Carbon credits were created as part of the Kyoto Protocol to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Countries and organizations are assigned emissions allowances and can trade carbon credits if their emissions are lower than their allowance. Activities like renewable energy projects and tree planting can generate carbon offsets that can be sold as carbon credits. The value of carbon credits comes from creating a market that monetizes the cost of polluting. Nations, companies, and individuals can buy carbon credits to offset their emissions.
The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It commits developed countries to reduce their emissions to 10% below 1990 levels between 2008-2012. Key mechanisms to help countries meet their targets include international emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism between developed and developing countries, and Joint Implementation between developed countries. While many countries have ratified the protocol, major emitters like the US have not. Developing countries like China and India are not required to reduce emissions under the agreement.
Carbon credits represent the right to emit one ton of carbon dioxide. The Kyoto Protocol established a cap and trade system where countries are assigned emission limits and can trade carbon credits. If a country emits less than its limit, it can sell excess credits to countries that exceed their limits. While carbon trading provides incentives to reduce emissions, it has been criticized for allowing countries to simply buy credits rather than reduce their own emissions and lacking a unified global framework.
The document discusses carbon footprints and ways to reduce them. It defines a carbon footprint as the total greenhouse gas emissions caused by an individual, organization, or product. Carbon footprints are measured in units of carbon dioxide equivalent. The document outlines different types of carbon footprints and provides tips for calculating and reducing carbon footprints through various lifestyle and organizational changes. It also discusses ISO 14067, which establishes principles for quantifying and communicating the carbon footprint of products and services.
The document discusses the history and concept of carbon footprints. It traces the origins of the term to the early 1990s and its popularization through a BP media campaign in 2005. It defines a carbon footprint as the total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual or organization. The document provides examples of activities and their equivalent carbon dioxide emissions. It also discusses the effects of large carbon footprints such as climate change and resource depletion.
India has made sustainable development a national priority through various policies and initiatives. It established the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in 1985 to coordinate this effort. Key pillars of India's approach include promoting social development, environmental protection, and economic growth. India also actively participates in global climate change discussions and signed the Paris Agreement in 2015 with targets of reducing emissions intensity, increasing non-fossil fuel use, and creating a carbon sink.
Carbon Footprint is a measure of organization's Greenhouse Gases emmissions. Many organizations nowadays are conscious with their carbon footprint.
This consciousness led to the development of PAS 2050, a standard developed by the British Standards Institute to assess the lifecycle GHG emissions of goods and services.
The Kyoto Protocol established legally binding commitments for 38 countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions between 2008-2012. Carbon trading allows countries that emit less than their emissions cap to sell excess allowances to countries that exceed their cap. Countries can also invest in emission reduction projects in other countries and earn saleable credits. While carbon trading incentivizes reducing emissions and green technology, it has disadvantages like allowing the right to pollute and not guaranteeing real emission reductions globally. Stricter caps over time could help address climate change.
In this month's SlideShare we'll be covering the topic of carbon credits and carbon offsets and how these instruments are implemented to reduce carbon emissions to combat climate change. While the terms are often used interchangeably, carbon credits and carbon offsets does have certain key differences we'll be exploring. There are also important milestones to note, from the US Clean Air Act and Kyoto Protocol to UN Carbon Offset Platform. Over recent years, the carbon market value have grown significantly from EUR 186 billion in 2018 to EUR 850 billion in 2022.
Carbon credits are permits that allow entities to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide. They are a key part of international attempts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Under the Kyoto Protocol, countries and groups can earn credits by reducing emissions below their quotas, which can then be sold to other entities to offset their emissions. India is the second largest seller of carbon credits globally due to numerous registered clean development mechanism projects. However, Indian companies are hesitant to trade most of the credits they generate due to market uncertainties. One area with potential for credits in India is management of municipal solid waste through conversion to energy.
A carbon footprint is the amount of greenhouse gases—primarily carbon dioxide—released into the atmosphere by a particular human activity. A carbon footprint can be a broad meaasure or be applied to the actions of an individual, a family, an event, an organization, or even an entire nation.
The document discusses carbon trading mechanisms and provides context on its history and concepts. It outlines that the Union finance minister has proposed reducing the tax on gains from carbon trading from 30% to 10% to incentivize investments in energy efficiency and clean energy. This lower tax rate aims to support energy security and climate change goals by making carbon trading more rewarding and attractive for foreign firms while transitioning away from fossil fuel subsidies. Examples of existing carbon trading programs and their impacts are also presented.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to fight global warming. Under the protocol, 37 industrialized countries commit to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. The US has not ratified the treaty due to concerns about developing countries not having emissions commitments.
Carbon credits are certificates awarded for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. They are measured in units of carbon dioxide reduction and can be traded on exchanges. The Kyoto Protocol established a carbon trading system where countries must meet emission reduction targets or purchase credits from countries that have excess. The goal is to lower overall emissions of six greenhouse gases. While developed countries have mandatory targets, developing countries do not due to their historically low emissions per capita.
Carbon credits represent the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide. The document discusses carbon emissions by country and sector. It describes Kyoto's flexible mechanisms for joint implementation, clean development, and international emission trading to reduce emissions. It notes criticism of carbon trading and India's role as a large emitter seeking to generate billions from trading carbon credits. The future may see a carbon price impact industries and more countries reducing emissions through various policies.
This presentation is about Clean Development Mechanism and focus is on power sector. key aspects covered are CDM world statistics, Indian scenario, CER prices, CDM project management, etc.
Carbon footprint is defined as the total greenhouse gases produced directly and indirectly to support human activities, usually expressed as tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. The principal greenhouse gases from human activities are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases. Direct emissions are from manufacturing and transportation, while indirect emissions include other upstream and downstream activities. The average American carbon footprint is 28 tons per year, while the global average is 6 tons per year. Manufacturing a new car results in a carbon footprint that is comparable to the footprint from driving that car over its lifetime. Using a cell phone for calls and data results in 82 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent over 2 years. Ways to reduce one's carbon footprint include using transportation
The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) outlines India's strategy to combat climate change. It includes 8 missions that cover sustainable development, energy efficiency, renewable energy like solar power, habitat, water, the Himalayan ecosystem, green India, and agriculture. The goals are to develop strategies for adaptation and mitigation, deploy new technologies, create market mechanisms, and welcome international cooperation to support research and development.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows emission-reduction projects in developing countries to earn certified emission reduction credits that can be traded and used by industrialized countries to meet emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol. The CDM stimulates sustainable development, emission reductions, and provides flexibility for industrialized countries while generating funds through credit sales. Project examples include renewable energy projects and industrial gas capture. The CDM process involves approval and verification of projects by the CDM Executive Board and Designated National Authorities of participant countries.
This document discusses carbon credits and related topics. It introduces carbon credits and how they came to be through agreements like the Kyoto Protocol. Countries set emissions allowances and carbon can be traded through markets. India is a non-annex country that is working on reducing emissions through programs and projects, but has faced challenges with some project rejections. Carbon trading aims to reduce emissions cost-effectively while technology transfer benefits developing countries.
This document discusses environment, clean development, and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in India. It provides background on CDM, including its objectives to assist developing countries with sustainable development and help developed countries meet emissions targets. The document summarizes an example CDM project by Tata Refractories Ltd in Odisha, India that involves upgrading kiln technology to reduce emissions. However, the document also reports that the local community near the project site faces health and environmental issues from plant effluents with little understanding or benefits from the CDM project.
This presentation discusses carbon footprints and carbon credits. It begins by defining greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide's role in climate change. It then explains what a carbon footprint is and how to calculate one, including direct and indirect emissions. Methods for reducing carbon footprints through energy efficiency are also outlined. The presentation concludes by discussing carbon credits and trading, how countries and organizations can earn credits by reducing emissions. India's growing involvement in the carbon credit market is also briefly mentioned.
The ecological footprint is a measure that compares human demand on natural resources with Earth's capacity to regenerate those resources. It estimates the amount of biologically productive land and sea area required to support human consumption and waste absorption. Key factors that determine ecological footprint include energy and resource consumption, land and sea use, and levels of biodiversity and carbon emissions. Most recent data from 2010 showed that humanity's ecological footprint exceeded the Earth's capacity to regenerate resources by August 21st that year, the date defined as "Earth Overshoot Day". The carbon footprint specifically measures the amount of greenhouse gases produced through activities like energy use, transportation and industry. Atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have substantially increased since
Green technology, carbon footprints and eco citiesAshima Datta
Green technology aims to reduce environmental impact and promote sustainability. Ancient civilizations utilized various green technologies such as passive solar building designs, water recycling systems, and wind energy. Modern green technologies encompass renewable energy sources, green building practices, green chemistry principles, green nanotechnology applications, green computing initiatives, and eco-city development. The goals of green technology are to meet society's needs indefinitely without harming the environment or depleting resources for future generations.
Carbon footprint, cause and ways to reduce itAashuutoshh
Carbon is essential for life but also a major cause of climate change when released from burning fossil fuels. A carbon footprint measures the greenhouse gas emissions from our daily activities like transportation, electricity use, diet and consumer goods. Reducing individual carbon footprints through actions like using less energy, recycling more, driving less, eating a plant-based diet, and purchasing carbon offsets can collectively help address the global climate change crisis.
A carbon footprint is a measure of the greenhouse gases produced through human activities, such as the use of electricity, transportation, and production of goods. It is quantified as the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted. An individual, organization, or nation's carbon footprint can be calculated through a greenhouse gas emissions assessment. Strategies to reduce carbon footprints include technological advances, process improvements, carbon offsetting projects, and decreasing energy usage or reliance on carbon-intensive fuels.
Carbon emissions come from both human and natural sources. The main human sources are fossil fuel use, land use change, and industrial processes, while the main natural sources are ocean-atmosphere exchange, plant and animal respiration, and soil respiration. Carbon credits represent the right to emit one ton of carbon dioxide and are measured in Certified Emission Reduction units. Under the Kyoto Protocol, carbon credits are credits for reducing carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Currently, the price of one carbon credit is between 10-15 Euro and carbon credits are traded on environmental exchanges.
Carbon credits are reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, measured in tons of carbon dioxide, from projects that reduce emissions. They provide a way to reduce emissions on an industrial scale through trading. The Kyoto Protocol established mechanisms like Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism to generate carbon credits by financing emission reduction projects internationally. Credits can then be traded between countries and companies to help nations meet emissions targets cost effectively. However, some criticize that loopholes allow high emitting nations to avoid caps and question whether some offset projects deliver real reductions.
A Carbon Audit measures and records the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of an organization. It is the first step in developing a Carbon Strategy to manage and reduce emissions over the long term. Reasons to do a Carbon Audit include addressing global warming, meeting government targets, saving energy costs, and improving brand reputation. The audit calculates core emissions from power usage and transportation as well as wider emissions from waste, materials, and employee commuting. Organizations can then select options like offsets, funding, or trading to reduce emissions and work towards creating a carbon-conscious culture.
A global overview of potable water resources availability andAlexander Decker
This document provides an overview of potable water resources availability and accessibility in Southern Africa. It discusses that while there is sufficient freshwater globally, lack of infrastructure and inequitable distribution limit people's access, especially in rural and low-income urban areas. Water shortages are often due to mismanagement, corruption, and lack of prioritization of water and sanitation projects and budgets. Ensuring equitable access to potable water requires improved governance and allocation of resources.
The ozone hole was first discovered in 1985 by British physicist Joe Farman. It is caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) emitted from industries that react with ozone in the stratosphere. CFCs contain chlorine atoms that break down ozone molecules. The conditions in Antarctica, including its long winter darkness and polar stratospheric clouds, allow chlorine to accumulate and destroy large amounts of ozone each spring, depleting the ozone layer over Antarctica and forming the ozone hole.
Sustainability Consulting Guide On How to Reduce Carbon Footprints kuhnassociate
A sustainability consulting guide outlines how consultants can help businesses reduce their carbon footprints and become more sustainable. Consultants can advise on maintaining greenery, sustainable practices, reducing carbon emissions and greenhouse gases, decreasing paper usage, and avoiding non-recyclable and toxic materials. Hiring a consultant can help businesses save money compared to a full-time employee and provide tax benefits through limited consulting services.
Carbon credits were created through the Kyoto Protocol to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Under the protocol, developed countries have emissions caps and can trade carbon credits internationally if they exceed their limits. Carbon credits represent the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide and can be traded on emissions exchanges. Companies can purchase credits to offset their emissions and support projects that reduce emissions in other countries. However, critics argue that developed countries are not actually reducing their own emissions by purchasing credits from developing countries.
The document discusses global warming and mechanisms for reducing carbon emissions, including the Kyoto Protocol. It describes Kyoto's emission reduction targets for different countries and introduces mechanisms for carbon trading, including the Clean Development Mechanism, Joint Implementation, and international emissions trading. These allow countries to meet emissions targets by purchasing carbon credits from emissions reduction projects in other countries.
Ambicales is an Indian company that provides carbon management and renewable energy services. It helps organizations and individuals reduce their environmental impact through services like carbon footprinting, emissions mitigation strategies, and green branding. Ambicales aims to empower clean energy use and was founded by alumni of IIT Roorkee to advance sustainability.
Matt Drum and Ray Kan of Ndevr present Oracle's Environmental Accounting and Reporting solution in E-Business Suite R12, and JD Edwards EnterpriseOne, as well as a full demonstration of the sustainability reports that can be generated from these modules using BI.
CARBON FOOTPRINTING AND DESIGN OF SOLAR POWER PLANTAnkit Singh
This document describes two plans for installing a solar power plant on the roof of the Administrative Building of Pondicherry University. Plan I involves installing a 50kW system with 622 solar panels that would generate 63.37 MWh per year and pay for itself in 17 years. Plan II is a smaller 10kW system with 122 panels generating 12.25 MWh annually and a payback period of 15 years. Both plans would significantly reduce the building's carbon footprint and promote the university's green energy initiatives.
Incorporation of Carbon Footprint Estimates into Remedial Alternatives Evalua...cnglenn
1) The document compares the carbon footprints of different remedial technologies at two contaminated sites, including continued groundwater extraction and treatment versus in-situ biobarriers for one site, and air sparging versus in-situ bioremediation for another.
2) It finds that in-situ bioremediation technologies generally have lower carbon footprints than technologies relying on groundwater extraction or air sparging.
3) The largest contributors to carbon footprint vary by technology, but generally include electricity usage, production of reagents or treatment materials, and waste disposal. The estimates have high uncertainty around some inputs like vegetable oil and electricity.
Interpreting Results of Product Carbon Footprinting Analysisc3ventures
This document summarizes a session on interpreting carbon emissions data and applying it practically. It discusses how BrandGreen helps companies implement sustainability strategies. It then details a case study of Walker's Crisps measuring their product carbon footprint, finding manufacturing and raw materials as largest contributors. Walker's implemented strategies like improving efficiency, sourcing locally, and engaging suppliers to reduce footprint by 7% and save close to $1 million annually.
Carbon credits can help reduce carbon emissions by financing projects that remove or absorb carbon from the atmosphere anywhere in the world. Buying carbon credits compensates for an organization's unavoidable emissions today. Examples of carbon offset projects include forestry projects, renewable energy projects, and projects that improve water and waste management. These projects generate multiple environmental, social, and economic benefits in addition to reducing carbon emissions. Carbon credits play an important role in supporting clean energy and community development projects worldwide.
This document discusses carbon credits and their role in addressing climate change. It begins by explaining the causes and impacts of climate change. It then defines carbon credits as certificates issued for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Countries can trade carbon credits on the international market under the Kyoto Protocol's emissions trading mechanism. The document provides details on how carbon credits are generated and traded, and the role of the Clean Development Mechanism and other frameworks in facilitating emissions reductions between developed and developing countries. It concludes by emphasizing the social and economic benefits of participating in carbon credit markets.
Carbon credit policy for telecom industrysssssapphire
The document discusses carbon credit policies for the telecom industry in India. It explains that carbon credits are earned by reducing carbon emissions through renewable energy sources and can be sold internationally. India aims to encourage telecom companies to transition from diesel to solar power for cell towers, which would reduce CO2 emissions by 5 million tons and save $1.4 billion annually. Several telecom companies in India have launched initiatives to deploy renewable energy sites and reduce their carbon footprint.
Presentaion on carbon credits and kyoto protocolAnkit Agrawal
To combat these changes globally, Kyoto Protocol was created and has been
agreed upon by 170 countries so far, committing themselves to reduce Green
House Gas Emissions and improve Energy Efficiency.
• The Kyoto Protocol envisages reduction of Green House Gases by 5.2% in the
period 2008-12.
• New System of Carbon Credits is Introduced in the texts of Kyoto Protocol is
being formalised to bring more awareness in Industries to reduce their annual
carbon emission by awarding monetary value to reduced emission taking us
towards eco-friendly future
•Through this Presentation we are going to bring into focus
these two main International steps on combating the new evil
“Global Warming”.
This document provides definitions for carbon offset and climate change terms. It defines terms like AAUs, additionality, afforestation, carbon credits, carbon footprint, carbon neutrality, clean development mechanism (CDM), and emissions trading. It also summarizes concepts like embodied energy, fossil fuels, greenhouse gases, Kyoto Protocol mechanisms, and renewable energy resources. The document is a glossary that concisely defines key terms related to offsets, emissions, and climate policy.
This document discusses ethical investing in carbon credit projects to combat climate change. It notes that high returns are now available through environmentally and financially responsible investments. Investing in carbon credit projects that protect rainforests can generate returns while removing CO2 from the atmosphere. As more governments regulate emissions and carbon trading expands, carbon credits could become one of the world's largest commodity markets.
This document discusses ethical investing in carbon credit projects to combat climate change. It notes that high returns are now available through environmentally and financially responsible investments. Investing in carbon credit projects that protect rainforests can generate returns while removing CO2 from the atmosphere. As more governments regulate emissions and carbon trading increases in scale, carbon credits have the potential to become one of the world's largest commodity markets.
Carbon footprint is a measure of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from carbon dioxide. Understanding one's carbon footprint allows grasping environmental impacts and relevance to climate change concerns. Carbon footprints include emissions from energy use, transportation, production, and waste. Measuring footprints quantifies effects and informs mitigation efforts. Reducing footprints requires assessing individual and corporate emissions and pursuing energy efficiency and renewable energy.
This document provides an overview of carbon markets and their performance. It discusses global warming and the Kyoto Protocol, which established a carbon trading system. Under this system, countries receive carbon allowances and can trade excess allowances if emissions are lower than allowed. The EU ETS and Chicago Climate Exchange are two carbon markets discussed. India earns income from selling carbon credits and has companies involved in carbon trading. In conclusion, carbon trading provides incentives to reduce emissions and implement green technologies through a cap-and-trade system.
Chapter 3 - CLIMATE CHANGE AND MITIGATION MEASURES (1).pptxAManiMaran1
The document discusses various topics related to climate change mitigation including:
1) Definitions of mitigation and why it is important in disaster management to reduce risks to people and property.
2) Types of mitigation measures like avoidance, minimization, and compensatory mitigation.
3) Methods of composting as a climate change mitigation strategy like vermicomposting and aerated windrow composting. Composting reduces emissions and sequesters carbon in soils.
4) Carbon trading systems like the EU Emissions Trading System which aims to reduce emissions but has limitations and may distract from necessary changes to transition to low-carbon energy.
This document summarizes key aspects of carbon offsets and the carbon offset market. It discusses the role of offsetting, what constitutes a carbon credit, ideal criteria for offsets, understanding additionality, types of carbon projects, certification standards, and transaction volumes in offsets.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows countries with emission reduction targets to earn credits by investing in emission reduction projects in developing countries. Developing countries can undertake projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and earn certified emission reduction credits (CERs) that can be traded and sold. CDM projects provide environmental and financial benefits and have already registered over 7,800 projects anticipated to generate over 2.9 billion tonnes of CO2 reductions.
The document summarizes information presented at a seminar on carbon credits and eco-friendly methods to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It discusses the current state of global carbon emissions and provides details on carbon credits, including how they work, how individuals and countries can purchase them, and their role in offsetting carbon emissions. Methods for reducing CO2 emissions from industries that were presented include using supercritical carbon dioxide, carbon capture and storage, and other eco-friendly processes.
The document discusses carbon credits and carbon markets as mechanisms to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. It provides background on global warming trends and the Kyoto Protocol, which established emissions reduction targets. It then explains how carbon credits work, including how they are generated through emissions reduction projects, traded through markets, and used to offset emissions. Cap and trade systems establish a limit on emissions but allow for trading of allowances, incentivizing reductions in the most cost-effective ways.
The document discusses carbon offsetting as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and work towards carbon neutrality. It explains that carbon offsetting involves matching one's emissions with projects that reduce emissions elsewhere, such as renewable energy projects, tree planting, and more efficient transportation. By offsetting emissions through verified carbon offset projects, one can neutralize their environmental impact and work towards addressing the global problem of climate change. The document promotes LivClean's carbon offset program as a way for individuals and businesses to go carbon neutral and support meaningful environmental initiatives.
This is a first version of a presentation that was given as part of the Design City at the Toronto Print Show in November 2008.
Future versions will include proper footnotes.
DR KILADEJO ADEKEMI.S MD COURSE WORK CARBON CREDIT MARKET 09012023.pptxAdekemiKiladejo
Carbon credits are instruments that represent one ton of carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emissions removed from the atmosphere. This document outlines the carbon credit market, including the types (compliance and voluntary), segments (clean development mechanism, joint implementation, emissions trading, voluntary market), and how carbon credits work by allowing companies to purchase credits from those that have reduced emissions. The benefits of carbon credits and regulations around them in Nigeria are also discussed, as well as the qualifications, purchasers, and roadmap for implementing a carbon credit system in Nigeria through the new African Carbon Market Initiative.
The document discusses various aspects of the natural environment and environmental issues. It covers topics like global warming, greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases, major agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. It also discusses different types of pollution like air, water and land pollution. Key terms related to the environment are explained such as carbon credits, carbon offsetting, carbon tax, carbon footprint, carbon sinks and carbon dieting. Ways to reduce carbon footprint and impact of environment on business are also mentioned.
Carbon finance in ld cs hedon - publicHedon Energy
This document discusses financing household energy projects through the voluntary carbon market. It provides examples of three projects: rural biogas tanks in China, microsolar lighting in Zambia, and ceramic water purifiers in Cambodia. These projects reduce greenhouse gas emissions by transitioning households from traditional fuels like firewood and kerosene to cleaner energy sources. The document also outlines the process for obtaining carbon credits to help fund the costs of these projects and transitioning households to cleaner energy. It discusses some of the challenges of working with households in developing countries and ensuring meaningful emission reductions.
Similar to Carbon credits and carbon footprints (20)
The document discusses the design and process for an outpatient department (OPD) in a hospital. An OPD is where patients receive diagnosis and treatment without staying overnight. It is important for the OPD to be efficient and strive for excellence as it is the first interaction patients have with the hospital. The OPD should be well-organized with proper layout, administration, physical facilities, patient care areas, and relations with the public. Key considerations for design include entrances, windows, seating, ambience, power backup, cleanliness, and staff conduct. The OPD process requires establishing a framework, staffing, patient awareness, physical requirements, IT support, monitoring, evaluation, and troubleshooting.
QFD is a customer-driven approach to quality function deployment that was developed in Japan in the 1960s. It enables companies to deploy the voice of the customer into new product development. Key aspects of QFD include translating customer requirements into technical requirements, using a house of quality matrix to show relationships between customer and technical requirements, and prioritizing requirements. Benefits of QFD include fewer changes, lower costs, fewer problems, and satisfied customers.
The public areas of a hospital serve as an important reference point, providing access to amenities for patients, visitors, and staff. This includes the main entrance and lobby, waiting areas, shops, and staff facilities. Properly designed public spaces with comfortable seating, clear signage, basic amenities, and a welcoming atmosphere can help reduce patient stress and generate goodwill for the hospital. However, limitations like parking availability and costs must be considered alongside the goals of maximizing patient comfort and experience.
This document discusses psychiatry departments and services including de-addiction and lifestyle modification centers. It describes that psychiatry involves the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders by physicians called psychiatrists. De-addiction centers and lifestyle modification centers aim to treat addiction and promote healthy behaviors through a team-based approach. The document also outlines the services, staffing, and basic requirements for establishing a psychiatry hospital or wing.
The document discusses different methods of classifying, presenting, and collecting statistical data. It describes ways to categorize data based on nature, source, arrangement, and measurement. Various tools for presenting statistical data are also outlined, including tables, charts, graphs, and diagrams. Sources of data are distinguished as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Sampling methods like simple random, systematic, and stratified are introduced as a more efficient way to estimate characteristics of a whole population compared to a complete census.
The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1969 aims to ensure fair competition in India and prevent concentration of economic power. It prohibits monopolistic, restrictive, and unfair trade practices. The Act gives the MRTP Commission authority to investigate complaints around such practices, issue orders to stop them, and compensate parties suffering losses. It also allows the central government to regulate production and fix terms for monopolies to prevent harm to competition. The Act has been amended over time to better control monopolies and regulate restrictive or unfair trade practices in India.
The document discusses various aspects of industrial relations including objectives like avoiding conflict, raising productivity, and improving workers' economic conditions. It covers topics such as industrial disputes, their causes and settlement methods, collective bargaining, trade unions, worker participation, grievance procedures, and disciplinary actions. The overall goal of industrial relations is to develop harmonious relationships between employees and employers in organizations.
1) The document discusses the consumer decision making process, which involves need recognition, information search, and evaluation of alternatives.
2) It examines factors that influence consumer behavior such as cultural, social, and personal characteristics as well as the psychological processes of motivation, perception, learning, beliefs, and attitudes.
3) The stages of the consumer decision process are outlined as need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, and post-purchase behavior.
This document discusses mental health and mental illness. It begins by defining mental health and describing common and less common mental health problems. It then discusses the significance of mental health, noting that nearly half of people worldwide experience mental illness. The document outlines stigma associated with mental illness and describes experiences of stigma. It discusses etiology and contributing factors of mental illness, classification of mental disorders, signs and symptoms, prevention, and treatment including medication, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, hospitalization, and community support programs. It provides an overview of mental health services and programs in India.
The document discusses rationing, which is the government allocation of goods during times of scarcity, and how it can constrain consumer choices by limiting the quantities they can purchase. Rationing is analyzed using indifference curves, which show combinations of goods that provide the same level of satisfaction, and it is explained that rationing may raise or lower consumer welfare depending on whether the rationed amounts meet an individual's needs and preferences. The document concludes that a rationing scheme that allows consumers to purchase different amounts based on their preferences would improve consumer welfare over an equal allocation scheme.
The Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces group uses various motivational programs to engage and retain employees. These include the Taj People Philosophy framework, a Balanced Scorecard system, and the STAR recognition system. The STAR system awards points to employees for excellence in work, customer service, and other values. Points can be redeemed for rewards. These programs have helped Taj Hotels achieve high employee retention rates and recognition like the Hermes Award for innovation in human resources. Case studies show how Taj Hotels' culture and employee commitment have been lauded by institutions like Harvard Business School.
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How AI is Disrupting Service Industry More Than Design ThinkingBody of Knowledge
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Design Thinking are two powerful tools that, when used together, can revolutionize the service industry. By combining these approaches, businesses can develop innovative solutions that enhance customer experience, increase efficiency, and drive growth. Here's how AI and Design Thinking are disrupting the service industry
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Carbon credits and carbon footprints
2. INTRODUCTION
• CARBON CREDITS
A permit that allows a country or organization to produce a
certain amount of carbon emissions which can be traded if
the full allowance is not used
• CARBON FOOTPRINTS
A carbon footprint is "the total set of greenhouse gases (GHG)
emissions caused by an organization, event or product" . For
simplicity of reporting, it is often expressed in terms of the
amount of carbon dioxide, or its equivalent of other GHGs,
emitted.
3. BACKGROUND
The concept of carbon credits came into existence as a result of increasing
awareness of the need for pollution control.
Carbon credits were one of the outcomes of the Kyoto Protocol, an
international agreement between 169 countries. The Kyoto Protocol created
legally binding emission targets for developing nations. To meet these targets,
nations must limit C02 emissions. It was enforced from Feb’05.
The very phase “Kyoto Protocol” has become synonymous with the idea of
saving the planet from the global meltdown.
This can be accomplished by either reducing emissions or by absorbing
emissions through processes such as tree-planting and sequestration.
4. Under the Kyoto Protocol, developed countries are required to limit
their greenhouse gas emissions according to the following formula:
Actual emissions must be less than or equal to the assigned amount
+/- carbon sinks and Kyoto emissions.
They are a measure devised by the Kyoto Protocol to reduce world
Greenhouse Gas emissions, and hence fight climate change.
Carbon credits are certificates awarded to countries that are successful
in reducing emissions of greenhouse gases such as water vapour,
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
6. • In modern times the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and
natural gas – in which carbon has been stored for millions
of years – combined with accelerated land clearance has
led to:
exceptional levels of greenhouse gas emissions
enhanced greenhouse effect which will result in very rapid
warming of the world’s climate
The results are likely to include intensified droughts and
floods, changed weather patterns, agricultural
breakdown, ecosystem disruption, rising sea levels,
epidemics, and social breakdowns that ultimately threaten
the lives or livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people
7. encourages provide incentives
compliance and to emitters to
financial managers develop the means stop the increase
to pursue cost by which emissions of carbon dioxide
effective emission can inexpensively emissions
reduction be reduced.
strategies
8. TRADING OF CARBON CREDITS
• Buying carbon credits is not a charitable donation, but a
retail action. Trade in carbon credits has the potential to
make forestry more profitable and to sustain the
environment at the same time.
• One of the primary solutions for climate change being
thought by global warming alarmists is the purchase and
sale of carbon credits. For trading purposes, one credit is
considered equivalent to one tonne of CO2 emissions.
Credits can be exchanged between businesses or bought
and sold in international markets at the prevailing market
price
9. VALUE OF CARBON CREDITS
• Carbon credits create a market for reducing greenhouse
emissions by giving a monetary value to the cost of
polluting the air
• Carbon credits are measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide.
1 credit = 1 tonne of CO2.
Each carbon credit represents one metric ton of C02 either
removed from the atmosphere or saved from being
emitted.
• The carbon credit market creates a monetary value for
carbon credits and allows the credits to be traded.
• For each tonne of carbon dioxide that is saved or
sequestered carbon credit producers may sell one carbon
credit.
10. GENERATION OF CARBON CREDITS
Many types of activities can generate carbon offsets.
• Renewable energy such as wind farms or
installations of solar, small hydro, geothermal, and biomass
energy
• Other types of offsets available for sale on the market
include those resulting from energy efficiency projects,
methane capture from landfills or livestock, destruction of
potent greenhouse gases such as halocarbons, and carbon
sequestration projects (such as reforestation) that absorb
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
11. CARBON FOOTPRINTS
• carbon footprint is a
measure of the impact our
activities have on the
environment, and in
particular climate change. It
relates to the amount of
greenhouse gases produced
in our day-to-day lives
through burning fossil fuels
for electricity, heating and
transportation etc.
12. • as calculating the total carbon footprint is impossible due
to the large amount of data required
• Wright, Kemp, and Williams define it as , “A measure of the
total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)
emissions of a defined population, system or activity,
considering all relevant sources, sinks and storage within
the spatial and temporal boundary of the population,
system or activity of interest”.
• Calculated as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) using the
relevant 100-year global warming potential(GWP100 )
13. • Once the size of a carbon footprint is known, a strategy can
be devised to reduce it, e.g. by technological
developments, better process and product
management, changed Green Public or Private
Procurement (GPP), carbon capture, consumption
strategies, and others.
• The mitigation of carbon footprints through the
development of alternative projects, such as solar or wind
energy or reforestation, represents one way of reducing a
carbon footprint and is often known as Carbon offsetting
15. Adani Power's Mundra
plant to earn Rs 600 crore
in carbon credits
Adani Group announced that the phase III of its power plant in Mundra, Gujarat,
consisting of two units of 660 MW each, has received carbon credits under the
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
This achievement makes the Mundra plant the world's first coal fired power project
to receive carbon credits. With this measure,
The plant is expected to generate about 1.8 million Certified Emission Reductions
(CERs) each year. Adani Power is expected to earn Rs 600 crore by trading these
carbon credits during the first 10 years of its operations.
16. Solid Solar signs MOU with Bank
of India to facilitate financing of
solar systems
Solid Solar by Gautam Polymers, India's largest solar lights
manufacturer with Bank of India for financing of solar systems
through its network of banks across the country.
This MOU would enable bank financing on solid solar home systems
and solar power plants through bank of India's extensive network and
popularise the usage in rural and urban areas.
The recent Northern Power Grid failure and rising diesel costs has
given rise to a growing demand of renewable energy sources as
power backup.
17. Get discounts on branded goods
by slashing carbon footprint
• We now can get hefty
discounts on trendy apparel
and other major branded
goods . Following
international trends, stores
in India are waking up to
'carbon neutral' stores in
which customers are able to
redeem "credits"
accumulated through the
purchase of environment
friendly products for
discounts.
18. Woodland is all set to go "carbon
neutral" in 80 of its stores in
Delhi-NCR and Karnataka
• Being carbon neutral means
having a net zero carbon
footprint, or achieving net zero
carbon emissions by balancing
a measured amount of carbon
released with an equivalent
amount offset, or buying
enough carbon credits
(tradable certificate or permit
representing the right to emit
1 tonne of CO2) to make up
the difference.
19. United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
issues carbon credit to ONGC
• The World's number 2 exploration & production company
ONGC is scoring well on environment performance as well.
The United Nations body on Climate Change (UNFCCC - United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) has
issued a massive kitty of 121,207 carbon credits to ONGC's 51
Megawatt Wind Power project at Bhuj (Gujarat), on 7th June
2012. This is the first issuance of credits from this project
21. SUMMARY
A non-binding target has been given to India to cut its
emission intensity by 20-25% by 2020. This does not
include agriculture. To meet this target and to adapt to
climate change without sacrificing growth, India has
articulated the National Action Plan for Climate Change
(NAPCC) with eight programmes
22. DID YOU KNOW ? ? ?
About 65% of Indian population depends directly on
agriculture and it accounts for around 22% of GDP.
Agriculture derives its importance from the fact that it
has vital supply and demand links with the manufacturing
sector
23. PROBLEM AREAS
• Faster growth will raise energy demand by about five times,
from 725 billion units now to 3,600 billion units by 2030
• Energy is the biggest polluter, contributing
greenhouse gas emissions (58%)
industry (22%)
agriculture (18%)
Within energy, power generation by thermal stations is the
worst polluter
Land use, land use changes and forestry (LULUCF) is a net sink
that sequesters carbon
24. • Within agriculture, livestock is the largest contributor of
greenhouse gas emissions (63%), followed by paddy
cultivation (21%). Agriculture contributes 90% to nitrous oxide
emissions from fertiliser and irrigated paddycultivation.
25. SOLUTIONS
We can cut farm emissions in many ways.
• One, by changing paddy cultivation practices by intermittent
drying, direct seeded rice and so on.
• Two, changing livestock breeds or feeding practices with feed
additives.
• Three, through conservation agriculture.
• And, four, site-specific use of nitrogen and nitrification
additives.
26. IN MY OPINION !!!
• Livestock is still a household activity, so there is little
one can do to cut their emissions, but major
reductions can come from shifts in paddy cultivation
practices and cropping systems in Punjab, Haryana
and southern India. This will require large-scale
extension work, possibly through a tripartite
agreement between farmer groups, state extension
agencies and the private sector engaged in extension