Chapter 5 "Verbal Repetitions", of "A Linguistic Guide to Poetry," by Leech.
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This document discusses various schemes and tropes used in literature, including definitions, examples, and classifications. It defines schemes as repeated elements that emphasize ideas through repetition of words or phrases, while tropes alter meanings. Specific schemes discussed include anaphora, epistrophe, symploce, anadiplosis, epanaleipsis, and antistrophe. Tropes change meanings while schemes change word order. Verbal parallelism types are also classified.
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Chapter 5 "Verbal Repetitions", of "A Linguistic Guide to Poetry," by Leech.
- 1. Presented to: Dr. Iqbal Butt. Presented by: Basharat Rasheed MPhil. Linguistics-II NCBA & E, Gujrat Campus
- 2. Contents Schemes and Tropes Formal Repetitions Free Verbal Repetition Types of Verbal Parallelism
- 3. Schemes and Tropes Schemes, include figures such as alliteration, anaphora, and chiasmus, and have been described as abnormal arrangements lending themselves to the forceful and harmonious presentation of ideas. Often, a scheme will repeat a word or phrase several times for emphasis. A good example of scheme is the repetition of “I have a dream” in the famous speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. This type of scheme is an anaphora. Tropes, more radical in scope and more powerful in effect, have been identified as devices involving alteration of the normal meaning of an expression: they include metaphor, irony, and personifications. The flowers nodded their heads. You are my sunshine. That cloth is as smooth as sandpaper.
- 4. Contd… SCHEMES: foregrounded repetitions of expression. TROPES: foregrounded irregularities of content. A scheme may be identified as a phonological, a graphological, or a formal (grammatical and/or lexical) pattern; likewise, a trope may be identified as a formal or a semantic deviation. But these identifications are not so distinct as they may seem, because there is a great deal of interdependence between the levels. The main difference between a trope and a scheme is: A trope changes the meaning of an expression A scheme changes the order of the words Schemes have to do with expression, and tropes with content.
- 5. Contd... Example The following extract contains on a formal level, the repetition of the word farewell; on the phonological level; the actual sound of the word farewell is echoed at irregular intervals and itself constitutes a kind of phonological foregrounding. 0, now for ever Farewell the tranquil mind! farewell content! Farewell the plumed troop and the big wars That make ambition virtue! 0, farewell ! Farewell the neighing steed and the shrill trump, The spirit-stirring drum, the ear-piercing fife, The royal banner, and all quality, Pride, pomp and circumstance of glorious war!
- 6. Free Verbal Repetitions Free repetition of form means the exact copying of some previous part of a text (whether word, phrase, or even sentence), since of course, if there were merely a partial repetition, this would amount to a parallelism. Traditional rhetoric distinguished two categories of free repetition: Immediate repetition, or EPIZEUXIS (e.g. 'Come away, come away, death'), and Intermittent repetition, or PLOCE, e.g. Milton’s poem, For Lycidas is dead, dead ere his prime, Young Lycidas, and hath not left his peer. Who would not sing for Lycidas? he know Himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme.
- 7. Types of Verbal Parallelism In the rhetorical manuals of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, verbal parallelisms were carefully distinguished according to their position. Anaphora: Repetitions in the beginning, e.g. o what can ail thee, knight-at-arms, Alone and palely loitering? The sedge has wither'd from the lake, And no birds sing. o what can ail thee, knight-at-arms, So haggard and so woebegone? The squirrel's granary is full, And the harvest's done. [Keats, La Belle Dame Sans Merci)
- 8. Types Contd… EPISTROPHE: Final repetition; the opposite of anaphora, e.g. Those who sharpen the tooth of the dog, meaning Death Those who glitter with the glory of the hummingbird, meaning Death Those who sit in the style of contentment, meaning Death Those who suffer the ecstasy of the animals, meaning Death [T. S. Eliot, Marina)
- 9. Types Contd… SYMPLOCE: Initial combined with final repetition; i.e. anaphora and epistrophe together, e.g. I will recruit for myself and you as I go; I will scatter myself among men and women as I go. [Walt Whitman, Song of the Open Road)
- 10. Types Contd… ANADIPLOSIS: The last part of one unit is repeated at the beginning of the next, e.g. Charm'd magic casements, opening on the foam Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn. Forlorn! the very word is like a bell To toll me back from thee to my sole self! [Keats, Ode to a Nightingale]
- 11. Types Contd… EPANALEPSIS: The final part of each unit of the pattern repeats the initial part, e.g. With ruin upon ruin, rout on rout, Confusion worse confounded. [Paradise Lost, II]
- 12. Types Contd… ANTISTROPHE: The repetition of items in a reverse order, e.g. What's Hecuba to him or he to Hecuba That he should weep for her? ○ [Hamlet, H.ii]
- 13. Types Contd… POLYPTOTON: The repetition of a word with varying grammatical inflections, e.g. And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest. [Shelley, To a Skylark]
- 14. Types Contd… HOMOIOTELEUTON: The repetition of the same derivational or inflectional ending on different words, e.g. Not for these I raise The song of thanks and praise; But for those obstinate questionings Of sense and outward things, FaIlings from us, vanishings, Blank misgivings of a creature Moving about in worlds not realized ... [Wordsworth, Ode: Intimations of Immortality]