The document discusses the key characteristics shared by most major world religions throughout history. These characteristics include belief in deities or supernatural powers, doctrines of salvation, moral codes of conduct, use of sacred stories, and religious rituals. The essential teachings of each religion are passed down through authoritative sources like scriptures, writings of religious leaders, and oral traditions. Most religions are either monotheistic with one god, polytheistic with multiple gods, or henotheistic recognizing a supreme deity alongside other spirits. Religions offer paths to salvation from dangers like sin or rebirth through acceptance of teachings, moral behavior, and ceremonies.
Role of religion in society and humanitarian actionShakeb Nabi
Religion plays an important role in society and humanitarian action in three key ways:
1) Religion influences many societies' underlying values and no country has a complete separation of religion and state.
2) The number of faith-based organizations (FBOs) involved in humanitarian work is growing, though their roles and impacts depend on the specific context and crises.
3) FBOs are motivated to both spread their religious influence and assist suffering communities based on their core values, and their presence can help facilitate access to populations in need during humanitarian crises.
Shintoism originated in Japan and focuses on kami or spiritual beings that inhabit nature. It has no single founder or sacred texts. Domestic Shinto involves worshipping ancestors at home shrines, while State Shinto was used to promote nationalism. Sectarian Shinto developed religious sects. Shinto teaches that all beings have a spiritual aspect and people must follow the natural order to maintain cosmic harmony, as the emperors were seen as doing. Rituals take place at shrines and involve purification.
Comparative analysis of judaism, christianity, andRhenidelGarejo
Comparative Analysis on the 3 monotheistic religion (WORLD RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEM)
DISCLAIMER: The author doesn't claim any title of ownership about the content of this presentation. For educational purpose only.
This document provides an overview of the five major world religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It discusses their origins, founders, key beliefs, practices and customs. The religions are ordered from oldest to newest, with Hinduism dating back to around 1500 BC. Statistics on current global populations of adherents to each religion are also presented.
Why did religion go global? Big History investigates why certain faiths became accepted by so many people in such varied parts of the world.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
The document provides an overview of cultural geography of religion. It defines religion and discusses major world religions including their origins, divisions, and basic precepts. The major universalizing religions covered are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. The major ethnic religions discussed are Hinduism and Judaism. Other ethnic Asian religions of Confucianism, Daoism, and Shintoism are also briefly mentioned.
Cultural relativism holds that beliefs and ethics are relative to the individual's social context, so there are no universal moral truths. Ethnocentrism views one's own culture as superior. The document discusses differences in marriage ages, eye contact norms, and whether practices like female genital mutilation can be condemned despite being culturally accepted in some places. While cultural relativism says not to judge other cultures, some argue practices like FGM pose significant health risks and oppress women.
The document summarizes the origins and key teachings of Buddhism. It describes how Siddhartha Gautama, a prince, was sheltered from suffering until leaving his palace at age 29 and encountering an old man, sick man, corpse, and holy man, which led him to seek enlightenment. After meditating for 49 days, he gained enlightenment and became the Buddha, teaching the Four Noble Truths of suffering and its causes, and the Eightfold Path to eliminate desire and suffering through right understanding, thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.
1. The document discusses different belief systems including Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism. It describes their core beliefs and practices such as rituals, sacred texts, and festivals.
2. Rituals are patterned symbolic acts based on arbitrary rules that express religious beliefs. They are found in all human societies and can be religious or secular.
3. Logotherapy is a psychotherapy developed by Viktor Frankl that believes finding meaning is the primary motivator for humans. Meaning can be discovered through work, experiences, relationships, and having the right attitude towards suffering.
Hinduism developed slowly over time without a single founder. It is based on teachings found in the Vedas and Upanishads and concepts like karma, reincarnation, and moksha. Hindus believe that souls are reborn into different forms based on their karma from past lives, with the goal of achieving moksha and escaping this cycle. Other key beliefs and practices include worshipping gods like Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, following a vegetarian diet, and the historical caste system which restricted social roles based on birth.
Mahayana Buddhism emerged around the 1st century CE in India as one of the major traditions of Buddhism. It is now practiced in East Asia and Tibet. Key doctrines include sunyata (emptiness), Buddha Nature, and the Trikaya teaching that each Buddha has three bodies - the dharmakaya (truth body), sambhogakaya (bliss body), and nirmanakaya (emanation body). Mahayana Buddhism also emphasizes the bodhisattva ideal of postponing full enlightenment to help all beings attain nirvana. Symbolic representations and mandalas play an important role in Mahayana art and teachings.
This document discusses kinship, marriage, and household structures in anthropology. It defines kinship as relationships based on blood or marriage ties that are recognized by society. Kinship can be traced through the father's line (patrilineal descent) or mother's line (matrilineal descent). Marriage is a social institution that establishes family relationships through practices like monogamy, polygamy, and different post-marital residence patterns. Household structures include nuclear families, extended families, and transnational families that live across countries. Kinship also influences politics in some societies through traditions like inherited political leadership positions within families.
The document discusses the origins and beliefs of major world religions. It begins by covering Eastern religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, which originated in South and East Asia between 2500 BCE and 500 BCE. It then discusses Abrahamic faiths including Judaism, Christianity and Islam, which emerged in the Middle East, with Judaism beginning around 2000 BCE, Christianity in 1st century CE, and Islam in 610 CE. For each religion, the summary provides a brief overview of its founder, core beliefs, and sacred texts.
Hinduism is one of the oldest religions originating in India over 5,000 years ago. It has no single founder but developed from the Vedic traditions and sacred texts like the Upanishads and the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Hindus believe in an impersonal ultimate reality called Brahman which can manifest as personal deities. The goal of life is to achieve moksha or liberation from the cycle of rebirth by realizing one's true essence or soul (atman) is the same as Brahman. Hindus worship in temples and homes through practices like puja, darshan, and prasad which honor deities like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, and goddesses
Religion is a social institution that answers questions and explains the seemingly inexplicable. Religion provides explanations for why things happen and demystifies the ideas of birth and death. Religions based on the belief in a single deity are monotheistic. Those that encompass many deities arepolytheistic.
Monotheism is the belief in one God. The document discusses the main monotheistic religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It provides details on the history, beliefs, practices, holy texts, divisions, and symbols of each religion. Judaism believes in one God called Yahweh and follows the Torah. Christianity expanded from Judaism and believes Jesus is the son of God, following the teachings in the Bible. Islam emerged in the 7th century and believes Allah is the one God, following the teachings in the Quran. The document also briefly discusses some other minor monotheistic faiths such as Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, and others.
The document summarizes the main functions of religions as promoting social solidarity and control, legitimation, social adaptation, consecrating life events, and providing emotional security. It then lists the world's major religions including their founders, countries of origin, numbers of followers, and key doctrines. Finally, it discusses reasons for the persistence of religion such as providing moral codes, understanding of the universe, rewards of salvation, and a sense of community.
Religion is defined as a set of beliefs, attitudes, and practices related to supernatural beings such as gods or spirits. There are two categories of supernatural beings: those of non-human origin like gods, and those of human origin like ghosts. The three major monotheistic religions are Christianity, Islam, and Judaism which each believe in one God. Animism describes indigenous spiritual beliefs in supernatural beings. Polytheism involves belief in and worship of multiple gods, which can be soft polytheism viewing gods as aspects of one god, or hard polytheism seeing gods as separate divine beings.
Hinduism is one of the world's oldest religions, originating in India over 5,000 years ago. It is a diverse system of beliefs that shares core concepts including dharma, karma, samsara, and moksha. Hindus believe in one supreme being, Brahman, who takes various forms and is worshipped in homes and temples through rituals and devotion. The religion is based on ancient scriptures like the Vedas and Upanishads and incorporates concepts such as the Hindu trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva and the caste system.
1. The document discusses major world religions including the Abrahamic faiths (Judaism, Christianity, Islam), Indian faiths (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism), and Far Eastern faiths and philosophies (Shinto, Taoism, Confucianism).
2. The Abrahamic faiths share common beliefs in monotheism, prophets including Abraham, scripture, and concepts of heaven and hell. They differ on which prophets like Jesus and Muhammad they accept.
3. Indian faiths include Hinduism which believes in reincarnation and multiple gods, Buddhism which seeks enlightenment and has no god, and Jainism which also believes in
Belief systems and worldviews shape people's perspectives on reality and their place in the world. A worldview is a set of beliefs that guide how one understands the world, while belief systems are the stories people tell themselves to make sense of reality. Major belief systems include naturalism, pantheism, theism, spiritism, and polytheism. Religions typically incorporate worldviews and shape belief systems through their elements, which usually include a belief in supernatural powers, sacred texts or objects, rituals, concepts of sin and salvation, modes of worship, places of worship, and ideologies or liturgies. These elements help religions perpetuate their particular worldviews and beliefs over time.
Religion and Society7ReligionOrigin of All ThingsNature of.docxdebishakespeare
Religion and Society7
Religion
Origin of All Things
Nature of God
View of Human Nature
View of Good and Evil
View of “Salvation”
View of After Life
Practices and Rituals
Celebrations and Festivals
Week 1
Indigenous People
They have several questions about the creation and arrangement of the universe. The answers to these questions give the way for explaining everything we know (Shoko, 2007).Understanding the universe allows us to make sense of the world that we live in, but the attempt to understand it and the underlying nature of all things is difficult.
Their existed a god beyond the natural world, who was responsible for the creation of the universe (Radhakrishnan,1947).This perspective is based on the idea that a supreme being exists beyond our visibility. That, this god watches over everybody’s actions and that he is the ultimate solution that people run to while seeking help in times of crisis
Human beings must be in a position of creating a just environment that ensures comprehensive existence of individuals (Shoko, 2007). Human beings should act as rational beings in the process of making decisions pertaining creation of justice, correcting the wrongdoings and education of the upcoming generations on the correct norms and values that should be adhered to.
An individual who doesn’t conform to the societal norms and customs is considered as an outcast, and might even be disowned by the community members. Such a person is seen as an evil doer who should be stigmatized in the entire community. So this means that the good deeds are rewarded while the evil ones are punished (Radhakrishnan, 1947).
Salvation is an ultimate element. They are committed on the strict adherence to the preset norms and beliefs. The belief system is very strict such that they have to adhere to so as to ensure their prosperity in the society.
There is existence of life after death. This is due the perspective that, the children who are born into the society are often renamed after their ancestors so as to extend their lineage. They have got the belief that those ancestors are watching over them and protect them from any evil deeds.
The practices and rituals are unique in that, they are considered as being sacred, and that is why they are handled in a very responsible manner (Radhakrishnan,1947). Such practices and rituals are performed by specific people who are considered as being holy and goodhearted.
Are performed each and every season at specified time frames depending on the type of celebration. The ultimate aim is to bring together the society members.
Week 2
Hinduism and Jainism
Hindus believe that the nature and origin of all thing were from their main god called Brahma
They believe in the existence of one main god other gods with different descriptions that is being polytheistic
They view human beings as creatures of God and that creation take place after a new universe is created. Brahma gave rise to 7 sages which later populates the world.
Good ...
Religion is defined as people's beliefs and opinions concerning the existence of god/gods and their involvement in the universe and human life. It denotes belief in or worship of spiritual beings that transcend nature. Religions often have scriptures, rules for membership, and organized practices like worship services and prayers. They serve functions like helping people bear suffering by justifying it, and promoting social welfare through charitable institutions. Theories suggest religion evolved from animism to polytheism to monotheism. The Philippines constitution mandates separation of church and state.
Main content17-1The Sociological Study of ReligionLO 1Define.docxendawalling
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17-1The Sociological Study of Religion
LO 1
Definereligion and identify its key components.
What is religion? Religion is a social institution composed of a unified system of beliefs, symbols, and rituals—based on some sacred or supernatural realm—that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community. Based on this definition, religion is a stable institution that exists independently from individuals who attend religious services or officials (such as priests, pastors, or other clergy) in the administrative hierarchy. Religion is sometimes thought of as a platform for the expression of spirituality—the relationship between the individual and something larger than oneself, such as a broader sense of connection with the surrounding world. As such, spirituality involves the individual’s inner, subjective feelings and experiences rather than the act of giving devotion to external beliefs, rituals, and deities that are set forth in established creeds or religious communities.
In the final analysis, both religion and spirituality require that persons engage in a leap of faith—a confident belief that cannot be proven or disproven but is accepted as true. Religious beliefs require faith because religion provides answers for seemingly unanswerable questions that underlie human existence. According to the sociologist Peter Berger (1967), these questions are Who am I? Why am I here? How should I live? What happens when I die? Berger suggests that religion provides a system of meaning that connects people to society and provides them with a sense of purpose that transcends the ordinary realm of life (Figure 17.1). Consequently, religious beliefs bind people together and establish rites of passage through various stages of life, such as birth, marriage, and death. People with similar religious beliefs and practices gather together in a moral community (such as a church, mosque, temple, or synagogue), where they engage in religious beliefs and practices with similarly minded people.
Figure 17.1
Hanukkah, a major holiday in Judaism, provides worshippers with the opportunity to come together and worship their Creator and celebrate their community.
Noam Armonn/ Shutterstock.com
Given the diversity and complexity of contemporary religion, how is it possible for sociologists to study this social institution? Most sociologists studying religion are committed to the pursuit of “disinterested scholarship,” meaning that they do not seek to make value judgments about religious beliefs or to determine whether particular religious bodies are “right” or “wrong.” However, many acknowledge that it is impossible to completely rid themselves of those values and beliefs into which they were socialized.
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17-1aReligion and the Meaning of Life
Because religion seeks to answer important questions such as why we exist and why people suffer and die, Peter Berger (1967) referred to religion as a sacred canopy—.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to understanding religion. It defines religion and discusses worldviews, different belief systems like monotheism and polytheism, the nature and origins of religion, elements and theories of religion, and the differences between religion and spirituality. It also includes reflection questions and an enrichment activity. The key points are: religion involves organized beliefs and practices for worshipping gods, social environment and upbringing shape religious views, and the four common elements among religions are belief in deity, doctrine of salvation, code of conduct, and rituals.
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Religion Comparison
Part 1: Hinduism Overview
Hinduism has no founder, but an integration of different beliefs. Its development was influenced by the nomadic Aryan Indo-European races that occupied Northern India. The religions originated from Russia and Central Asia as they attacked the Harappans residing in the area. Veda is the oldest scripture in Hindu that means wisdom and knowledge. It has hymns, prayers and ritual texts introduced during in the ancient times. The secret teachings in Hindu are known as the Upanishads, and it includes the mystical concepts of man and the universe.
Hinduism has a term known as Ramayan and is one of the significant Indian tales. Puranas is a vital source used to understand Hinduism, and it includes the legends, gods, and demons. A common feature between Hinduism and other religions is that most of its festivals fall in two classes (Doniger, 2010). There are those who celebrate saints and others celebrating notable scriptural events. Om is a symbol in Hinduism and used in meditation. The swastika is another symbol associated with a negative connotation in other parts across the world while in Hinduism, it is a sign of luck and fortune.
Part 2: Compare and Contrast Two Religions
Religion 1
Hinduism
Religion 2
Jainism
Similarities
Differences
Points of origin
Jainism and Hinduism came from India. Moreover, they are all knows as the traditional faiths of the Indians.
The existence of Atma
The two religions accept the reality of Atma, also known as the soul. They believe in the immortality of the soul. In the contexts of both religions, the physical body can die, but the spirit that inhabits it lives on and leads to reincarnation.
The ideas of Moska, Karma, and Reincarnation
Jainism and Hinduism both believe in Karma. Karma can refer to the good or bad. They also believe in reincarnation, the idea of life after death (Babb, 2015). Both religions also believe in moska, the liberation from the cycle of life and death. However, the meaning of these concepts is different in each religion.
Temples and Idols
The religious activities in both religions are similar. They both have temples and conduct idol worshiping. They also have times when they fast as a way of worship and purification of the soul.
The concept of Karma
In Hindu, Karma is an essence of transgression to atone for blessings to get in the next life. Jains consider Karma a kind of activity that attaches to the soul in each life. While Hindus try to do the right thing to atone for the spiritual debt, Jains follow actions intended to clean the soul of a polluting nature.
The idea of Moksha
Hindus believe that Moksha and liberation take place where the soul meets the universal soul and results to eternal life in Vishnu’s territory. The Jains considers moksha an activity-less and tranquil that is said to take place in Siddhabhumi.
Animal Sacrifices
Jainism do not engage in ani.
Religion has developed naturally over time from early forms like animism and shamanism to more complex modern religions. Early humans may have practiced animal worship and had religious beliefs as early as 300,000 years ago based on burial sites. Religion progressed through stages including animism, polytheism, henotheism, and monotheism. The five major world religions today are Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism, with Judaism being one of the earliest monotheistic faiths based on teachings from the Torah and belief in one God.
This document provides an overview of the development of religion from early human history through modern times in 3 sections. Section 1 discusses evidence of early religious ideas from 300,000 years ago and the development of organized religion with the advent of writing around 3200 BCE. Section 2 outlines the 7 major steps in the evolution of religion from Paleolithic times to modern rational religion. Section 3 identifies the 5 major world religions as Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism and provides brief descriptions of the origins and key beliefs and texts of each religion.
The document discusses several major world religions including Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism. It provides summaries of their core beliefs and practices. For Islam, the five pillars of faith are outlined which include the shahada, salat, zakat, sawm, and hajj. For Hinduism, some of the key beliefs shared among Hindus are described such as the eternal nature of truth, Brahman as the supreme being, authority of the Vedas, importance of dharma, immortality of the soul, and goal of moksha. Buddhism is summarized as a faith founded by Siddhartha Gautama known as the Buddha, and it discusses the four noble truths and
The document provides information about several major world religions including Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism. It discusses their core beliefs, practices, symbols, founders, and scriptures. For Islam, the five pillars and articles of faith are outlined. Hinduism's belief in Brahman, atman, dharma, and moksha are summarized. Buddhism's four noble truths and concept of karma are covered. For Judaism, the importance of the Torah, Abraham as founder, and holy days like Passover are highlighted.
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Religion 212
Week 10
Religion
Cosmogony - Origin of the Universe
Nature of God
View of Human Nature
View of Good and Evil
View of “Salvation”
View of After Life
Practices and Rituals
Celebrations and Festivals
Week 2
Hinduism and Jainism
Hinduism does not have a single founder.
Fisher, 2014, p 95
In Jainism, Rishabba, who is the first of the tirthankara is the founder.
Fisher, 2014 pp. 121, 124
In Hinduism, their Gods include Vishnu, the supreme God in Hindu;s Vaishnavite tradition. Krishna, either one of the Supreme Being and/or and avatar of Vishnu. Brahma is the Hindu creation God.
Shiva is one of the live primary form of God in Smarta tradition. Shakti is the form of divine feminine creative power is worshiped as the Supreme being.
Fisher, 2014 pp 84-90
In Jainism, Jains believe that they are the ones who are in control of their destiny. They believe in the power of life. They view demons as being subject to the same passions of humans. One may achieve complete liberation only in a human form.
Fisher, 2014 p.124
In Hinduism all the human beings are considered as the extension of the Brahma, the supreme being
In Jainism, the soul is not created and it has an infinite knowledge and power.
In Hinduism, the sanskirt word karma means “ actions” and refers to the fundamental Hindu principal that one’s morel actions have unavoidable and automatic effects on one’s fortunes in this lie and condition of rebirth. Fisher, 2014 p.77
Jainism teaches the two kind of karma; Ghati (Destructive)
And Aghati (Non-destructive). The soul is affected by the former and the body is affected by the latter.
In Hinduism, Salvation is the freedom from this cycle of birth and death.
Fisher, 2014 p.77
In Jainism, the main prayer, salutes the five special categories of souls that have consciousness or are on their way to achieving it to match.
In Hinduism, they believe in the rebirth and reincarnation of souls and souls are immortal.
Fisher, 2014 p.77
In Jainism, Death may be same as reborn in another physical appearance in the “earthly realm”, suffering the punishment in one of the eight hells or joining the other liberated souls in the heaven.
Fisher, 2014, p.125
In Hinduism, the central Hindu worship is Puja. Puja is a ritual to engage the senses of both devotee and the Gods. Darsham is the act of seeing and being seen by the deity to attain grace. Fisher, 2014 p.95
In Jainism, rituals are important to the Jain faith because beliefs and values are expressed through them.
In Hinduism,
Holi happens at the end of Winter and beginning fo spring.
Janmashrami is Krishna;s birthday. Ganesh is the removal of obstacles celebration
In Jainism, Divali Paryushan Mahaparva is the celebration with meditation, fasting and spiritual study.
Fisher, 2014 pp 108-111, 131-133.
Week 3
Buddhism
Alternative to the ritual oriented Brahmanism if India
There is no personal god.
Buddha was not pessimist or.
The document discusses different worldviews and how they shape culture. It defines worldview as a culture's perspective on existence and reality, which often operates unconsciously. The key expressions of worldview are attempts to answer life's big questions. Forms of worldview discussed include religion, secularism, and spirituality. Specific religions covered are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and their core assumptions, cultural influences, and views on death.
The document discusses several major world belief systems including:
- Animism and beliefs of early civilizations which included spirits and ancestors
- Buddhism founded by Siddhartha Gautama and focused on ending suffering through concepts like karma and nirvana
- Hinduism which believes in reincarnation and union with Brahman through dharma and adherence to the caste system
- Confucianism which emphasized social harmony and hierarchy
- Taoism which sought harmony with nature through balance of yin and yang
- Judaism founded on belief in one God and moral teachings in the Torah and Ten Commandments
- Christianity founded by Jesus Christ and focused on salvation and spreading the gospel
Top 10 Most Powerful Religions In The World | Surprise With The Number Of Followers Of Christianity
We all know that money is not everything, and regardless of whether you are a religious or an atheist, you should know that there are many religions in the world and the right thing to do. respect their ideals. Be happy, have fun, help people, and don't be the bad guy. With the above spirit, let's find out the 10 strongest religions in the world.
Baha'u'llah is a Persian man who founded Baha'i religion in the 19th century. Baha'i religion believes in the unity of all religions. Baha'i unites the messengers in the history of religions such as Krishna, Buddha, Moses, Jesus, Mohammed into a religion that fits the needs of the time and the capabilities of the people of that time.
In the early 19th century, a French teacher named Allan Kardec founded animism. Unlike most other religions, Allan Kardec is not a prophet. In fact, spiritualism does not believe in prophecies either. Kardec has written five books on spiritualism, which are based on research and evidence on conversations with the spiritual world. This religion embraces the same values as Christianity, but does not see Jesus as the Son of God.
The structure of religion includes various components such as theologies, creeds, rituals, sects, symbols and sacred literature. Theologies are systematic explanations of a religion's beliefs regarding the relationship between God and the universe. Creeds represent the codified set of doctrines of a religious group. Rituals are standardized religious practices and ceremonies that are performed for various purposes like communicating with the supernatural. Sects are religious groups that split off from larger denominations due to doctrinal or other differences. Symbols represent religious groups and concepts. Sacred literature includes religious texts that outline the theological principles and beliefs of a faith.
The document provides an introduction to world religions. It discusses the objectives of understanding key concepts like religion, faith, and worldviews. It also presents the preamble of the United Religions Initiative which aims to promote cooperation between religions and end religiously motivated violence. The document defines important terms and discusses the five elements of religion as well as the relationships between religion, philosophy, and spirituality.
This document provides an introduction to world religions, beginning with an overview of major religions to be covered which include Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Shinto, early African religions, Judaism, Confucianism, and Taoism. It then discusses various definitions of religion before providing more details on the origins and beliefs of Hinduism, including its concepts of Brahman, Atman, karma, samsara, and the paths of moksha. The summary concludes with some common questions and answers about Hindu beliefs and practices.
PPT RELIGION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RELIGION 09-04-2023.pptxJhomarIsotros
Here are the key differences between religion and spirituality:
- Religion is an organized system of beliefs, rituals, and rules used to worship a higher power like God. Spirituality is a personal search for meaning, purpose, and connection.
- Religion emphasizes following religious doctrine and authority. Spirituality is a personal journey that is unique to each individual.
- Religion provides community through shared beliefs and practices. Spirituality can be a solitary experience.
- Religion provides specific teachings and doctrines. Spirituality is more open-ended without rigid doctrines.
- Religion focuses on an external higher power or God. Spirituality focuses more on an internal search and connection to something greater than oneself.
- Religion provides
Religion and Peace in Christianity Summaryanthony_morgan
Christianity teaches that peace is central to its message and derives from God and Jesus Christ. The Bible instructs Christians to pursue peace, promote reconciliation, love their neighbors, and be peacemakers. Christians believe inner peace comes through prayer, meditation, living according to Jesus' teachings, and focusing on others through charity. Christianity contributes to world peace through interfaith dialogue, initiatives against violence through groups like the World Council of Churches, and peace-focused events and organizations like the World Conference on Religion and Peace and Pax Christi International.
Shinto is an ancient Japanese religion that originated around 500 BCE and was originally a mix of nature worship, fertility cults, and shamanism. It established itself as an official religion of Japan alongside Buddhism in the 8th century CE. Shinto has no single founder or scriptures and centers around the worship of kami, or spirits, which can be natural objects, guardian spirits, exceptional people, or abstract forces. Most Japanese follow both Shinto and Buddhism and engage in rituals from both religions throughout their lives.
Buddhism has strong ecological principles because it sees all things as interconnected and interdependent. Buddhists believe harming the environment harms all life. The Buddha taught living simply in harmony with nature. Buddhist teachings emphasize non-violence, compassion, avoiding waste, and uplifting all life. To address climate change, Buddhists modify the Four Noble Truths to recognize climate change as a reality caused by overconsumption, and call for changing attitudes of greed and fear through individual lifestyle changes like reducing consumption and carbon footprint.
The poem depicts a weapons training session where a sergeant harshly instructs new soldiers. He uses crude, racist, and demeaning language to belittle the soldiers and refer to the enemy. His goal is to strip the soldiers of their humanity and individuality so they will follow orders without hesitation. He wants to ensure they have the skills to stay alive but leaves them with the ominous message that they will likely end up "dead dead dead".
The document discusses the origins and evolution of early religions. It suggests that the first religions developed as a way for early humans to explain natural phenomena and address existential questions around death, in the absence of scientific understanding. Religions provided answers and systems of control, even if based on guesses, to help reduce uncertainty and anxiety. Over time, religions became more codified with oral traditions that were later written down, leading to rigidity and conflicts both between and within religions as interpretations diverged. The origins of religion appear to have been based around fertility and worship of a mother goddess, which later evolved to include male gods as human understanding developed.
Aztec religious rituals were performed to communicate with the gods and ensure favorable outcomes like rain and crop yields. Rituals had specific procedures and purposes, from pragmatic rituals meant to influence natural phenomena to commemorative rituals representing mythology. Ritual preparation involved fasting and an evening vigil of singing, dancing, and offerings. The important New Fire Ceremony occurred every 52 years to light new fires and ensure the sun's journey continued. Another key ritual was the Etzalqualiztli festival held for the rain god Tlaloc, which featured human sacrifice and punishing servants to bring rain and forgiveness.
Sabbatai Zevi was a 17th century Jewish mystic who proclaimed himself the Messiah. He gained many followers but later converted to Islam under threat of death. His movement, Sabbateanism, continued secretly. Jacob Frank claimed to be the reincarnation of Sabbatai Zevi and founded the Frankist sect in the 18th century, which incorporated non-Jewish, heretical beliefs and practices and was excommunicated from Judaism.
Kabbalah is a form of Jewish mysticism that focuses on understanding God's essence through mystical means rather than just legal codes. Elements of Kabbalah can be found in the Bible. The Talmud warned of the dangers of mystical study, as some rabbis who engaged in it went mad or died. The Zohar, the most famous Kabbalistic text, was published in the 13th century and is studied symbolically rather than just as legal commentary. Kabbalah believes God reveals the divine through emanations called sefirot that can be contemplated to bring holiness to the world. Interest in Kabbalah has waxed and waned over the centuries among Jews.
Hassidism started in the 1700s in Eastern Europe in response to a void felt by many Jews. It emphasized that all Jews could grow closer to God through their daily lives, words, and thoughts. Today, Hasidic Jews are distinguished by their devotion to a dynastic leader (Rebbe), distinctive clothing, and study of Torah's inner meanings. The movement was founded by Rabbi Yisrael ben Eliezer, who taught the importance of prayer, love of God, love of fellow Jews, and having a spiritual mentor (Rebbe). Hassidism has helped preserve Orthodox Judaism and bring Jewish teachings to communities around the world.
The Learning Forum meeting discussed 3 topics:
1) The value of languages as cultural studies and whether Year 7 LOTE hours should be reduced or changed to combine language and computer skills. Possibilities to focus on careers in languages and invite ex-students to speak were also discussed.
2) Resources available from the local library for language learning through its Mango Languages program.
3) The advantages and disadvantages of having an assessment week block in Years 7-11.
The Learning Forum meeting was held on 15 February 2012 in Meeting Room 3 at 3:30 pm. The meeting discussed the state of languages and LOTE (Languages Other Than English) at Brigidine, noting that the main issue was not the quality of teachers but students' decisions to not continue language study in Stage 5 and 6 after only being required to take 100 hours of one language in Stage 4. The meeting was attended by KED, MJA, WCO, MJA, AMG, JNI, PKE, and AMO.
The document discusses different approaches to defining and categorizing formality in language use, referred to as register, tenor, or style. It notes that while linguistics textbooks may use the term "tenor" and prefer the term "style", registers are more narrowly defined as relating to specific activities like academic language. The document then presents one prominent five-category model of formality in spoken English proposed by Martin Joos, ranging from frozen, formal, consultative, casual, to intimate styles.
Images of Women in the Contemporary Periodanthony_morgan
Advertisements in the contemporary period often feature images of women. These images are commonly used to sell products by portraying women in ways that highlight their attractiveness or sex appeal. However, some argue that these portrayals can promote harmful stereotypes and objectification of women.
The document discusses the portrayal of women in advertising from the 1940s through the 1970s, moving from the traditional era to the transitional era. During the traditional era from the 1940s to 1950s, ads depicted women as housewives and focused on their domestic roles. In the transitional era of the 1960s and 1970s, ads began to show women in more varied roles outside the home, though sexism still persisted. The document traces the evolution of women's portrayals in ads over this time period from traditional gender roles to a period of increased social change.
Sexist advertisements subtly reinforce cultural values of inequality between the sexes through various tactics. These include establishing superiority over women through size, attention and positioning. Another tactic is dismembering women's bodies and treating parts as separate, implying a woman's worth is based on appearance alone. Advertisements also frequently portray men as serious and powerful while showing women as childish clowns, perpetuating the attitude that women cannot be taken seriously. Body language such as bending also conveys submission, while some ads glorify the abuse-affection cycle that traps many women.
Open Source and AI - ByWater Closing Keynote Presentation.pdfJessica Zairo
ByWater Solutions, a leader in open-source library software, will discuss the future of open-source AI Models and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAGs). Discover how these cutting-edge technologies can transform information access and management in special libraries. Dive into the open-source world, where transparency and collaboration drive innovation, and learn how these can enhance the precision and efficiency of information retrieval.
This session will highlight practical applications and showcase how open-source solutions can empower your library's growth.
Topics to be Covered
Beginning of Pedagogy
What is Pedagogy?
Definition of Pedagogy
Features of Pedagogy
What Is Pedagogy In Teaching?
What Is Teacher Pedagogy?
What Is The Pedagogy Approach?
What are Pedagogy Approaches?
Teaching and Learning Pedagogical approaches?
Importance of Pedagogy in Teaching & Learning
Role of Pedagogy in Effective Learning
Pedagogy Impact on Learner
Pedagogical Skills
10 Innovative Learning Strategies For Modern Pedagogy
Types of Pedagogy
How to Make a Field Storable in Odoo 17 - Odoo SlidesCeline George
Let’s discuss about how to make a field in Odoo model as a storable. For that, a module for College management has been created in which there is a model to store the the Student details.
Benchmarking Sustainability: Neurosciences and AI Tech Research in Macau - Ke...Alvaro Barbosa
In this talk we will review recent research work carried out at the University of Saint Joseph and its partners in Macao. The focus of this research is in application of Artificial Intelligence and neuro sensing technology in the development of new ways to engage with brands and consumers from a business and design perspective. In addition we will review how these technologies impact resilience and how the University benchmarks these results against global standards in Sustainable Development.
Dr. Nasir Mustafa CERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION "NEUROANATOMY"Dr. Nasir Mustafa
CERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION
"NEUROANATOMY"
DURING THE JOINT ONLINE LECTURE SERIES HELD BY
KUTAISI UNIVERSITY (GEORGIA) AND ISTANBUL GELISIM UNIVERSITY (TURKEY)
FROM JUNE 10TH TO JUNE 14TH, 2024
Brigada Eskwela 2024 PowerPoint Update for SY 2024-2025
Characteristics of Religion
1. Characteristics of Religion
Most of the leading religions throughout history have shared characteristics. The
chief characteristics include (1) belief in a deity or in a power beyond the individual,
(2) a doctrine (accepted teaching) of salvation, (3) a code of conduct, (4) the use of
sacred stories, and (5) religious rituals (acts and ceremonies).
The essential qualities of a religion are maintained and passed from generation to
generation by sources, called authority, which the followers accept as sacred. The
most important religious authorities are writings known as scriptures. Scriptures
include the Bibles of Christians and Jews, the Koran of Muslims, and the Vedas of
Hindus. Religious authority also comes from the writings of saints and other holy
persons and from decisions by religious councils and leaders. Unwritten customs
and laws known as traditions also form a basic part of authority.
Belief in a deity. There are three main philosophical views regarding the existence
of a deity. Atheists believe that no deity exists. Theists believe in a deity or deities.
Agnostics say that the existence of a deity cannot be proved or disproved. Most of
the major religions are theistic. They teach that deities govern or greatly influence
the actions of human beings as well as events in nature. Confucianism is the most
important atheistic religion.
Religions that acknowledge only one true God are monotheistic. Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam are examples of monotheistic religions. A religion that has a
number of deities is polytheistic. The ancient Greeks and Romans had polytheistic
religions. Each of their many gods and goddesses had one or more special areas of
influence. For example, Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love, and Mars was the
Roman god of war. In henotheistic religions, the worship of a supreme Deity does
not deny the existence and power of other deities. For example, Hinduism teaches
that a world spirit called Brahman is the supreme power. But Hindus also serve
numerous other gods and goddesses. Many peoples in Africa and the Pacific Islands
also worship a supreme power as well as many other deities.
The followers of some religions worship deities that are or were people or that are
images of people. The ancient Egyptian people considered their pharaohs to be
living gods. Before World War II (1939-1945), the Japanese honored their emperor
as divine. Taoists believe in deities that look and act like human beings. They also
worship some deities that were once human beings and became gods or goddesses
after death.
Many people worship nature deities—that is, deities that dwell in or control various
aspects of nature. The Chinese in particular have worshiped gods of the soil and
grain. Followers of Shinto worship kami, spirits that live in nature. Many American
Indian tribes worshiped a spirit power, a mysterious, magic force in nature.
A doctrine of salvation. Among the major religions, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism,
and Hinduism teach a doctrine of salvation. They stress that salvation is the highest
goal of the faithful and one that all followers should try to achieve. Religions differ,
however, in what salvation is and in how it can be gained.
2. A doctrine of salvation is based on the belief that individuals are in some danger
from which they must be saved. The danger may be the threat of physical misfortune
in this world, such as a disease. Christianity and several other major religions teach
that the danger is spiritual, is centered in each person's soul, and pertains mainly to
life after death. If a person is saved, the soul enters a state of eternal happiness,
often called heaven. If the person is not saved, the soul may spend eternity in a state
of punishment, which is often called hell.
Most religions teach that a person gains salvation by finding release from certain
obstacles that block human fulfillment. In Christianity, the obstacles are sin and its
effects. In most Asian religions, the obstacles are worldly desires and attachment to
worldly things. Salvation in these religions depends on whether believers can free
themselves from the obstacles with the aid of a savior. The savior may be the
individual on whose teachings the religion is based, a god, or some other divine
figure. People must accept the savior. They must also accept certain teachings,
perform certain ceremonies, and abide by certain rules of moral conduct—all of
which were inspired by the savior.
Some religions consider salvation to be a gift from the Deity or deities. For example,
many Christian denominations believe that individuals are saved by the grace of God
and not by their own merit.
Most religions teach that salvation comes only once and is eternal. According to
Buddhism and Hinduism, the soul lives on after the death of the body and is reborn
in another body. This cycle of rebirths is called reincarnation. The doctrine of karma
is closely related to reincarnation. According to this doctrine, a person's actions,
thoughts, and words determine the kind of animal or human body the soul will live in
during the next reincarnation. The process of reincarnation continues until, through
good deeds and moral conduct, a person finally achieves a state of spiritual
perfection, which is salvation. Buddhists call this state nirvana, and Hindus call it
moksha.
A code of conduct is a set of moral teachings and values that all religions have in
some form. Such a code, or ethic, tells believers how to conduct their lives. It
instructs them how to act toward the deity and toward one another. Religious codes
of conduct differ in many ways, but most agree on several major themes. For
example, they stress some form of the golden rule, which states that believers
should treat others as they would like to be treated themselves. A religion's code of
conduct also may determine such matters as whom believers may marry, what jobs
they may hold, and what kinds of foods they may eat.
The use of sacred stories. For thousands of years, followers of religions have
believed in sacred stories, called myths. Religious leaders often used these stories
to dramatize the teachings of their faith.
Originally, people told myths to describe how the sacred powers directly influenced
the world. As the stories developed, they showed how some feature or event in the
world was indirectly caused by the sacred powers. Many stories described the
creation of the world. Others told how the human race or a particular people began.
3. Some of the stories tried to explain the cause of natural occurrences, such as
thunderstorms or the changes in seasons.
Today, there are scientific explanations for many of the subjects dealt with in sacred
stories. But some religious groups still insist that the stories are true in every detail.
Other groups believe only in the message contained in the stories, not in the specific
details. Still other religious groups regard sacred stories as symbolic expressions of
the ideals and values of their faith.
Religious rituals include the acts and ceremonies by which believers appeal to and
serve God, deities, or other sacred powers. Some rituals are performed by
individuals alone, and others by groups of worshipers. Important rituals are
performed according to a schedule and are repeated regularly. The performance of a
ritual is often called a service.
The most common ritual is prayer. Through prayer, a believer or someone on behalf
of believers addresses words and thoughts to an object of worship. Prayer includes
requests, expressions of thanksgiving, confessions of sins, and praise. Most major
religions have a daily schedule of prayer. Meditation, a spiritual exercise much like
prayer, is important in Asian religions. Buddhist monks try to be masters of
meditation.
Many religions have rituals intended to purify the body. For example, Hindus
consider the waters of the Ganges River in India to be sacred. Every year, millions of
Hindus purify their bodies by bathing in the river, especially at the holy city of
Varanasi.
In some religions, pilgrimages are significant rituals. Pilgrimages are journeys to the
sites of holy objects or to places credited with miraculous healing powers. Believers
also make pilgrimages to sacred places, such as the birthplace or tomb of the
founder of their faith. All devout Muslims hope to make a pilgrimage to Mecca, the
birthplace of Muhammad.
Many rituals are scheduled at certain times of the day, week, or year. Various
religions have services at sunrise, in the morning, at sunset, and in the evening. The
different religions have special services to mark the beginning of a new year. Many
religions celebrate springtime, harvesttime, and the new or full moon.
Many rituals commemorate events in the history of religions. For example, the
Jewish festival of Passover recalls the meal the Israelites ate just before their
departure from slavery in Egypt. Various Christian celebrations of Holy Communion
are related to the last meal Jesus shared with His disciples before His death.
Rituals also mark important events in a person's life. Various ceremonies make
sacred occasions of birth, marriage, and death. Rituals accept young people into the
religion and into religious societies. In Judaism, the ritual of circumcision is
performed on male infants. Some Christians baptize babies soon after birth. Other
Christians baptize only youths or adults.
http://webspace.webring.com/people/fs/stonehavencircle/beliefs/basicbeliefs2.html