contributes by investigating how political economy impacts SDG implementation and highlighting the need for new policy directions to reduce disparities according to the SDG agenda.
IRJET- A Review on Self Sustainable Integrated TownshipIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that reviews integrated townships and sustainable development. It discusses how integrated townships aim to integrate living, working and leisure activities within walkable distances. Sustainable townships consider environmental, social and economic factors. The document evaluates indicators of sustainability for townships, including environmental factors like waste management and social factors like community spaces. It also examines parameters of sustainable development like regional planning and high-density development. As a case study, it outlines the amenities and design of Amanora Park Township in Pune, India, which incorporates modern values with community living across 400 acres.
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Purchasing a home is a significant milestone, but the financial commitment can be daunting. Thankfully, various government subsidies and schemes can ease the burden. In this blog post, we'll delve into the intricacies of the government subsidy for house, the benefits of a government subsidy on home loan, and the attractive housing loan interest subsidy offered by Kathiriya Subsidy House. Understanding these can help you make informed decisions and potentially save a substantial amount of money on your home purchase.
Understanding Urban Land Markets: Characteristics, Influencing Factors, and G...Aditi Sh.
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Neither of excess is good for the society, it has to be balanced to achieve maximum social benefit. Dalton called this principle as "Maximum Social Advantage" and Pigou termed it as "Maximum Aggregate Welfare". It was introduced by Swedish Economist "Erik Lindahl in 1919". See my ppt for additional details.
Public Expenditure & its Classifications, Canons, Causes, Effects & Theories....Dr T AASIF AHMED
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An effective organisational framework can also play a key role in deterring and detecting fraud, and by providing a clear structure, hierarchy, and culture of accountability, an effective organisational framework can make it more difficult for fraud to occur. Analytical techniques are a valuable tool for detecting and investigating corporate fraud and by using analytical techniques effectively, auditors can help protect companies from fraud and financial losses. Corporate fraud is a serious problem that can have devastating consequences for businesses of all sizes, and there are several things that businesses can do to deter and detect fraud, including creating a culture of ethics and transparency, having strong internal controls in place, and implementing fraud prevention technologies. Deterring and detecting fraud is an effective organisational framework that can also support effective functioning by providing a clear roadmap for how the business should operate, promoting communication and collaboration between employees, and providing employees with the resources and support they need to do their jobs effectively
1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326698164
"CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY" PUBLIC SECTOR VS PRIVATE
SECTOR-A MYTH OR REALITY?
Conference Paper · January 2016
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One Panchayat, One Product” A Strategy for Sustainable Rural Economy View project
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2. XVII Annual International Seminar Proceedings; January, 2016
ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 124
“CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY” PUBLIC SECTOR VS
PRIVATE SECTOR – A MYTH OR REALITY?
Manabhanjan Sahu Dr. D. Panigrahy.
Abstract:
In the world of business, the main “responsibility” for corporations has historically been to
maximize profit and increase shareholder value. In other words, corporate financial
responsibility has been the sole bottom line of success. With an era of globalization the
economies of business has changed from corporate centric to the consumer centric, where the
consumer’s perception for a product, service, concept or an organization is most concerned.
Business being an integral part of the society, which influences and influenced by the society,
cannot ignore the importance of society. In the last few decades this wind of transformation
gave birth to a broader corporate responsibilities–for the environment, for local communities,
for working conditions, and for ethical practices–has gathered momentum and taken hold.
This new driving force is known as corporate social responsibility (CSR). This consists of
wide range of activities and programs, which involves looking at how to improve social,
environmental and economical impacts of business. CSR plays a vital role in the sustainable
business strategy, which emphasizes on how to maximize the utility of resources with
minimum consumption, exploration of resources without exploitation and maintain surplus
balance of resources for future generations. In this context, it is noteworthy to mention that
The Brundt land Report (1987) says "Sustainable development is development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs. It contains within it two key concepts:
The concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which
overriding priority should be given
The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the
environment's ability to meet present and future needs."
In this present paper the researcher tries to analyze, evaluate and describe the role of
corporate social responsibility in sustainable development amongst the private and public
sectors, with reference to the Iron & steel and automobile manufacturing industry in India in
a multi dimensional analysis.
3. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 125
(Key words: corporate social responsibility, corporate financial responsibility, globalization,
sustainable development)
Introduction:
Perhaps Globalization has been in the existence since 2000 BC, as trading was in practice
between Indus Valley Civilization and the Mesopotamian Civilization. Globalization is the
process of international integration arising from the interchange and interaction of different
ideas, products, services and other aspects of economies of the present world. Developments
in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the evolution of Internet,
are major factors of globalization which made the world global village. Further
interdependency of economic and cultural activities has become a reality. if globalization is
the major effect of evolution, then sustainability is its one of the major side effects and CSR
is most vital element of this sustainability. Sustainability is a multileveled strategy, which
could be at individual / organizational / regional / national / international strategy. By
Channel News Asia the sustainability is evaluated as ESG Report, which is on the basis of
three parameters i.e. economic, social, governance which carries different weights as per the
industry type or sector. But irrespective of high need of CSR investment, the amount spent on
CSR is below 1% of PAT. From 1st
April 2014-under section 135 in the companies act govt.
has enrolled compulsory investment on CSR activities not less than 2% of last three years
annual average net profit for certain industries, these are Date: w.e.f 1st
April 2014, Section
135(1) of companies act 2013 mandates the CSR expenditure shall not be less than 2% of
PAT for companies having
Net worth Rs. 500 crore, or Turnover of Rs. 1000 crore, or Net profit of Rs. 5 crore
constantly in last three years. Even in future the Govt. is in plan to add this CSR amount with
its annual union budget. Now companies also believe in win - win strategy, which make them
increase the level of competitiveness along with environmental (environmental, social,
governance) quality.
4. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 126
Manabhanjan Sahu: is a Research Scholar of the Dept. of Business Administration,
Berhampur University
Dr. D. Panigrahy: Professor, Department of Business Administration, Berhampur University
Summary:
In this present world of sociocentric economies, people look at the corporate world how and
what it is doing for wellbeing of the society. Hence corporate social responsibility is just not
contributing to the society as per its interest and convenience but what the society expects
from it. So the amount of fund invested on CSR activities is decided as per the need for
wellbeing of the economy, environment, society and governance.
The author assumes that the private sectors are profit oriented hence expected to have less
CSR activities.
In contrast the public sectors are governed by Government policies, hence expected to have
more investment on CSR activities. The purpose of this research is to analyze whether the
investments in CSR activities is more with public sectors or the private sector in reality.
Further the study aims to understand and establish the relationship between the type of
business sector and their CSR with their sustainability. In order to find out the linkage the
researcher considered the data available about the quantum of CSR fund to the Profit After
Tax (PAT) and their sustainability of 18 major private and public sector companies.
The data is taken from The Economic Times Corporate Dossier, in league with Future Scope
and IIM-Udaipur, presented the list of companies with best programmes for CSR.
Theoretical background of sustainability and corporate social responsibility:
Sustainable development at international forum
New York, 22 July 2014 –The UN General Assembly's Open Working Group on Sustainable
development Goals forwarded to the Assembly its proposal for a set of Goals that consider
economic, social and environmental dimensions to improve people’s lives and protect the
planet for future generations at the conclusion of the Group’s thirteenth and final session at
UN Headquarters on Saturday, 19 July 2014.
The proposal contains 17 goals with 169 targets covering a broad range of sustainable
development issues, including ending poverty and hunger, improving health and education,
making cities more sustainable, combating climate change, and protecting oceans and forests.
Sustainable development and its need for business:
5. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 127
With regards to business sustainability, it can be defined as the practice of maintaining the
processes of productivity for an indefinite period by using resources (natural and human) and
technology of greater value, without degrading or endangering natural biotic and abiotic
systems.
According to M.Hasna, sustainability is a function of social, economic, technological and
ecological themes. Sustainable development ties together the concern for the carrying
capacity of natural systems with the social, political, and economic challenges faced by
humanity
Sustainable development is a road-map, an action plan, for achieving sustainability in any
activity that uses resources and where immediate and intergenerational replication is
demanded. Sustainable development coincides with further economic growth and human
development in the developed economy (and society) for finding the means of continual
development beyond economic development.
The proposed sustainable development goals are:
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable
agriculture.
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning
opportunities for all.
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.
Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment.
Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and
foster innovation.
Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries.
Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development.
6. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 128
Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests,
Combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity
loss.
Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all
And build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.
Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development.
Need for sustainability:
Sustainability has a multiple applications in maintaining the harmony among different
segments, these are outlined as:
NATURE (earth, bio diversity, eco system), PEOPLE (survival, life expectancy, education,
opportunity)
COMMUNITY (culture groups, places), ECONOMY (wealth productive sector,
consumption),
SOCIETY (institution, social capital, states, regions)
Sustainable strategies: according to the study group set up to Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) An Unique Business Strategy in Achieving Organizations' Excellence
and other studies on business sustainability, the sustainable strategies can be emphasized as
follows:
Designing the eco friendly products,
NATURE
COMMUNITY
PEOPLE
ECONOMY
SOCIETY
7. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 129
Discovering eco friendly innovative techniques,
Designing environment friendly management system,
Rejuvenating the product life cycle,
Giving confidence to share holders,
Participation of local market,
Proper communication regarding organizational goal and objectives,
Adopt Go-green concept,
Use of green star rating for products,
Use of eco-friend certifications from authorized organizations,
Community development programs,
Contribution to national goals.
Corporate Social Responsibility:
Corporate being social and economic unit of the society has to operate in consonance with the
sustainable strategies adopted by the economic system, in which it operates. In this light
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be defined as the social welfare responsibility of
the business community towards a better social, cultural, economic and environmental
development along with their organizational development. It mostly concerns about firm's
operational and strategic behavior towards the elements like health, safety, environmental
protection, human rights, human resource management practices, corporate governance,
community development, consumer protection, labor protection, supplier relations, business
ethics, and stakeholder rights.
Corporate social responsibility –a three legged tool:
It is a three-legged tool of people, planet, and profit, CSR is often described as the corporate
“triple bottom line”–the totality of the financial, social, and environmental performance in
conducting its business.
8. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 130
The pyramid of CSR:
For CSR to be accepted by a conscientious business person, it should be framed in such a
way that the entire ranges of business responsibilities are embraced. It is suggested that four
kinds of social responsibilities constitute total CSR: economic, legal, ethical, and
philanthropic. And these four components of CSR might be depicted as a pyramid.
1. Economic Responsibilities:
Historically business organizations were created as economic entities designed to provide
goods and services to societal members. The profit motive was the primary motive of the
business, but it is also the basic economic unit in our society.
2. Legal Responsibilities:
Society has not only sanctioned business to operate according to the profit motive but also the
business is expected to comply with the laws and regulations promulgated by federal, state,
and local governments as the ground rules under which business must operate.
3. Ethical Responsibilities:
Although economic and legal responsibilities embody ethical norms about fairness and
justice, ethical responsibilities embrace those activities and practices that are expected or
prohibited by societal members even though they are not codified into law. For example, the
environmental, civil rights, and consumer movements reflected basic alterations in societal
values and thus may be seen as ethical bellwethers foreshadowing and resulting in the later
legislation.
4. Philanthropic Responsibilities:
Philanthropy is those corporate actions that are in response to society’s expectation that
businesses be good corporate citizens. This includes actively engaging in acts or programs to
promote human welfare or goodwill. E.g. business contributions to financial resources or
executive time, such as contributions to the arts, education, or the community.
PHILATHROPIC
ETHICAL
LEGAL
ECONOMIC
9. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 131
CSR Development in the Indian context:
The history of CSR in India has its four phases, which run parallel to India's historical
development and has resulted in different approaches towards CSR. However the phases are
not static and the features of each phase may overlap other phases.
The First Phase: In the first phase charity and philanthropy were the main drivers of CSR.
Culture, religion, family values and tradition and industrialization had an influential effect on
CSR. In the pre-industrialization period, which lasted till 1850, wealthy merchants shared a
part of their wealth with the wider society by way of setting up temples for a religious and
status causes.
The Second Phase: In the second phase, during the independence movement, there was
increased stress on Indian Industrialists to demonstrate their dedication towards the progress
of the society. This was when Mahatma Gandhi introduced the notion of "trusteeship",
according to which the industry leaders had to manage their wealth so as to benefit the
common man.
The Third Phase: The third phase of CSR (1960–80) had its relation to the element of
"mixed economy", emergence of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) and laws relating labor
and environmental standards. During this period the private sector was forced to take a
backseat. The public sector was seen as the prime mover of development.
The Fourth Phase: In the fourth phase (1980 until the present) Indian companies started
abandoning their traditional engagement with CSR and integrated it into a sustainable
business strategy. In the 1990s the first initiation towards globalization and economic
liberalization were undertaken. Controls and licensing system were partly done away with
which gave a boost to the economy the signs of which are very evident today.
Benefits of CSR: Companies can adopt the CSR strategies to assure some long –term
benefits.
Creating and maintaining a high reputation for the organization, Improve corporate
image.
Securing and maintaining strong relationships with customers, employees and
stakeholders.
Creating better, safer and more stimulating work culture.
Increasing employees' commitment.
Improving the efficiency of the business management, Increase in sales, Increase in
market share.
Increase the financial performance and profitability of the company.
10. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 132
Enhance productive efficiency and effectiveness.
Benefits from fiscal advantages and administrative facilitation.
Strengthen brand positioning, etc.
Where India stands on sustainability:
India is involved in Corporate Social Responsibility from past many years and it was ranked
third after China and Singapore in the list, according to social enterprise CSR Asia's Asian
Sustainability Ranking (ASR), released on April 2014.
As per the ESG report by Channel New Asia, presented the sustainability ranking of best 100
corporate of Asia.
Out of best 10s, TCS ranked 1st
, WIPRO Technologies (6th)
, Infosys (8th
), HCL Technologies
Ltd (9th
),
Hence best four out of ten, also has sixteen organizations out of best100s.
Design of the study:
The present study is designed in a comparative manner of private and public sectors on four
major parameters of i.e. sustainability, CSR stakeholders, disclosure and governance, where
these parameters are given specific fixed weights and in total it is 100 points. Company’s
performance rating is calculated in numerical value out of the total weight, at the top CSR
carries 50 points, sustainability and governance each carries 20 points, and finally the
disclosure carries 10 points. Combined all together it is 100 points.
The companies scored different points on individual parameter out of total and the
cumulative point gives it a whole figure called company’s score card.
Score card table of major eighteen Indian companies
NAME OF THE
ORGANIZATION
RANK CSR
%
SUS CSR
SH
DISC GOV SCOR
E
TATA STEEL 1 3.37 20 28 10 18 76
TATA CHEMICALS 2 1.4 15 36 10 13 74
MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA 3 1 20 30 10 12 72
MARUTI SUZUKI 4 .79 13 32 8 18 71
TATA MOTORS 5 6.36 20 24 8 15 67
SIEMENS INDIA 5 .3 11 33 6 17 67
L&T 6 1.49 18 27 10 10 65
11. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 133
COCA COLA INDIA 8 1.9 18 27 4 15 64
GAIL 9 1.61 15 24 8 15 62
SAIL 9 1.5 13 28 4 17 62
INFOSYS 9 .11 18 19 10 15 62
RELIANCE INDUSTRIES 12 1.7 13 28 8 12 61
WIPRO 12 .28 18 15 10 18 61
TATA POWER 12 .77 13 26 10 12 61
NTPC 16 .55 15 24 8 12 59
INDIAN OIL CORP 19 1.58 10 22 10 15 57
BPCL 22 .68 13 19 8 15 55
HPCL 22 2.41 10 23 8 14 55
Source: The Economic Times Corporate Dossier, in league with Future Scope and IIM-
Udaipur
NOTE: CSR% IS ON % OF CSR FUND ON PAT (PROFIT AFTER TAX)
Abbreviations: SUS: SUSTAINABILITY CARRYS 20 POINTS, CRS SH: CSR
STAKEHOLDERS CARRIES 50 POINTS.
DISC: DISCLOSURE OR TRANSPARENCY CARRIES 10 POINTS, GOV:
GOVERNANCE CARRIES 20 POINTS.
The above table gives a rough idea of how the public and private sectors companies behave in
terms of four parameters (CSR%, CSR stakeholder, Disclosure, Governance) and its outcome
in form of Sustainability and company’s overall score. Out of top five companies four are
private and one is public in overall score. Out of top ten companies seven are private and only
three are public, out of top fifteen companies eleven are private and only four are public
sector companies. Hence in a rough assumption we can land on a conclusion that private
sector companies are more competent and concerned than the public sector companies.
AVERAGE SPENDING ON CSR BY DIFFERENT SECTORS IN % OF PAT.
Steel companies: 2.53, Automobile companies: 2.06, Manufacturing companies: 1.42, Oil
companies: 1.18, Private sectors: 1.19, Diversified companies: 1.83, Public sectors: .69,
Others: .47
The above figures represents the average spending by different sectors in India on CSR
activities out of their
12. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 134
Profit After Tax (PAT). The figure gives a rough idea about the type of industry and their
CSR investments.
Iron and steel industry, automobile manufacturers are more dependent on primary resources
and have maximum negative impact on environment, economy and society, hence are more
concern for CSR activities than other sectors. Hence the researcher’s analysis on how
sustainability is related to the CSR activities is concentrated on these two sectors, by taking
the examples of major public and private companies.
GRAPHICAR REPRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
Comparison between rank 1 steel company of private sector (TATA Steel) and rank 1 steel
company of public sector (SAIL). The below figure proves that in all parameters TATA steel
is more effective and more concerned.
Fig: 1
The above graph represents the relationship between company’s sustainability in response to
its investment on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities out of Profit After Tax
(PAT) of the major Iron and Steel companies of both private and public sectors.
Here first column represents the Normal conditions where the government’s general rule to
invest on CSR activities is 2% of PAT and sustainability is given as 20 which is regarded as
100%.
Second column represents the statistics of STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA LIMITED,
where the investment on CSR activities is 1.5% of PAT and respective sustainability is 13 i.e.
65%.
NORMAL SAIL TATA STEEL
SUSTAINABILITY 20 13 20
CSR 2 1.5 3.37
0
5
10
15
20
25
SUSTAINABILITY
CSR VS SUSTAINABILITY OF MAJOR STEEL COMPANIES
13. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 135
Third column represents the statistics of TATA Steel, where the investment on CSR
investment is 3.37% of PAT and sustainability is 20 i.e. 100%.
Fig.2
The above graph represents the relationship between company’s sustainability in response to
its investment on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities out of Profit After Tax
(PAT) of the major three automobile manufacturers of India.
Here first column represents the Normal conditions where the government’s general rule to
invest on CSR activities is 2% of PAT and sustainability is given as 20 which is regarded as
100%.
Second column represents the statistics of TATA Motors, where the investment on CSR
activities is 6.36 % of Profit After Tax (PAT) and respective sustainability is 20 i.e. 100%.
Third column represents the statistics of MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA, where the investment
on CSR activities is 1% of PAT and the respective sustainability is 20 i.e. 100%.
Fourth column represents the statistics of MARUTI UDYOG LIMITED, where the
investment on CSR activities is .79% of PAT and the respective sustainability is 13 i.e. 65%.
MAJOR FINDINGS:
With reference to the above two figures (figure 1 and figure 2) and the Score card table the
researcher has got some new facts as contrast to his assumptions.
The Score Card table gives a clear expression that the private sector companies are placed at
higher rankings in the terms of different socio-economic parameters and carries higher
overall scores as compare to the private sector companies.
NORMAL TATA MAHINDRA MARUTI
CSR% 2 6.36 1 0.79
SUS 20 20 20 13
0
5
10
15
20
25
SUSTANABILITY
CSR VS SUSTAINABILITYT OF MAJOR AUTOMOBILE COMPANIES
14. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 136
Figure 1.Expressed that the public sectors in India are not compulsorily CSR driven as
The average investment by Public sectors is .69% VS 1.19% of Profit After Tax (PAT) by
Private sectors as a contribution to CSR activities. And the Iron and steel industry which has
the maximum negative impact on socio-economy, physical environment, human capital,
society and culture is using maximum of renewable & non renewable natural resources. The
average investments on CSR activities by Indian steel industry is 2.53% of Profit After Tax
(PAT) out of it, TATA Steel-being a private organization invests 3.37% of Profit After Tax
(PAT) while STEEL AUTHORITY OF INDIA- being a Govt. organization, invests only
1.5% of Profit After Tax (PAT) much lower than the national average 2.53%, and
Government’s desired rate of 2% of Profit After Tax (PAT)
Figure 2. Expressed that Automobile industry is relatively less dependent on natural
resources as compared to the Iron & steel industry, hence the investment on CSR activities is
2.06% of Profit After Tax (PAT) which is at par against the Government’s desired rate of 2%
of Profit After Tax (PAT).out of three major companies TATA Motors, Mahindra &
Mahindra and Maruti Udyog Ltd the investments on CSR activities are 6.36%, 1%, & .79%
and sustainability of 100%, 100% & 65% respectively. The analysis says that though CSR is
one of the major driving forces for sustainability in automobile industry, still it is not unitary
elastic correlated to sustainability. The automobile companies are achieving the sustainability
by aligning CSR with other strategies. Hence we could come to a Boston Consulting Group
(BCG) type model to correlate CSR and sustainability in Indian automobile industry.
A matrix of CSR and its Sustainability is depicted in the line of BCG matrix of
corporate strategy.
SUSTAINABILITY
LOW HIGH
HIGH
CSR%
WORRIED AGGRESSIVE
e.g. average e.g. TATA motors
CONSERVATIVE SMART
e.g. Maruti Suzuki e.g. Mahindra & Mahindra
15. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 137
LOW
The above picture shows that there are four types of CSR and sustainability strategies a
company normally follows. These are as follows
a. AGGRESSIVE: is one which invests a high amount on CSR and achieve a high
sustainability.
b. CONSERVATIVE: is one which invests a low amount on CSR and achieve a low
sustainability.
c. SMART: is one which invests a low amount on CSR and achieve a high
sustainability.
d. WORRIED: is one which invests a high amount on CSR still achieves a low
sustainability.
Conclusion:
According to the need of the time and in their own long run interest realized the importance
of CSR and most of the companies has transformed from their traditional self centered
thought to socio economic approaches. They have accepted that business is not just for
making money and this is evident through their involvement in various community
developmental activities. Many Business firms had realized the importance of using business
ethics as a tool for retaining customers and increasing its market share by taking up the
initiatives of CSR. They have also taken for providing a clean environment for the society.
Also some companies started using the CSR as a strategy, which aims at mutual development
of company and the community simultaneously, for a more reliable and long term sustainable
development of business.
Recommendation for further research;
The researcher tried to analyze the relation between CSR and Sustainability, taking two
sectors i.e. steel and automobile, but the whole economy is not confined to these two
industries. There is a much scope to do research on Software and IT (service) sector, which
contribute to the major part of economy (GDP).
And also due to lack of transparency by different organizations, it is difficult to analyze the
reality of actual and proper use of CSR fund.
16. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 138
List of reference:
Reports:
1. A new era in sustainable development, an iied briefing by The International Institute for
Environment and Development
2. Adams, W.M. (2006). "The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and
Development in the Twenty-first
Century."Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting”.
3. Hoessle, Ulrike: Ten Steps toward a Sustainable Business (=Walla Walla Solutions Series
1). Seattle 2013.
4. Kates, R., Parris, T. & Leiserowitz, A. Harvard (2005). "What is Sustainable
Development?
5. United Nations General Assembly (2005). 2005 World Summit Outcome, Resolution.
6. UN General Assembly’s Open Working Group proposes sustainable development goals
(press release).
(1987) Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common
Future.
7. W.M. Adams. The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in
the Twenty-first Century.
Journals and Magazines:
1. Armstrong, J. Scott; Green, Kesten C. (2013) "Effects of corporate social responsibility
and irresponsibility policies".
2. Baker, M. "Companies in Crisis- What to do when it all goes wrong" Mallenbaker.net.
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Corporate Performance".
4. Cooney, S. (2009) "Build A Green Small Business. Profitable ways to become an
ecopreneur."
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Profit?”
6. Kytle, Beth; Singh, Paramveer (2005). "Corporate Social Responsibility as Risk
Management.”
17. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 139
7. Lantos, Geoffrey P. (2001). "The Boundaries of Strategic Corporate Social
Responsibility"..
8. Lantos, Geoffrey P.; Cooke, Simon (1 May 2003). "Corporate Socialism Unethically
Masquerades as "CSR":
9. Matthew Weller (Sustainability Advisor, MJC Sustainability) -The Future
of Sustainability.
10. McWilliams, Abagail; Siegel, Donald; Wright, Patrick M. (March 2006). "Corporate
Social Responsibility:
11. Oppewal, H.; Alexander, A.; Sulliwan, P. (2006). "Consumer Perceptions of Corporate
Social Responsibility in town
shopping centers and their influence on shopping evaluations". Journal of retailing and
consumer services.
12. Roux, M. (2007). "Climate conducive to corporate action: 1 All-round Country Edition".
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13. Sylvia Lorek & Doris Fuchs- Strong sustainable consumption governance e precondition
for a de growth path?
14. Sacconi, L. (2004). "A Social Contract Account for CSR as Extended Model of Corporate
Governance (Part II).
15. Saether, Kim T.; Ruth V. Aguilera (2008). "Corporate Social Responsibility in a
Comparative Perspective.
16. Smith, N. C.; Lopez, S; Read, D. "Consumer perceptions of corporate social
responsibility: The CSR halo effect"
17. Thilmany, J. (September 2007). "Supporting Ethical Employees"
18. Wei, K. C. John (July 2011). "Corporate Social Responsibility – A Comparison Between
Vietnam and China"
19. Robert Eccles, Ioannis Ioannou,-.The Impact of Corporate Sustainability on
Organizational Processes and Performance
20. Nigel Finch -The Motivations for Adopting Sustainability Disclosure.
21. Bryan Horrigan- 21st Century Corporate Social Responsibility Trends - An Emerging
Comparative Body of Law and
Regulation on Corporate Responsibility, Governance, and Sustainability.
22. Marco Becht, Patrick Bolton, - Corporate Governance and Control.
23. Lawrence Brown and Marcus Caylor- Corporate Governance and Firm Performance.
24. Sergio Vergalli and Laura Poddi -Does Corporate Social Responsibility Affect The
18. ISBN no. 978-81-923211-8-9 http://www.internationalseminar.in/XVII_AIS/INDEX.HTM Page 140
Performance of Firms?
25. Robert Kates, William Clark, -Sustainability Science.
Websites:
http://www.iisd.org/sd/
https://www.dmoz.org/Science/Environment/Susta
inability
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/
http://iosrjournals.org/
http:/www./iied.org
http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/focussdgs.ht
ml
http://www.csr-asia.com/CNA-Sustainability-
Ranking.php
http://wikipedia.org
http://www.ontheneweconomy.com
http://www.nrdc.org/policy/reports.asp
http://onlinemba.neu.edu/evolution-of-
sustainability
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers
http://aom.org/journals/
http://web.usm.my/aamj/
http://www.myjurnal.my/public/browse
-journal
http://www.bschool.cuhk.edu.hk/asia-
aom/welcome.html
http://www.journals.elsevier.com
http://www.ontheneweconomy.com/res
ources/
Books:
1. Bhattacharya, C.B Sen, Sankar; Korschun, Daniel (2011). Leveraging Corporate Social
Responsibility: The
Stakeholder Route to Business and Social Value. Cambridge: UK: Cambridge University
Press:
2. Fundamentals of Sustainable Business: A Guide for the Next 100 Years Hardcover –by
Matthew Tueth
3. Sustainable Business: An Executive's Primer, By-Nancy Landrum and Sandra Edward.
4. International Social Entrepreneurship: Pathways to Personal and Corporate Impact, By-
Joseph Mark Munoz.
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