The document provides information on basic life support (BLS) including definitions, the adult chain of survival, call or CPR first considerations, signs requiring CPR, approaching a victim, and high quality CPR techniques. It discusses refining the recognition of cardiac arrest and initiation of CPR or calling emergency services. Emphasis is placed on minimizing interruptions during chest compressions and avoiding excessive ventilation.
CPR is a lifesaving technique used when someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. It maintains circulation and breathing until emergency help arrives. CPR involves chest compressions to circulate blood, clearing the airway, and giving rescue breaths. It is performed as a series of cycles with 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths in each cycle. CPR should continue until the person shows signs of movement or emergency personnel take over.
AED is a portable type of external defibrillator that automatically diagnose the ventricular fibrillation in a patient.
Automatic refers to the ability to autonomously analyze the patients condition.AED is provided with self-adhesive electrodes instead of hand held paddles
The document outlines guidelines for basic life support, including:
- Defining CPR concepts and identifying the adult chain of survival as early access, early CPR, rapid defibrillation, effective advanced life support, and integrated post-cardiac arrest care.
- Detailing the CAB approach to assessing danger, response, circulation, airway, and breathing in emergencies.
- Providing techniques for adult one-rescuer and two-rescuer CPR, managing airway obstructions, and positioning unconscious victims.
The document outlines guidelines for Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) presented by interns at KIMS, BBSR. It discusses BLS guidelines including CPR technique and choking, and provides ACLS algorithms. Key aspects of BLS covered are assessing carotid pulse, initiating chest compressions if no pulse, and reassessing after 2 minutes of CPR. ACLS algorithms outlined include those for adult cardiac arrest, post-cardiac arrest care, tachycardia, and bradycardia. Identifying unstable patients using HASIA criteria is also summarized.
This document provides information on basic life support (BLS). It begins by defining cardiac arrest as the cessation of normal blood circulation due to heart failure. It describes reversible causes of cardiac arrest including pulmonary embolism, tension pneumothorax, and various toxins or electrolyte imbalances. The basics of BLS are then outlined, including chest compressions, opening the airway, rescue breathing, and defibrillation. Steps of BLS like assessing the scene, checking for breathing and pulse are explained. Chest compression techniques, rescue breathing methods like mouth-to-mouth and bag valve mask, and use of an automated external defibrillator are described. Finally, drugs commonly used in cardiac arrest like epinephrine
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a procedure to support and maintain breathing and circulation for an infant, child, or adolescent who has stopped breathing (respiratory arrest) and/or whose heart has stopped (cardiac arrest).
Adult Basic Life Support
Demonstration of how to give basic life support to anyone acutely injured or ill. Cardiac support, Advanced Trauma Life Support,
1) Basic life support (BLS) involves preserving life, preventing worsening of conditions, and promoting recovery through initial interventions like CPR and clearing airways.
2) BLS is required for unresponsive patients or those with inadequate breathing and circulation. It includes chest compressions, airway management, and breathing assistance.
3) The steps of BLS are: ensuring scene safety, checking response, shouting for help, activating emergency services, starting CPR with chest compressions and airway management and breathing assistance, and placing in the recovery position.
The document outlines protocols for responding to cardiopulmonary arrests, known as Code Blues. It describes initiating Basic Life Support, Advanced Cardiac Life Support, or Pediatric Advanced Life Support depending on the patient. It provides details on activating emergency codes, assembling code teams, performing immediate interventions like CPR and defibrillation, notifying physicians, and transferring patients to the emergency department. Crash carts and equipment are also discussed, including obtaining replacement carts and charging used items.
This document provides guidelines for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) according to the 2010 American Heart Association guidelines. It outlines the basic steps for performing CPR on adults, children, and infants, including checking for responsiveness, calling for help, checking breathing, beginning chest compressions, providing breaths, using an automated external defibrillator, and relieving choking. The guidelines emphasize compressing at a rate of 100 times per minute and adjusting hand placement and compression depth based on the age of the victim.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a basic life support technique used to manually maintain brain and heart function until further medical help arrives. It involves chest compressions to pump the heart and artificial ventilation to oxygenate the lungs. The steps of CPR include assessing for unresponsiveness, checking for breathing and pulse, calling for help, performing chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute, and giving rescue breaths in a 30:2 ratio. Advanced life support may involve use of an automated external defibrillator, endotracheal intubation, intravenous drugs and fluids, and other emergency medical interventions to restore normal heart rhythm and breathing. Proper and timely CPR can
This document provides instructions for basic life support techniques including the Heimlich maneuver and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). It outlines 5 learning objectives and describes procedures for choking in adults, children, and infants as well as CPR techniques for adults, children, and infants. The BLS sequence of checking for danger, responsiveness, pulse, providing breaths, and chest compressions is explained. Indications for when to start and stop CPR are also reviewed.
The document summarizes key changes in the 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. It thanks contributors and provides an introduction. Major changes included in the adult basic and advanced life support section are emphasized, such as enhanced algorithms, early CPR and epinephrine administration, monitoring CPR quality, and improved post-cardiac arrest care. New recommendations are highlighted regarding various resuscitation practices.
Basic life support (BLS) involves restoring oxygenated blood circulation through chest compressions and rescue breathing after cardiac or respiratory arrest until emergency medical care arrives. BLS can be performed by anyone with training and does not require equipment beyond performing high-quality chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute and giving rescue breaths. The American Heart Association provides guidelines for BLS, including a CAB-D approach of assessing circulation, airway, breathing, and defibrillation if needed using an automated external defibrillator. Proper BLS following its guidelines of 30 compressions to 2 breaths in 5 cycles can help maintain vital organ function until emergency services take over.
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION- BLS & ACLS-2020 AHA UPDATEAryaDasmahapatra
This document provides information about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and the basic life support (BLS) and advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) protocols. It begins with definitions of CPR and its purposes to support life through circulation and prevent brain damage from lack of oxygen. The history of developments in CPR techniques from chest compressions to defibrillation are outlined. Adult and pediatric BLS protocols are described, including assessing responsiveness, calling for help, performing high-quality chest compressions, opening the airway, rescue breathing, and using an automated external defibrillator. Differences in CPR for adults, children and infants are also summarized.
Basic life support (BLS) involves providing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and using an automated external defibrillator (AED) to help someone experiencing cardiac arrest. The key components of BLS are ensuring safety, activating emergency services, performing high-quality chest compressions, opening the airway to provide rescue breaths, and using an AED to defibrillate if needed. BLS should continue until emergency medical services arrive or the victim starts breathing on their own. Early initiation of BLS, especially chest compressions and defibrillation if needed, can dramatically increase the chance of survival for someone experiencing cardiac arrest.
1. The document provides information on basic life support (BLS) training, including the key components of BLS, the chain of survival, sudden cardiac arrest, anatomy and physiology related to cardiovascular and respiratory systems, adult CPR procedures, use of an automated external defibrillator, management of foreign body airway obstruction, and terminology.
2. It outlines the steps for performing high-quality chest compressions, rescue breathing, using an AED, providing care for an obstructed airway, and terminating CPR.
3. Tables and diagrams are provided to illustrate procedures like two-rescuer CPR, checking responsiveness during CPR, and algorithms for managing an obstructed airway in conscious and unconscious
This document provides information and guidelines regarding code blue protocols at King Khalid Hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of the code blue team members, including physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists and others. It describes how a code blue is initiated when cardiac arrest occurs, including notifying the switchboard to announce the code over the PA system. It provides guidance on termination of resuscitation efforts and responsibilities after the code. Key points covered include adopting standards from the Saudi Heart Association for BCLS and ACLS, requirements for certification in life support protocols, and ensuring the code blue team and crash cart are available 24/7.
This document provides guidance on performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and basic life support. It outlines the steps of the CAB sequence: checking the airway, looking for breathing, and performing chest compressions. The key steps are to approach safely, check for response, call for help, open the airway, check for breathing, perform 30 chest compressions and give 2 rescue breaths, and continue CPR until advanced help arrives or the rescuer becomes exhausted. Proper CPR techniques and following the outlined sequence are important for successful resuscitation, though complications can still occur.
This document provides information about basic life support (BLS). It discusses the goals of BLS as early access to care, early CPR, early defibrillation, and early advanced cardiac life support in order to preserve brain viability. BLS generally does not include drugs or invasive skills and is contrasted with advanced cardiac life support. The document then outlines the BLS procedure, which consists of checking for response, calling for help, opening the airway, checking for breathing, and performing chest compressions if there is no pulse. It emphasizes the importance of early defibrillation and continuing CPR until more advanced support arrives.
This presentation is designed to cover some of the principles of Basic Life Support & First Aid as of January 2012. This includes things such as;
- DRABCD
- Care for Bleeding
- Care for Shock
- First Aid for Sprains & Strains
- Care for dislocations and fractures
- Poisoning
- Burns
- Diabetic Emergencies
It is not comprehensive, but is designed to refresh those who have had any previous experience in Basic Life Support. In saying that being able to apply some of these skills is useful for anyone.
This is the latest version of the presentation.
This document provides an overview and instructions for the American Red Cross Basic Life Support for Healthcare Providers Handbook. It describes that the handbook is intended to teach emergency care procedures consistent with international resuscitation guidelines and American Heart Association recommendations. It acknowledges contributions from the American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council, made up of medical experts, who provided guidance. It also notes that the care steps are consistent with 2010 international resuscitation consensus recommendations and guidelines.
This document provides instructions for performing basic life support, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). It outlines the steps of the chain of survival: approach safely, check response, shout for help, open airway, check breathing, call for help, perform 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths. It details how to perform chest compressions and rescue breaths properly. Modifications for performing CPR on children are also described. The recovery position and choking treatment are explained. Videos are available for additional training.
This presentation is designed to cover some of the principles of Basic Life Support & First Aid This includes things such as;
- DRABCD
- Care for Bleeding
- Care for Shock
- First Aid for Sprains & Strains
- Care for dislocations and fractures
- Poisoning
- Burns
It is not comprehensive, but is particularly designed to refresh those who have had any previous experience in Basic Life Support. In saying that being able to apply some of these skills is useful for anyone.
This document provides information about basic life support (BLS) including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). It defines BLS as an emergency procedure to recognize respiratory or cardiac arrest and use CPR to maintain life until the victim recovers or more advanced support is available. It describes the links in the chain of survival and emphasizes the importance of early access to care, early CPR, early defibrillation, and early advanced cardiac life support. The document also reviews anatomy, body systems, risks for cardiovascular disease, and what occurs in a heart attack.
This document provides a summary of basic first aid procedures. It outlines the qualities of a first aider, including being calm, confident, willing to help, and patient. It describes how to preserve life by controlling bleeding, treating shock, and performing CPR if needed. It also explains how to prevent a condition from worsening by dressing wounds, providing comfort, and positioning the casualty. Finally, it discusses promoting recovery by relieving anxiety, encouraging trust, and handling the casualty gently.
The document provides information on various first aid procedures. It discusses the objectives of first aid as preserving life, preventing worsening of conditions, and promoting recovery. It describes how to assess victims using DRABC (Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation). Various first aid kits, treatments for burns, bleeding, fractures, snake bites, and more are outlined. The document emphasizes the importance of seeking immediate medical help when needed.
Paediatric basic life support (PBLS) involves resuscitation procedures to prevent anoxic brain damage and promote circulation and breathing in children. The key steps of PBLS are CAB - checking for circulation (C) by feeling for a pulse, opening the airway (A), and giving rescue breaths (B). For infants and children in cardiac arrest, high-quality chest compressions at least 100/min that depress the sternum 1/3 its depth are critical, along with proper head positioning and rescue breathing. PBLS should continue for 2 minutes in cycles of 30 compressions to 2 breaths before emergency help arrives or switching rescuers.
Every year in the US over 320,000 people (of all ages) die from Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) outside of hospitals. While Fire and EMS departments do a great job trying to save these people time is not on their side. Severe brain damage occurs withing 4-6 minutes and brain death by 10 minutes.
On scene bystanders are the best chance for these victims. Prompt CPR and early use of an AED will dramatically increase the victims chance of survival. This presentation is a brief overview on how to use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED). This presentation should not take away from that fact that all people need to attend a formal CPR and AED course.
First Response Training, LLC is a West Palm Beach CPR training facility owned by Conor Devery who has over 20 years of pre hospital and critical care medical experience. First Response Training, LLC provides training for the medical and non medical communities in South Florida. Courses taught include CPR, AED, BLS, First Aid, ACLS, PALS, and EKG. For further information please contact Conor at (561) 459-0221 or vissit him at www.gotcpr.us
This document provides a summary of basic life support principles for children. It outlines the steps of DRSABCD (Danger, Response, Send for help, Airway, Breathing, CPR, Defibrillation) and how they differ for children compared to adults. Key differences for children include using two fingers to do chest compressions on infants and assessing response using the COWS method of talking and touching. The document emphasizes starting CPR immediately if a child is unresponsive and not breathing normally.
The document summarizes updates to CPR guidelines from 2015, including:
1. For untrained lay rescuers, compression-only CPR is recommended, while trained lay rescuers should provide 30 compressions and 2 breaths.
2. Chest compressions should be performed at a rate of 100-120 per minute for adults, to a depth of at least 2 inches but not more than 2.4 inches.
3. Rescuers should avoid leaning on the chest between compressions to allow full chest wall recoil, and when using an advanced airway one breath should be given every 6 seconds during continuous chest compressions.
ECG merupakan ujian elektrokardiograf yang menganalisis aktiviti elektrik jantung melalui graf yang dihasilkan oleh mesin ECG. Ia terdiri daripada 12 leads yang melibatkan 6 elektrod dada dan 6 leads anggota untuk merekod irama jantung. Prosedur mengambil ECG melibatkan persediaan pesakit dan peralatan, aplikasi elektrod pada kedudukan yang betul, merekod graf ECG, dan mengenal pasti sebarang ke
CPR 2010 provides guidelines for basic life support, which involves chest compressions, airway, and breathing (CAB). The chain of survival emphasizes recognition of cardiac arrest, early CPR, early defibrillation if needed, and advanced life support. Chest compressions should be performed at a rate of at least 100 per minute with a depth of 2 inches and full chest recoil between compressions while minimizing interruptions. The recommended chest compression to ventilation ratio is 30:2 with 1 second rescue breaths and avoiding hyperventilation. An automated external defibrillator should be used for defibrillation if needed as part of the chain of survival.
Here I gave emphasis on practicing good handwriting for the junior classes as well as for the adults those who really tries to overcome their nightmare on writing. I hope everyone will be benefited with this
This document provides information on basic life support (BLS) procedures. It begins with an introduction to BLS, which includes immediate recognition of cardiac arrest, activation of emergency services, early CPR, and use of an automated external defibrillator. It then defines BLS and outlines the emergency action principle of assessing safety, doing a primary survey of the victim, activating EMS, and conducting a secondary assessment. The document provides detailed steps for conducting CPR, including chest compressions, opening the airway, giving rescue breaths, and using an AED. It also covers foreign body airway obstruction and procedures for infants.
Basic life support (BLS) involves providing chest compressions and rescue breathing to victims of cardiac arrest. It is crucial for sustaining life until advanced medical care can be provided. The primary survey in initial assessment follows the DRABC (danger, response, circulation, airway, breathing) protocol to assess safety, level of consciousness, breathing, and pulse. For an unresponsive victim without breathing or pulse, the rescuer should immediately call for help, retrieve an AED, and begin high-quality chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute with full chest recoil and minimal interruptions, paired with rescue breaths at a 30:2 compression-to-ventilation ratio. CPR should continue until spontaneous
Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress or an obstructed airway. It requires knowledge and skills in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), using automated external defibrillators (AED) and relieving airway obstructions in patients of every age.
This document discusses life support measures including basic life support (BLS) and advanced life support (ALS). BLS involves performing CPR, which includes chest compressions and rescue breaths. It is important to perform high-quality chest compressions that are fast, deep, and allow full chest recoil between compressions. An AED can be used to analyze heart rhythms and deliver shocks if needed. ALS uses additional equipment like airways and drugs to further support circulation and breathing. The goal of life support is to restore spontaneous breathing and circulation until more advanced medical help arrives.
The document provides an overview of basic life support (BLS) procedures for responding to cardiac and respiratory emergencies. It outlines the CAB (circulation, airway, breathing) approach and describes how to assess responsiveness, check for a pulse, perform chest compressions, use an AED, and provide rescue breaths. It emphasizes the importance of early defibrillation, minimizing interruptions in chest compressions, and following AED prompts. The document also reviews airway management techniques and notes the roles of responders in initiating BLS, ACLS, and monitoring during a resuscitation attempt.
1) Early recognition of cardiac arrest through checking for responsiveness, breathing, and pulse is key to survival.
2) The CPR sequence is now C-A-B - beginning with chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute, at least 2 inches deep for adults and 1/3 the depth of the chest for children and infants.
3) The chain of survival includes early recognition, early CPR, early defibrillation if indicated, and early advanced medical care to treat the underlying cause of the arrest.
Cardiac arrest is defined as the abrupt loss of cardiac function and can result from ventricular fibrillation, pulseless ventricular tachycardia, asystole, or pulseless electrical activity. Management involves cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) including chest compressions, ventilation, and defibrillation if indicated. The chain of survival links immediate recognition, early CPR, rapid defibrillation if needed, advanced life support, and post-cardiac arrest care. Basic life support involves chest compressions, airway management, rescue breathing, and public access defibrillation with an automated external defibrillator if available. Advanced life support adds establishment of intravenous access, rhythm monitoring/defibrillation, and administration
This document provides an overview of basic life support (BLS). It defines BLS and explains its key steps and components, including the chain of survival and use of a defibrillator. BLS procedures like CPR can provide oxygenated blood to victims' brains and hearts after cardiac or respiratory arrest, increasing survival chances until emergency medical care arrives. The document outlines the ABCs of BLS (airway, breathing, circulation) and emphasizes starting chest compressions immediately for cardiac arrests before assessing airway and breathing. It provides guidance on high-quality chest compressions, ventilation, and use of an automated external defibrillator for defibrillation. The overall goal of BLS is to restore oxygenated blood circulation until a
Three sentence summary:
Basic life support (BLS) training outlines the steps to take when responding to life-threatening medical emergencies, including assessing the scene, checking responsiveness, calling for help, providing chest compressions, opening the airway, and using an AED if available. BLS focuses on maintaining circulation and breathing through CPR until more advanced medical help arrives. The goal of BLS is to buy time by maintaining CAB (circulation, airway, breathing) until definitive medical treatment can be provided.
CPR is a process of oxygenating heart, lung through external cardiac massage and artificial respiration until the definite medical treatment can restore the normal functioning of heart, lung and brain.
This document provides information on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and basic life support. It discusses the components of CPR including chest compressions, rescue breathing, use of an automated external defibrillator, treatment of foreign body airway obstructions, and guidelines for performing CPR on adults, children and infants. The key steps of CPR are outlined as check for responsiveness, call for help, check breathing and pulse, then provide chest compressions and rescue breaths in a 30:2 ratio until advanced medical help arrives.
The major changes to BLS guidelines in 2005 included emphasizing effective chest compressions, adopting a universal compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30:2 for single rescuers, recommending 1-second rescue breaths, delivering 1 shock followed by immediate CPR when attempting defibrillation, and recommending AED use for children 1 year and older. Key focuses were on minimizing interruptions in chest compressions to maximize blood flow to vital organs during CPR.
This document provides information on basic life support (BLS) for adults and pediatrics. It outlines the steps for adult and pediatric BLS, including assessing responsiveness, calling for help, checking breathing and pulse, performing chest compressions and rescue breathing. It also describes how to perform BLS on adults and children experiencing choking. The key differences between adult and pediatric BLS include compression depth and rate, use of two fingers or encircling technique for infants, and back blows and chest thrusts for choking infants and children over 1 year old.
Basic life support (BLS) involves procedures to restore oxygenated blood circulation after sudden cardiac or pulmonary arrest until full medical care can be provided. It includes chest compressions, rescue breathing, use of an automated external defibrillator, and establishing an open airway. BLS is essential for resuscitating someone and can double their chances of survival if performed immediately by bystanders before emergency services arrive. The key steps of BLS include assessing the scene and patient, calling for help, delivering chest compressions, giving rescue breaths, using an AED, and placing the patient in a recovery position if breathing returns.
CPR.pdf useful in all aspects on the fieldDrSathishMS1
Basic life support (BLS) involves procedures to restore oxygenated blood circulation after sudden cardiac or pulmonary arrest until full medical care can be provided. It includes chest compressions, rescue breathing, use of an automated external defibrillator, and establishing an open airway. BLS is essential for resuscitating someone and can double their chances of survival if performed immediately by bystanders before emergency services arrive. The key steps of BLS include assessing the scene and patient, activating emergency services, starting chest compressions paired with rescue breaths, using an AED if available, and providing ongoing care until the patient revives or further medical aid takes over.
1) Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart fails to pump blood effectively, depriving organs like the brain of oxygen. Without treatment within 4-6 minutes, brain death can occur.
2) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that combines chest compressions and rescue breathing to manually maintain heart function and breathing until emergency medical help arrives.
3) The basic steps of CPR include checking for responsiveness, calling for help, opening the airway, administering chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute, and providing rescue breaths. The goal is to restart the heart and restore partial blood flow to delay tissue death.
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)&Sudden cardiac death (SCD)Abdullah Ansari
INTRODUCTION
SCD : Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
THE INITIAL ASSESSMENT
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
CPR Steps
SELF-ASSESSMENT FOR BLS
ADVANCED CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT
PRINCIPLES OF EARLY DEFIBRILLATION
AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR
SELF-ASSESSMENT FOR ACLS
The document discusses various anatomical planes, directional terms, and movement terms used to describe the human body. It defines anterior, posterior, superior, inferior and other planes. It also lists various movement terms like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and others. Finally, it discusses anatomical position and different body positions like supine and prone.
Vital signs are measurements of basic body functions like temperature, pulse, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Taking vital signs involves measuring body temperature, pulse rate, and blood pressure to evaluate a person's basic physiological status. Normal ranges vary by age but body temperature is typically around 37°C, pulse is 60-100 bpm for adults, blood pressure below 120/80 mmHg, and respiratory rate is 12-20 breaths per minute for adults.
This document provides an overview of basic trauma life support. It defines trauma as any bodily injury caused by external energy sources. The primary survey involves a quick assessment of the patient's airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure to identify life-threatening issues. The secondary survey involves a more focused physical exam and history to identify hidden injuries. Key skills covered include spinal immobilization, bleeding control techniques, wound management principles like RICE, and splinting. The overall goal is to rapidly identify and treat life-threatening injuries before transporting the patient to definitive care.
This document discusses different forms of escaping taxation and exemption from taxation. It covers shifting the tax burden, capitalization, transformation, avoidance, exemption, and evasion. Shifting involves transferring the tax burden legally to another party like consumers. Capitalization is reducing the price of taxed goods based on future taxes. Transformation is improving production to offset tax costs. Avoidance uses legal methods to minimize taxes, while evasion uses illegal means. Exemption grants immunity from taxes to certain groups. Evasion involves fraudulent attempts to lessen taxes owed.
This document provides an introduction to economics by defining key economic terms and concepts in short entries. It defines economics as the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It then proceeds to define related terms such as value, market, consumption, distribution, exchange, microeconomics, macroeconomics, public finance, and production.
The document is a quiz about monetary policy that contains multiple choice questions and answers about key concepts including:
- How monetary policy controls the supply of money in an economy to impact interest rates and promote economic growth and stability.
- How expansionary and contractionary monetary policies are used to combat unemployment and inflation respectively.
- Other related economic concepts like trade deficits, budget deficits, required reserve ratios, and bonds.
This document contains a quiz about key concepts related to measuring unemployment, including definitions of labor force, producer price indexes, deflation, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, frictional unemployment, and real interest rate.
This document contains a quiz on the Philippines' agrarian land reform program with multiple choice questions and answers. It asks about the first law establishing 50-50 crop sharing between landlords and tenants (RA 4054), the law establishing security of tenure (CA No. 608), and the percentage of the harvest going to those who shoulder expenses under RA No. 34 (70%). It also asks about President Roxas negotiating for land purchases in Batangas, the executive order establishing LASEDECO, the 1955 Land Reform Act, President Garcia continuing programs of President Maysaysay, President Macapagal being considered the "Father of Agrarian Reform", and RA No. 3844 being the most comprehensive agrarian
This document contains a quiz about taxation, fiscal policy, and forms of escaping taxation. It defines key terms like taxation, broad basing taxes, adequacy of taxes, fiscal policy, expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy, taxes, corporate taxes, shifting taxes, and capitalization of taxes. The quiz provides definitions and expects the reader to identify the correct term for each definition provided.
Taxes are financial charges imposed by governments on taxpayers that are punishable by law if not paid. They include direct taxes like income tax and indirect taxes like value added tax. Governments also obtain resources through activities like borrowing, money creation, and confiscating wealth. Common taxes are on income, corporate profits, capital gains, property, payroll, goods and services, wealth, and various financial transactions. Taxes can be proportional, progressive, or regressive based on how the tax rate changes relative to the amount being taxed.
Tax, taxation, forms of escape from taxation, computation, fiscal policyMarvin Morales
A tax is a compulsory financial charge imposed by a state on taxpayers to fund government activities. Taxes are either direct, such as income tax, or indirect, such as value added tax. The document outlines many types of taxes including income tax, capital gains tax, corporate tax, sales tax, property tax, inheritance tax, and excise taxes. It also discusses the economic and legal definitions of taxes and how tax collection systems work.
Fiscal policy involves the use of government spending, taxation, and borrowing to influence a nation's economy. It aims to achieve full employment, economic growth, price stability, and other economic goals. Keynesians argue that expansionary fiscal policy can boost aggregate demand and pull an economy out of recession, while contractionary fiscal policy can reduce demand and curb inflation. However, critics note that large government deficits may crowd out private sector borrowing and investment by raising interest rates.
This document provides an example computation of income tax for Mr. De Castro, a professor with a monthly salary of 85,000 pesos. It calculates his monthly and annual tax under two scenarios: as a single filer and as married with 4 dependents. As a single filer, Mr. De Castro's tax due is 270,792 pesos resulting in an overpayment of 55,608 pesos. As married with 4 dependents, his tax due is 238,792 pesos resulting in an overpayment of 87,608 pesos.
Taxation refers to payments made to the government for which no direct benefit or service is received in return. The amount paid in taxes is unrelated to any specific government service. There are basic principles that guide an equitable tax regime, including that taxes should generate adequate revenue, be spread broadly across the population to minimize individual burden, and be coordinated, convenient, efficient, equitable, neutral, predictable, and simple for taxpayers. Exemptions should be restricted and for specific policy purposes only.
The document is a quiz about the circular flow of income model which describes the reciprocal flow of income between producers and consumers. It discusses key aspects of the model including the roles of firms and households, the significance of studying the model, and different approaches to measuring national income such as the output, income, and expenditure approaches.
The document is a quiz about market structures that contains multiple choice questions. It asks the reader to identify the type of market structure that has less market power and price takers. It also asks about barriers to entry in oligopoly markets and provides examples like the telecommunications industry starting as a monopoly.
The document contains a quiz about key terms related to market structure and the business cycle. It defines phases of the business cycle like peaks, troughs, expansions and recessions. It also discusses leading and lagging economic indicators that can be used to analyze and predict the business cycle.
This document defines key concepts relating to elasticity, including: price elasticity of demand which measures how quantity demanded responds to price changes; perfectly elastic demand where quantity demanded changes significantly with small price changes; inelastic demand where quantity demanded changes less than price; and perfectly inelastic demand where quantity demanded does not change with price. It also defines similar concepts for price elasticity of supply.
This document contains a quiz about supply and production concepts. It defines the law of supply, supply as the amount producers are willing to sell at a given price, a supply schedule as a table showing quantities supplied at different prices, a supply equation as the mathematical relationship between supply and factors affecting willingness to sell, and a supply curve as a graphical representation of the price-quantity relationship. It also defines production as the act of creating output, a production function as relating physical output to inputs, a market supply curve as the horizontal summation of individual supply curves, and factors of production as stocks like land, labor, and capital that are applied to production. Finally, it discusses an aggregate production process framework for distinguishing economic growth sources.
This document contains a quiz about economic systems and key economic concepts. It defines and provides examples of terms like labor, entrepreneurship, capital formation, financial investments, economics systems, mines, scarcity, the law of scarcity, opportunity cost, and trade-offs. The quiz format tests the reader's understanding of these fundamental ideas in economics.
Chair and Presenter, Stephen V. Liu, MD, Benjamin Levy, MD, Jessica J. Lin, MD, and Prof. Solange Peters, MD, PhD, discuss NSCLC in this CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE activity titled “Decoding Biomarker Testing and Targeted Therapy in NSCLC: The Complete Guide for 2024.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4bBb8fi. CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until July 1, 2025.
JMML is a rare cancer of blood that affects young children. There is a sustained abnormal and excessive production of myeloid progenitors and monocytes.
Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease_AntiCopy.pdfMedicoseAcademics
In this lecture, we delve into the intricate anatomy and physiology of the coronary blood supply, a crucial aspect of cardiac function. We begin by examining the physiological anatomy of the coronary arteries, which lie on the heart's surface and penetrate the cardiac muscle mass to supply essential nutrients. Notably, only the innermost layer of the endocardial surface receives direct nourishment from the blood within the cardiac chambers.
We then explore the specifics of coronary circulation, including the dynamics of blood flow at rest and during strenuous activity. The impact of cardiac muscle compression on coronary blood flow, particularly during systole and diastole, is discussed, highlighting why this phenomenon is more pronounced in the left ventricle than the right.
Regulation of coronary circulation is a complex process influenced by autonomic and local metabolic factors. We discuss the roles of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, emphasizing the dominance of local metabolic factors such as hypoxia and adenosine in coronary vasodilation. Concepts like autoregulation, active hyperemia, and reactive hyperemia are explained to illustrate how the heart adjusts blood flow to meet varying oxygen demands.
Ischemic heart disease is a major focus, with an exploration of acute coronary artery occlusion, myocardial infarction, and subsequent physiological changes. The lecture covers the progression from acute occlusion to infarction, the body's compensatory mechanisms, and the potential complications leading to death, such as cardiac failure, pulmonary edema, fibrillation, and cardiac rupture.
We also examine coronary steal syndrome, a condition where increased cardiac activity diverts blood flow away from ischemic areas, exacerbating the condition. The long-term impact of myocardial infarction on cardiac reserve is discussed, showing how the heart's capacity to handle increased workloads is significantly reduced.
Angina pectoris, a common manifestation of ischemic heart disease, is analyzed in terms of its causes, presentation, and referred pain patterns. We identify factors that exacerbate anginal pain and discuss both medical and surgical treatment options.
Finally, the lecture includes a case study to apply theoretical knowledge to a practical scenario, helping students understand the real-world implications of coronary circulation and ischemic heart disease. The role of biochemical factors in cardiac pain and the interpretation of ECG changes in myocardial infarction are also covered.
Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates at which chemical reactions occur and the factors that influence these rates.
Importance in Pharmaceuticals: Understanding chemical kinetics is essential for predicting the shelf life of drugs, optimizing storage conditions, and ensuring consistent drug performance.
Rate of Reaction: The speed at which reactants are converted to products.
Factors Influencing Reaction Rates:
Concentration of Reactants: Higher concentrations generally increase the rate of reaction.
Temperature: Increasing temperature typically increases reaction rates.
Catalysts: Substances that increase the reaction rate without being consumed in the process.
Physical State of Reactants: The surface area and physical state (solid, liquid, gas) of reactants can affect the reaction rate.
TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition By {Tod...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition By {Todd W. Vanderah, 2024,} Verified Chapter
TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition By {Todd W. Vanderah, 2024,} Verified Chapter
TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition By {Todd W. Vanderah, 2024,} Verified Chapter
Hemodialysis: Chapter 8, Complications During Hemodialysis, Part 2 - Dr.GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/FHV_jNJUt3Y
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/D5kYfTMFA8E
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
High Profile"*Call "*Girls in Kolkata ))86-075-754-83(( "*Call "*Girls in Kol...Nisha Malik Chaudhary
High Profile "*Call "*Girls in Kolkata ))86-075-754-83(( "*Call "*Girls in Kolkata Available
Kolkata "Call "Girls 74046-34175 "Call "Girl Number in Kolkata | A nutshell review for Hot "Call "Girls in Kolkata . MY experience was superb with them this is the only recommended "Call "Girls service in Kolkata "Call "Girls and again then Russian. so overall my practice was magnificent. The price is also moderate per hour. The plus point is the "Girl comes instantly to your lo"Cation doesn't matter you are in Bur Kolkata or al Nahda or Kolkata or any area she comes undeviatingly to your hotel room. Definitely recommend the "Call "Girls agency. A nutshell review for Hot "Call "Girls in Kolkata . MY experience was superb with them this is the only recommended "Call "Girls service in Kolkata with verified "Call "Girls . I am using their services from past 6 months they never ever disappointed me in any way. Let's just say if i asked them to provide me russian "Call "Girls they fulfilled my request or even beautiful "Call "Girls or indian "Call "Girls in Kolkata . They have their owen drivers who brings the "Call "Girls in less time in any area of Kolkata like bur Kolkata marina or jumeirah or even in jebel ali as well. I'm writing here everything after experience their services in all conditions.
Hepatocarcinoma today between guidelines and medical therapy. The role of sur...Gian Luca Grazi
Today more than ever, hepatocellular carcinoma therapy is experiencing profound and substantial changes.
The association atezolizumab (ATEZO) plus bevacizumab (BEVA) has demonstrated its effectiveness in the post-operative treatment of patients, improving the results that can be achieved with liver resections. This after the failure of the use of sorafenib in the already historic STORM study.
On the other hand, the prognostic classification of BCLC is now widely questioned. It is now well recognized that the indications for surgery for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are certainly narrow in BCLC and no longer reflect what is common everyday clinical practice.
Today, the concept of multiparametric therapeutic hierarchy, which makes the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma much more flexible and allows the best therapy for the individual patient to be identified based on their clinical characteristics, is gaining more and more importance.
The presentation traces these profound changes that are taking place in recent years and offers a modern vision of the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Case presentation of a 14-year-old female presenting as unilateral breast enlargement and found to have a giant breast lipoma. The tumour was successfully excised with the result that the presumed unilateral breast enlargement reverting back to normal. A review of management including a photo of the removed Giant Lipoma is presented.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY DESIGN- RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALRishank Shahi
Randomized controlled clinical trial is a prospective experimental study.
It essentially involves comparing the outcomes in two groups of patients treated with a test treatment and a control treatment, both groups are followed over the same period of time. Prepare a plan of study or protocol
a. Define clear objectives
b. State the inclusion and exclusion criteria of case
c. Determine the sample size, place and period of study
d. Design of trial (single blind, double blind and triple blind method)
2. Define study population: Most often the patients are chosen from hospital or from the community. For example, for a study for comparison of home and sanatorium treatment, open cases of tuberculosis may be chosen.
3. Selection of participants by defined criteria as per plan:
Selection of participants should be done with precision and should be precisely stated in writing so that it can be replicated by others. For example, out of open cases of tuberculosis those who fulfill criteria for inclusion may be selected (age groups, severity of disease and treatment taken or not, etc.)
Randomization ensures that participants have an equal chance to be assigned to one of two or more groups:
One group gets the most widely accepted treatment (standard treatment/ gold standard)
The other gets the new treatment being tested, which researchers hope and have reason to believe will be better than the standard treatment
Subject variation: First, there may be bias on the part of the participants, who may subjectively feel better or report improvement if they knew they were receiving a new form of treatment.
Observer bias: The investigator measuring the outcome of a therapeutic trial may be influenced if he knows beforehand the particular procedure or therapy to which the patient has been subjected.
Evaluation bias: There may be bias in evaluation - that is, the investigator(Analyzer) may subconsciously give a favorable report of the outcome of the trial.
Co-intervention:
participants use other therapy or change behavior
Study staff, medical providers, family or friends treat participants differently.
Biased outcome ascertainment:
participants may report symptoms or outcomes differently or physicians
Investigators may elicit symptoms or outcomes differently
A technique used to prevent selection bias by concealing the allocation sequence from those assigning participants to intervention groups, until the moment of assignment.
Allocation concealment prevents researchers from influencing which participants are assigned to a given intervention group.
All clinical trials must be approved by Institutional Ethics Committee before initiation
It is mandatory to register clinical trials with Clinical Trials Registry of India
Informed consent from all study participants is mandatory.
A preclinical trial is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials, and during which important feasibility and drug safety data are collected.
Following points high.
Ventilation Perfusion Ratio, Physiological dead space and physiological shuntMedicoseAcademics
In this insightful lecture, Dr. Faiza, an esteemed Assistant Professor of Physiology, delves into the essential concept of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙/Q˙), which is fundamental to understanding pulmonary physiology. Dr. Faiza brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to the table, with qualifications including MBBS, FCPS in Physiology, and multiple postgraduate degrees in public health and healthcare education.
The lecture begins by laying the groundwork with basic concepts, explaining the definitions of ventilation (V˙) and perfusion (Q˙), and highlighting the significance of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙/Q˙). Dr. Faiza explains the normal value of this ratio and its critical role in ensuring efficient gas exchange in the lungs.
Next, the discussion moves to the impact of different V˙/Q˙ ratios on alveolar gas concentrations. Participants will learn how a normal, zero, or infinite V˙/Q˙ ratio affects the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli. Dr. Faiza provides a detailed comparison of alveolar gas concentrations in these varying scenarios, offering a clear understanding of the physiological changes that occur.
The lecture also covers the concepts of physiological shunt and dead space. Dr. Faiza defines physiological shunt and explains its causes and effects on gas exchange, distinguishing it from anatomical dead space. She also discusses physiological dead space in detail, including how it is calculated using the Bohr equation. The components and significance of the Bohr equation are thoroughly explained, and practical examples of its application are provided.
Further, the lecture examines the variations in V˙/Q˙ ratios in different regions of the lung and under different conditions, such as lying versus supine and resting versus exercise. Dr. Faiza analyzes how these variations affect pulmonary function and discusses the abnormal V˙/Q˙ ratios seen in chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and their clinical implications.
Finally, Dr. Faiza explores the clinical implications of abnormal V˙/Q˙ ratios. She identifies clinical conditions associated with these abnormalities, such as COPD and emphysema, and discusses the physiological and clinical consequences on respiratory function. The lecture emphasizes the importance of understanding these concepts for medical professionals and students, highlighting their relevance in diagnosing and managing respiratory conditions.
This comprehensive lecture provides valuable insights for medical students, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in respiratory physiology. Participants will gain a deep understanding of how ventilation and perfusion work together to optimize gas exchange in the lungs and how deviations from the norm can lead to significant clinical issues.
Chair and Presenter, Stephen V. Liu, MD, Benjamin Levy, MD, Jessica J. Lin, MD, and Prof. Solange Peters, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to NSCLC for this CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE activity titled “Decoding Biomarker Testing and Targeted Therapy in NSCLC: The Complete Guide for 2024.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4bBb8fi. CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until July 1, 2025.
Descoperă Bucuria Vieții Sănătoase cu Jurnalul Fericirii Life Care - Iulie 2024!
Gata să te bucuri de o vară vibrantă și plină de energie? Life Care îți vine în ajutor cu Jurnalul Fericirii din Iulie 2024, un ghid complet pentru o viață armonioasă și echilibrată.
Pe parcursul a cateva de pagini pline de informații utile și inspirație, vei descoperi:
Sfaturi practice pentru o alimentație sănătoasă:
Rețete delicioase și ușor de preparat: Bucură-te de preparate gustoase și nutritive, perfecte pentru zilele călduroase de vară.
Recomandări pentru o alimentație echilibrată: Asigură-ți aportul necesar de nutrienți esențiali pentru un organism sănătos și plin de vitalitate.
Sfaturi pentru alegeri alimentare inteligente: Învață cum să faci cumpărături sănătoase și să eviți tentațiile nesănătoase.
Trucuri pentru un stil de viață activ:
Rutine de exerciții fizice adaptate nevoilor tale: Găsește antrenamente potrivite pentru a te menține în formă și energic pe tot parcursul verii.
Idei de activități în aer liber: Descoperă modalități distractive de a te bucura de vremea frumoasă și de a petrece timp de calitate cu cei dragi.
Sfaturi pentru un somn odihnitor: Asigură-ți un somn profund și reparator pentru a te trezi revigorat și pregătit pentru o nouă zi.
Sfaturi pentru o stare de bine mentală:
Tehnici de relaxare și gestionare a stresului: Învață cum să te relaxezi și să faci față provocărilor zilnice cu mai multă ușurință.
Sfaturi pentru cultivarea optimismului și a gândirii pozitive: Descoperă cum să abordezi viața cu o perspectivă optimistă și să atragi mai multă bucurie în ea.
Recomandări pentru a te conecta cu natura: Bucură-te de beneficiile naturii asupra stării tale mentale și emoționale.
Bonus:
Oferte exclusive la produsele Life Care: Beneficiază de reduceri și promoții speciale la o gamă largă de produse pentru o viață sănătoasă.
Concursuri și premii: Participă la concursuri distractive și câștigă premii valoroase.
Jurnalul Fericirii Life Care - Iulie 2024 este mai mult decât o simplă revistă. Este un ghid complet și personalizat pentru a te ajuta să obții o viață mai sănătoasă, mai fericită și mai plină de satisfacții.
Nu rata această șansă de a te bucura de vară la maximum! Descoperă Jurnalul Fericirii Life Care - Iulie 2024 astăzi!
Comandă-ți exemplarul acum și fă un pas important către o viață mai bună!
#JurnalulFericirii #LifeCare #Iulie2024 #ViataSanatoasa #Bunastare #Fericire #Oferte #Concursuri #Premii
Pharmacotherapy of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)HRITHIK DEY
This PowerPoint presentation provides an in-depth overview of the pharmacotherapy approaches for managing asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It covers the pathophysiology of these respiratory conditions, the various classes of medications used, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and the latest treatment guidelines. Designed for students, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in respiratory pharmacology, this presentation offers a comprehensive understanding of current therapeutic strategies and advancements in the field.
2. BLS: Definition
• level of medical care which is used for
victims of life-threatening illnesses or
injuries until they can be given full
medical care at a hospital. It can be
provided by trained medical personnel,
including emergency medical
technicians, paramedics, and by
laypersons who have received BLS
training.
3. Adult Chain of Survival
1.Early intervention
2.Immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the
emergency response system (EMS)
3. Early CPR with an emphasis on chest compressions
4. Rapid defibrillation
5. Effective advanced life support
6. Integrated post–cardiac arrest care
6. Call First or CPR First?
Call First
1. Activate EMS
2. Return to victim
3. Provide CPR
CPR First
1. Give 5 cycles (2
minutes) of CPR
2. Leave victim
3. Activate EMS
7. Call First or CPR First?
Call First!!!
• Sudden collapse in adult
or child
• Collapse likely cardiac in
origin
CPR First!!!
• Drowning victim
• Asphyxial (primary
respiratory) arrest in any
age
8. When to CPR?
• In the absence of
breathing and pulse in
an unresponsive victim
• If the victim has agonal
gasps
• If victim is in cardiac
arrest
9. How to approach victim?
• *HAZARD
• *HELLO
• *HELP
• *CIRCULATION/
COMPRESSION
• *AIRWAY
• *BREATHING
• *DEFIBRILLATION
10. HIGH QUALITY CPR
• A compression rate of at least 100/min (a change from
“approximately” 100/min)
• A compression depth of at least 2 inches (5 cm) in
adults and a compression depth of at least one third
of the anterior-posterior diameter of the chest in
infants and children(approximately 1.5 inches [4 cm]
in infants and 2 inches [5 cm] in children). Note that
the range of 1. to 2 inches is no longer used for
adults, and the absolute depth specified for children
and infants is deeper than in previous versions of
AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC
• Allowing for complete chest recoil after each
compression
• Minimizing interruptions in chest compressions
• Avoiding excessive ventilation
11. HIGH QUALITY CPR
There has been no change in the recommendation for
a compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30:2 for single
rescuers of adults, children, and infants (excluding
newly born infants). The 2010 AHA Guidelines for
CPR and ECC continue to recommend that rescue
breaths be given in approximately 1 second. Once
an advanced airway is in place, chest compressions can be continuous (at a rate of at least
100/min) and no longer cycled with ventilations.
Rescue breaths can then be provided at about 1
breath every 6 to 8 seconds (about 8 to 10 breaths
per minute). Excessive ventilation should be
avoided.
12. Key issues: LR’s Adult CPR
• The simplified universal adult BLS algorithm has
been created
• Refinements have been made to recommendations
for immediate recognition and activation of the
emergency response system based on signs of
unresponsiveness, as well as initiation of CPR if the
victim is unresponsive with no breathing or no
normal breathing (ie, victim is only gasping).
• Continued emphasis has been placed on highquality CPR (with chest compressions of adequate
rate and depth, allowing complete chest recoil after
each compression, minimizing interruptions in
compressions, and avoiding excessive ventilation).
13. Key issues: LR’s Adult CPR
• “Look, listen, and feel for breathing” has been
removed from the algorithm.
• There has been a change in the recommended
sequence for the lone rescuer to initiate chest
compressions before giving rescue breaths (C-A-B
rather than A-B-C). The lone rescuer should begin
CPR with 30 compressions rather than 2 ventilations to reduce delay to first compression.
• Compression rate should be at least 100/min (rather
than “approximately” 100/min).
• Compression depth for adults has been changed
from the range of 1. to 2 inches to at least 2 inches
(5 cm).
14. Key issues: HCP BLS
• Because cardiac arrest victims may present with a
short period of seizure-like activity or agonal gasps
that may confuse potential rescuers, dispatchers
should be specifically trained to identify these
presentations of cardiac arrest to improve cardiac
arrest recognition.
• Dispatchers should instruct untrained lay rescuers
to provide Hands-Only CPR for adults with sudden
cardiac arrest.
• Refinements have been made to recommendations
for immediate recognition and activation of the
emergency response system once the healthcare
provider identifies the adult victim who is
15. Key issues: HCP BLS
unresponsive with no breathing or no normal
breathing (ie, only gasping). The healthcare
provider briefly checks for no breathing or no
normal breathing (ie, no breathing or only gasping)
when the provider checks responsiveness. The
provider then activates the emergency response
system and retrieves the AED (or sends someone to
do so). The healthcare provider should not spend
more than 10 seconds checking for a pulse, and if a
pulse is not definitely felt within 10 seconds, should
begin CPR and use the AED when available.
16. Key issues: HCP BLS
• “Look, listen, and feel for breathing” has been
removed from the algorithm.
• Increased emphasis has been placed on highquality CPR (compressions of adequate rate and
depth, allowing complete chest recoil between
compressions, minimizing interruptions in
compressions, and avoiding excessive ventilation).
• Use of cricoid pressure during ventilations is
generally not recommended.
• Rescuers should initiate chest compressions before
giving rescue breaths. Beginning CPR with 30
compressions rather than 2 ventilations leads to a
shorter delay to first compression.
17. Key issues: HCP BLS
• Compression rate is modified to at least 100/min
from approximately 100/min.
• Compression depth for adults has been slightly
altered to at least 2 inches (about 5 cm) from the
previous recommended range of about 1. to 2
inches (4 to 5 cm).
• Continued emphasis has been placed on the need
to reduce the time between the last compression
and shock delivery and the time between shock
delivery and resumption of compressions
immediately after shock delivery.
• There is an increased focus on using a team
approach during CPR.
19. The ABC’s of CPR (2005 AHA)
A irway
Does the victim have an open airway?
B reathing
Is the victim breathing?
C irculation/ C ompression - Ventilation
Is the victim’s heart beating?
Is the victim bleeding severely?
D efibrillation
20. The CAB’s of CPR (2010 AHA)
C irculation/ C ompression
Is the victim’s heart beating?
Is the victim bleeding severely?
A irway
Does the victim have an open airway?
B reathing
Is the victim breathing?
D efibrillation
21. Badger County/Mayo Clinic
H azard
H ello
H elp!!!
C irculation Check
C ompression for 2
minutes (200
compressions)
22. Position the Victim / Rescuer
• Supine and on a firm
surface
• Head & neck should be in
the same plane
• Rescuer kneeling at
victim’s thorax to perform
both rescue breathing &
chest compression
28. Give 30 chest compressions at rate of 100 per
minute
Then give 2 ventilations
29. Chest Compressions Alert
• Be careful with your
hand position
• For adults/children,
keep your fingers off
patient’s chest
• Do not give
compressions over
bottom tip of
breastbone
30. Chest Compressions Alert
• When compressing,
keep elbows straight
and hands in contact
with patient’s chest at
all times
31. Chest Compressions Alert
• Compress chest hard
and fast, but let chest
recoil completely
between
compressions.
Minimize amount of
time used giving
ventilations between
sets of compressions.
32. Locating hand position for chest
compressions
• Place heel of hand in the center of the chest with the heel of
the other hand on top
• Interlace your fingers or lift them off the victim’s chest
33. Chest compressions
• Position your body directly
over your hands
• Shoulders should be
above the hands
• Elbows should be straight
• Look down on your hands
34. Chest compressions
• Push hard & push fast
• Depress sternum to 2
inches (5 cm) at a rate of
100 compressions per
minute
36. Roles of Each Rescuer
Rescuer
Location
Actions
Rescuer 1
At the victim’s
side
- Performs chest compressions
- Counts out loud
- Switches duties with Rescuer 2 every 5
cycles or 2 minutes, taking less than 5
seconds to switch
Rescuer 2
At the victim’s
head
- Maintains an open airway
- Gives breaths, watching for chest rise
& avoiding hyperventilation
- Encourages Rescuer 1 to perform
compressions that are fast & deep
enough & to allow full chest recoil
between compressions
- Switches duties with Rescuer 1 every 5
cycles of 2 minutes, taking less than 5
seconds to switch
38. AIRWAY
• First thing to check in initial assessment
• You may need to open airway, maintain its patency, or clear it when it
is compromised
39. Check Airway for Patency
• Open mouth with gloved
hand
• Listen for sounds
indicating liquid in airway
• Look inside for fluids,
solids, or objects
• Clear using finger sweep
or suction
40. AIRWAY
• Open the airway
• Head-tilt chin lift
• Jaw thrust WITHOUT head extension
41. Head Tilt-Chin Lift
• Simple, safe,
easily learned and
effective
• Choice unless
trauma to neck is
suspected
42. Head Tilt-Chin Lift
• Place your hand on victim’s
forehead
• Gently tilt head back
• With your fingertips under point
of victim’s chin, lift chin to open
airway
43. Jaw Thrust
• For suspected trauma
to the neck
• Place one hand on
each side of victim’s
head
• Rest elbows on the
surface on which the
victim is lying
• Grasp angles of
victim’s lower jaw &
lift with both hands
44. BREATHING
• Look for adequate
breathing in adults
• Look for presence or
absence of breathing in
children and infants
46. Face Masks
• Resuscitation mask seals over mouth/nose with port through which
you blow air to give ventilations
• One-way valve allows your air through mouthpiece, patient’s exhaled
air exits through different opening.
• When using face mask, seal mask well to face while maintaining an
open airway
• Use bridge of nose as guide for correct placement
53. Adult BLS Sequence
If adequate breathing is NOT detected within
10 seconds OR patient has occasional gasps
• Give 2 rescue breaths; each over 1 sec
• Enough volume to produce visible chest rise
• Avoid rapid / forceful breaths
55. Mouth-to-Mouth Rescue Breathing
•
•
•
•
•
Open airway
Create airtight mouth-to-mouth seal
Give 1 breath over 1 second
Take REGULAR (not deep) breath
Give 2nd rescue breath over 1 second
56. Mouth-to-Mouth Rescue Breathing
• Most common cause
of ventilation difficulty
is an improperly
opened airway
• If NO chest rise with first
rescue breath: Perform
head-tilt chin lift again
then give 2nd rescue
breath
59. Ventricular Fibrillation
• Most common rhythm found in adults with witnessed non-traumatic
sudden cardiac death
• Treatment of choice: DEFIBRILLATION
• Higher survival rate if immediate bystander CPR plus defibrillation
occurs within 3-5 minutes
60. Arrest NOT Witnessed
• CPR x 2 minutes
• Check rhythm
• Give 1 shock if needed
• Immediate CPR x 2 minutes
• Recheck rhythm
Witnessed or In-Hospital Arrest
• Use defibrillator as soon as it is
available
• Check rhythm
• Give 1 shock if needed
• Immediate CPR x 2 minutes
• Recheck rhythm
61. When do you STOP CPR?
• Spontaneous breathing is present (ROSC)
• The rescuer is exhausted
• Orders from the Doctor/DNR Order is presented
• Paramedics or advanced team arrives
• Patient obviously dead
64. Mild Airway Obstruction
• Victim is still getting some air into lungs around object
• Victim may be able to cough out object
65. Assessing An Airway Obstruction
• Most cases in adults occur while eating
• Most cases in infants and children occur while eating/playing
• Often someone is present recognizing choking event while patient
responsive
66. Mild Obstruction
• Victim is coughing forcefully
• Victim is getting some air
• Wheezing or high pitched sounds with breath
• Do not interrupt coughing or attempts to expel object
67. Severe Obstruction
• Victim getting little air or none
• Victim may look frantic and be clutching at throat
• Victim may have pale or bluish coloring around mouth and nail beds
• Victim may be coughing weakly and silently or not at all
• Victim cannot speak
68. Assessing Airway Obstruction in
Unresponsive Patient
• If patient’s head is positioned to open airway but patient is not
breathing, give 2 ventilations
• If first breath doesn’t go in, try again and give a second breath
• If it still does not go in, assume that there is obstructed airway
69. Care for FBAO
• Depends on whether patient is responsive or unresponsive; whether
the obstruction is mild or severe
• For responsive, choking patient who is coughing, encourage coughing
• For responsive, choking patient who cannot speak or cough forcefully,
give abdominal thrusts
• For unresponsive patient with an FBAO, if ventilations do not go in,
ensure additional EMS personnel have been summoned and begin
CPR
70. Management of Severe Airway Obstructions
in Responsive Patients
• Ask for consent, tell patient what you intend to do, and give
abdominal thrusts
• With child/someone much shorter than you, kneel behind patient
• If patient is much taller than you, ask patient to kneel/sit
71. Management of Severe Airway
Obstructions in Responsive Patients
• Abdominal thrusts can cause internal injury, patient should be
examined by a healthcare provider
• When severe obstruction is not cleared, patient will become
unresponsive within minutes
74. Abdominal Thrust
• Stand behind victim & put both
hands around upper part of
abdomen
• Lean victim forwards
• Clench fist & place it thumb
side against victim’s abdomen
between the umbilicus &
xiphoid
75. Abdominal Thrust
• Grasp this hand with the other
• Pull sharply inwards & upwards
• Repeat until object is expelled
or victim becomes
unresponsive
76. Abdominal Thrust
• If you find a
CONSCIOUS choking
victim lying on the
ground, do
abdominal thrusts in
the supine position
77. Relief of FBAO
• Do CHEST THRUSTS if:
• Abdominal thrusts are NOT
effective
• Rescuer is unable to
encircle obese victim’s
abdomen
• Victim is in late stages of
pregnancy
78. Management of Airway Obstructions in
Unresponsive Patients
• Make sure additional EMS personnel have been called
• Provide CPR
• Begin by opening airway
• When opening patient’s mouth, look first for an object in mouth
• If you see an object in mouth, remove it with finger sweep
• Then give 2 breaths and check for a pulse
79. CPR for Airway Obstructions in Unresponsive
Patients
• Chest compressions given in CPR may expel object
• While giving CPR, each time you open mouth, check to see if object is
visible, and remove it if so
80. Foreign Body Airway Obstructions in
Infants/Children
• Most child deaths from FBAOs occur under age 5,
mostly in infants
• Foreign bodies include:
• Toys and other small objects
• Pieces of popped balloons
• Food such as hot dogs, round candies, nuts, and
grapes
81. Foreign Body Airway Obstructions in
Infants/Children
• Suspect FBAO in an infant/child with onset of
respiratory distress associated with coughing,
gagging, stridor, or wheezing
• If responsive infant can cry/cough, watch carefully to
see if the object comes out
82. Responsive Choking Infant Who Cannot
Cry/Cough
• Ensure that additional EMS personnel have been summoned
• Give alternating back slaps/chest thrusts to expel object
• If Choking Infant Becomes Unresponsive
• Give CPR, start with chest compressions
• Check for object in mouth, remove any object you see
83. Unresponsive Infant when Encountered
• Open airway; check for breathing
• If not breathing, give 2 breaths
• If first breath doesn’t go in, try again after repositioning head to open
airway
• If second breath doesn’t go in, assume an airway obstruction—
provide CPR