Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan in 1971 after the Bangladesh Liberation War. The history of the region dates back over 4,000 years and was historically part of Bengal. Bangladesh has a population of over 142 million, making it one of the most densely populated countries. The majority of Bangladeshis are Muslim and speak Bengali. Key industries include agriculture, with rice and fish being important crops and exports, as well as the large garment industry which contributes significantly to GDP and exports. Bangladesh has experienced economic growth rates of around 6% annually in recent decades.
The document provides information about two historical movements in Bangladesh - the 1952 Language Movement and the 1971 Liberation War. It summarizes the key events and outcomes of each movement. For the Language Movement, it describes the declaration of Urdu as the sole official language of Pakistan which sparked protests. It outlines the events of 1952 that led to deaths of student protesters and later recognition of Bengali language. For the Liberation War, it gives background of discrimination faced by East Pakistan, Operation Searchlight that began genocide, formation of Mukti Bahini forces, fighting back against Pakistan army and Rajakars, and eventual surrender of Pakistani forces on December 16, 1971.
The document summarizes the history of modern India from the Mughal Empire through the 21st century. It discusses the rise and fall of the Mughal Empire in the 16th-18th centuries and the subsequent arrival and domination of European colonial powers, especially the British East India Company. It then covers Indian resistance to British rule through figures like Gandhi and the establishment of the independent states of India and Pakistan in 1947. It concludes by noting some ongoing divisions and development challenges in independent India today.
The document summarizes the political developments in South Asia under British rule from the late Mughal period to the establishment of the Khilafat movement. It describes the weakening of the Mughal empire and establishment of direct British rule after 1857. It then discusses the educational and political reforms initiated by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and religious institutions like Darul Uloom Deoband. It outlines the formation of the Indian National Congress and All India Muslim League in response to the changing political situation. Finally, it provides details about the Khilafat movement launched in 1919 to protect the Ottoman Caliphate.
This document provides an overview of Bangladesh's journey from independence to its current status. It describes how Bangladesh emerged as an independent nation in 1971 after a nine-month war of independence against Pakistan. The struggle began due to long-standing political, economic, cultural, and linguistic discrimination faced by Bengalis under Pakistani rule. Key events included Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's declaration of independence in 1971 and the surrender of Pakistani forces in December 1971, which marked Bangladesh's liberation. Since then, Bangladesh has transformed its economy and human development indicators, becoming a model for other developing countries.
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was the founding father and leader of Bangladesh. He was born in 1920 and served as the country's first President from 1971-1975 and as Prime Minister from 1972 until his assassination in 1975. As a young man, he was involved in the independence movement from British rule and later advocated for greater autonomy and self-governance for East Pakistan within Pakistan. He was imprisoned several times for his political activities. His Awami League party won a decisive victory in the 1970 elections, giving him a mandate to push for greater self-rule, which led to Bangladesh declaring independence in 1971 after West Pakistan launched a violent crackdown. As the newly independent country's leader, Mujib faced enormous challenges
The document discusses the Bangladesh Liberation War that occurred from March to December 1971. It led to Bangladesh gaining independence after the Pakistani military launched Operation Searchlight and engaged in mass murder, deportation, and rape against Bengali civilians in East Pakistan. An estimated 10 million refugees fled to India and the Mukti Bahini guerilla forces were formed to resist the Pakistani military. India eventually joined the war in support of Bangladeshi forces. Pakistan surrendered on December 16th, 1971, resulting in the creation of the independent country of Bangladesh.
The document summarizes the partition of India in 1947 and the resulting largest human migration in history. Millions of Hindus and Muslims crossed borders between India and the newly created Pakistan, with estimates of deaths from violence and chaos ranging from 200,000 to over 1 million. Over 10 million people were displaced as they traveled by foot, carts, and trains to their promised homelands. The massive population exchange in the summer of 1947 left behind a trail of death and destruction as the borders of India and Pakistan were drawn.
The document provides a history of South Asia from the Indus River Civilization in 2300 BCE to modern times. It describes the major empires that ruled over South Asia such as the Mauryan Empire and the Mughal Empire. It also discusses the arrival of Europeans in the 1500s and the establishment of British rule in India in the late 1700s/early 1800s. The document summarizes the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 and the liberation of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971. It provides brief overviews of other modern South Asian countries including Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and conflicts within the region.
The document discusses the partition of Bengal in 1947. It led to mass migration of 15 million Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs across the new borders between India and Pakistan. Communal violence during this partition took 1 million lives and saw tens of thousands of women raped and kidnapped. The partition created huge economic and social disruptions in Bengal and ultimately led to the independence of Bangladesh in 1971.
The Pakistan Movement was a historical movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah that advocated for a separate Muslim state (Pakistan) from the predominantly Hindu India. Key events and figures that advanced this movement included the teachings of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Allama Iqbal who promoted Muslim identity and the Two Nation Theory. Jinnah and the All India Muslim League played a central role in the Pakistan Resolution of 1940 and negotiations with the British, which ultimately led to the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and the partition of India.
The document summarizes the key factors that led to the demand for a separate Muslim homeland in the Indian subcontinent, which ultimately resulted in the creation of Pakistan. It discusses 12 reasons for the demand, including the desire to establish an Islamic state, the two-nation theory, historical differences between Hindus and Muslims, economic hardships faced by Muslims, and the narrow-mindedness of Hindus. It also outlines the history of the Pakistan movement, from the efforts of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to establish modern education for Muslims and his promotion of the two-nation theory, to the eventual passing of the 1940 Pakistan Resolution demanding independent states for Muslims in India.
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman dedicated his life to establishing an independent, democratic Bangladesh. As a leader, he employed both democratic and autocratic styles of leadership depending on the situation. Initially, he took a more democratic approach and focused on empowering followers. After liberation, he became more autocratic and centralized power. Overall, he displayed traits of a transformational leader who inspired followers to fight for independence through his charisma and vision of a free Bangladesh.
The Indus River Valley civilization was one of the earliest urban societies in Asia, dating back 4500 years to the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It declined between 1700-1500 BCE after nearly a millennium of prosperity due to earthquakes and floods. Around 1500 BCE, nomadic Aryan groups settled in South Asia and developed Sanskrit. Over time, a caste system emerged organizing society into distinct social groups. The Mauryan Empire rose to power in the 300s BCE under the rule of Emperor Ashoka, who promoted Buddhism. The Gupta Empire in the 4th century AD was a period of cultural and scientific achievements. British rule from the mid-1800s onward led to
The partition of Bengal in 1905 by the British Viceroy sparked widespread protests. The partition divided Bengal along religious lines for political reasons, encouraging division between Hindus and Muslims. Massive non-violent protests organized under leaders like Tilak included boycotts, swadeshi movements, and acts of civil disobedience. Though the British cracked down on protesters, the movement gained momentum and significance. Ultimately, the partition was reversed in 1911 due to its political impacts. However, it left lasting effects on religious politics and the growth of Indian nationalism.
This document provides an overview of the political history of South Asia. It discusses several key periods and empires:
- The Indus River Civilization from 2300-1750 BCE, which had advanced urban planning, sanitation systems, and agriculture.
- The Aryan Empire from 1500-1000 BCE that introduced the caste system and Vedic scriptures.
- The Mauryan Empire founded in 320 BCE by Chandragupta Maurya and expanded by Emperor Ashoka, unifying most of South Asia.
- The Gupta Empire from 320-550 CE that was a period of advancement in science, mathematics, astronomy, literature, and art.
- The Mughal Empire
1) The document provides an overview of the history and societies of South Asia, including the Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic period, rise of Buddhism and Hinduism, Mauryan and Gupta Empires, and arrival of Islam.
2) It discusses key figures like the Buddha and Ashoka, and the development of religions like Buddhism, Jainism, and popular forms of Hinduism.
3) The document also summarizes the complex caste system in South Asia and the role of gender relations, as well as the growth of trade networks in the Indian Ocean world.
Pakistan faced numerous problems after partition in 1947, including:
- Establishing a new government and administrative systems from scratch while millions of refugees flooded into the new country
- An unfair and controversial boundary award that gave Muslim-majority areas to India and laid the foundation for future disputes over Kashmir and water rights
- Difficulties over the division of military assets between Pakistan and India, which left Pakistan poorly equipped for defense
The document discusses the partition of Bengal in 1947. It provides background on:
1) Bengal was previously divided in 1905 for administrative reasons, then reunited in 1911.
2) In 1947, at the end of British rule and creation of India and Pakistan, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part joined India and the eastern part joined Pakistan.
3) Over 18 million people migrated as a result, with at least 1 million dying in communal violence during the migration process. The partition displaced many and separated communities that had lived as neighbors for generations.
Jaideep saikia islamic militancy in north-east indiaIndiaInspires
The document discusses the growth of Muslim population and illegal immigration in Assam, and the associated security issues. It notes that Burmese invaders destroyed Assam's structure in 1829, the Army captured Goalpara by 1921, and over half a million Bengalis transplanted to Assam. The Muslim population grew from 2 million in 1901 to over 3 million by 1941. Illegal immigration continues to turn districts Muslim-majority and reduce indigenous Assamese to minorities in their own land. Militant activities and support from Pakistan-based groups like ISI and DGFI are also discussed.
Religious faith & festivals in BANGLADESHSumaiya Islam
The document discusses the major religions in Bangladesh - Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. It provides details on the origins and histories of each religion in the region. Islam is the largest religion, comprising around 90% of the population. Hinduism and Buddhism were previously more prominent but saw declines with the rise of Islam and later Christian influence. The document outlines the religious festivals and practices of each faith in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh is located in South Asia, bordered by India and Myanmar. It has a population of over 164 million and was formerly part of British India and later Pakistan before gaining independence in 1971. The country has a predominantly rural economy focused on agriculture and manufacturing. Bangladeshi culture is influenced by Bengali traditions and the majority of the population practices Islam.
This document provides a summary of Pakistan's history from ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley Civilization to the creation of Pakistan in 1947. It discusses major events like the arrival of the Aryans, the establishment of the Mughal Empire, the rise of the independence movement led by figures like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and the eventual partition of India that resulted in the creation of Pakistan. It covers the key leaders and developments during each major historical period.
The document summarizes the partition of India in 1947 when the country was divided along religious lines into the secular state of India and the Islamic state of Pakistan. It describes the events leading up to partition, including the formation of the All India Muslim League and growing demands for a separate Muslim state. Key events during the partition process are outlined such as the Radcliffe Line that divided the provinces of Bengal and Punjab between India and Pakistan and sparked violence, and the massive population exchanges that occurred as millions of Hindus and Muslims crossed the new borders. The human costs of partition are also discussed.
Various Challenges faced by India after its Independence.pptxSanskritiRazdan
The ppt talks about the problems that India faced after independence like partition, development of constitution, rehabilitation of migrants, integration of princely states etc.
The document presents a history of Bengal from 1757 to 1947, covering periods under Mughal rule, British rule, and partition. It discusses key events like the Battle of Plassey in 1757 that established British East India Company rule, as well as the partitions of Bengal in 1905 and 1947 and the establishment of the Muslim League in 1906. The document also highlights the Bengal Renaissance and reasons for the 1905 partition related to administrative challenges, economic development, and sociopolitical tensions between Hindus and Muslims.
federalism in Afghanistn _ Mona Hossaini and Shafinur Nehar Mona Hossaini
The document provides background information on Afghanistan. It discusses Afghanistan's geography, demographics, languages, and religion. It then gives a brief timeline of Afghanistan's political history from ancient invasions to its current government. It notes periods of independence and foreign influence or rule by powers like Persia, Britain, and the Soviet Union. It highlights more recent regimes like the Taliban and subsequent US-led invasion in 2001 after the 9/11 attacks. The document also provides context on Afghanistan's process of drafting a new constitution after the Bonn Agreement, including debates around the political system, national language, role of Islam, and federalism.
The document summarizes the key political events and causes of tensions that led to the separation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) from Pakistan in 1971. It discusses:
1) Growing ethnic and economic tensions between East and West Pakistan since Pakistan's independence in 1947, with West Pakistan dominating political and economic power despite East Pakistan having a larger population.
2) The Awami League's electoral victory in 1970 based on its platform of greater autonomy for East Pakistan, and the military's refusal to convene the national assembly.
3) The breakdown of political negotiations in early 1971 and imposition of martial law in East Pakistan, leading to the Bangladesh Liberation War and its independence in December 1971.
this presentation is to study deeply about the partition of India, some of the movements and what were the impact of Britishers on us after leaving and when they were ruling .
The document summarizes the history of modern India from the Mughal Empire through the 21st century. It discusses the rise and fall of the Mughal Empire in the 16th-18th centuries and the subsequent arrival and domination of European colonial powers, especially the British East India Company. It then covers Indian resistance to British rule through figures like Gandhi and the establishment of the independent states of India and Pakistan in 1947. It concludes by noting some ongoing divisions and development challenges in independent India today.
The document provides a detailed overview of Pakistan, including its:
- History from ancient civilizations to independence in 1947
- Geography, with diverse landscapes ranging from mountains to deserts
- Government system as a federal parliamentary republic
- Natural diversity that includes lakes, valleys, rivers, and mountains
- Climate zones from highlands to coastal areas
- Agriculture as a major part of the economy, with crops like wheat and cotton
- Natural resources such as coal, gas, and gold deposits
- Cultural aspects like national symbols, languages, and famous leaders
The document discusses the reasons for the creation of Pakistan. It outlines the history of British rule in India and the formation of the Muslim League to represent Muslim interests. It describes the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the adoption of the Two Nation Theory, which stated that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations. Key events that strengthened the demand for an independent Muslim state included the Hindi-Urdu controversy, the Lucknow Pact of 1916, the Khilafat Movement, and the 1940 Lahore Resolution passed by the Muslim League. The document examines the role of the Two Nation Theory in the demand for Pakistan and discusses the ideology and objectives for the creation of an independent state for Muslims in the Indian subcontinent.
This document provides historical context about the liberation war in Bangladesh and the discrimination faced by Bangladeshis under Pakistani rule from 1947 to 1971. It summarizes the political, economic, and cultural domination by West Pakistan over East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) which led to the Bengali calls for independence and ultimately the liberation war. Key events discussed include the language conflict, disparities in development funding and civil service representation, the 1970 elections and crackdown in 1971, and the final liberation of Bangladesh in December 1971 after the Pakistani military surrendered.
1. Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan in 1971 after 9 months of war and the loss of 3 million lives.
2. In 1952, students at Dhaka University protested against making Urdu the sole national language instead of Bengali. Police opened fire, killing several protesters who became martyrs for the movement.
3. Bangladesh has a rich political history from British rule to its emergence as an independent nation in 1971 after fighting for independence from Pakistan due to discrimination faced by East Pakistanis.
This is a PowerPoint presentation of the whole overview of Bangladesh including the economy of the country, education, war, culture etc.
Thanks for sharing
peace
This document provides an acknowledgment and summary of a course project report on India-Pakistan relations prepared by nine students. It thanks their professor for the opportunity and notes they tried to be unbiased. The three main sections discuss the reasons and results of the partition of India in 1947, including the two-nation theory and power politics involved. It also summarizes the major conflicts between India and Pakistan after independence, including disputes over irrigation water, Kashmir, and wars in 1965 and 1999.
The document provides an overview of India's history from its introduction and key facts, to the arrival of European colonialism, the independence movement led by Gandhi and others, and the partition of India that led to the creation of India and Pakistan in 1947. It discusses the political and religious diversity in India, traditional dresses, and highlights key events like the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, Quit India Movement, and establishment of India as a republic after partition. The document covers India's transition from British rule to independence and the two newly formed dominions after the partition of British India.
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Netflix was a company that thrived during the 2008 recession due to its business model and strategy. It operated 3 business segments - domestic streaming, international streaming, and domestic DVD. In 2009, Netflix's revenue increased 26.6% to $1.16 billion from increased subscribers attracted by its compelling value proposition of streaming and DVD rentals for one low monthly fee. Key factors in Netflix's success included offering combo streaming and DVD plans, being an early entrant in internet video delivery, and expanding its available streaming devices.
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This document outlines the learning outcomes and process for a workshop on new product design and development. The workshop will:
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Peter Robinson left his job as a presidential speechwriter to pursue an MBA at Stanford Business School. He had a diverse educational background including law, poetry, and mathematics. At business school, he struggled with statistics, computers, microeconomics, and financial accounting. Through intense study and solitary preparation, he was able to pass his midterms, ranking 8th from the bottom in statistics. By the end of his first year, he began to understand business situations better and see the value of an MBA, but still questioned whether it was the right path for him and what challenges life after his MBA might bring.
The document lists various countries and their GDP figures in billions of US dollars. The United States has the highest GDP of $8133.5 billion, followed by Germany at $3384.2 billion, and China at $1054.1 billion. Several other major countries such as France, the UK, India, and Japan also have GDP figures listed between $200-800 billion.
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The document discusses cloud computing, including that it allows multiple users to access data through a single server without separate licenses. It describes cloud infrastructure models like full virtualization and para-virtualization. The pros of cloud computing are applications can be accessed without installation, unlimited data storage, and access from anywhere, while cons include internet outages, site access issues, and lack of secrecy. Cloud service models like SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS are also outlined.
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Facilitatory techniques
Inhibitory techniques
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2. History of Bangladesh
Modern Bangladesh emerged as an independent nation
in 1971 after achieving independence from Pakistan in
the Bangladesh Liberation War. The country constitutes
with the major portion of the ancient and historic region
of Bengal in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent,
where civilization dates back over four millennia, to
the Copper Age. The history of the region is closely inter-
twined with the history of Bengal and the history of India
The borders of modern Bangladesh were established with
the partition of Bengal and India in August 1947, when
the region became East Pakistan as a part of the newly
formed State of Pakistan following the Radcliffe Line.
However, it was separated from West Pakistan by
1,600 km (994 mi) of Indian territory.
Pre-historic Bengal
Many of archeological excavations in Bangladesh re-
vealed evidences of the Northern Black Polished
Ware culture of the Indian Subcontinent (c. 700–200 BC)
which was an Iron Age culture developed beginning
around 700 BC and peaked from c. 500–300 BC, coin-
ciding with the emergence of 16 great states
or mahajanapadas in Northern India, and the subsequent
rise of the Mauryan Empire. The eastern part of ancient
India, covering much of current days Bangladesh was part
of one of such mahajanapadas, the ancient kingdom
of Anga, which flourished in the 6th century BCE
Mahasthangarh, the oldest
archaeological site in Bangla-
desh dating back to 600 BCE
Advent of Islam
Islam made its first appearance in the Bengal region dur-
ing the 7th century AD by Arab Muslim traders
and Sufi missionaries, and the subsequent Muslim conquest
of Bengal in the 12th century lead to the rooting of Islam
across the region. Under the Muslim rulers, Bengal entered
a new era as cities were developed; palaces, forts,
mosques, mausoleums and gardens sprang up; roads and
bridges were constructed; and new trade routes brought
prosperity and a new cultural life.
Portuguese traders & mis-
sionaries were the first Euro-
peans to reach Bengal in
the latter part of the 15th
century. They established
themselves in Chittagong
and Hoogly. In 1632, the Mughal Subahdar of Bengal Kasim Khan
Mashadi expelled the Portuguese in the Battle of Hoogly.
Dutch, French, and British East India Companies and representatives
from Denmark soon followed contact with Bengal.
During Aurangzeb's reign, the local Nawab sold three villages, includ-
ing one then known as Calcutta, to the British. Calcutta was Britain's
first foothold in Bengal and remained a focal point of their economic
activity. The British gradually extended their commercial contacts and
administrative control beyond Calcutta to the rest of Bengal.
Europeans in Bengal
British Rule
The British East India Company gained
official control of Bengal following the
Battle of Plassey in 1757. This was the
first conquest, in a series of engage-
ments that ultimately lead to the expul-
sion of other European competitors.
Bengal Renaissance
The Bengal Renaissance refers to a social
reform movement during the 19th and
early 20th centuries in Bengal during the
period of British rule.
The Bengal renaissance can be said to
have started with Raja Ram Mohan
Roy (1775–1833) and ended with
Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941).
Independence and creation of Pakistan
As the independence movement throughout British-controlled In-
dia began in the late 19th century gained momentum during the
20th century, Bengali politicians played an active role
in Mohandas Gandhi's Congress Party and Mohammad Ali Jin-
nah's Muslim League, exposing the opposing forces of ethnic
and religious nationalism.
Partition of Bengal (1905) divided Bengal Presidency into an
overwhelmingly Hindu west (including present-day Bihar and
Odisha) and a predominantly Muslim east (including Assam).
Dhaka was made the capital of the new province of Eastern
Bengal and Assam.
Constitution: After Bangladesh achieved recognition from major
countries, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman briefly assumed the provi-
sional presidency. He wrote the new constitution of Parliament.
3. Timeline of Bangladesh profile
British colonial rule over India ends. A
largely Muslim state comprising East and
West Pakistan is established, either side of
India. The two provinces are separated
from each other by more than 1,500 km
of Indian territory.
1947
The Awami League, under Sheikh
Mujibur Rahman, wins an overwhelming
election victory in East Pakistan. The govern-
ment in West Pakistan refuses to recognise
the results, leading to rioting. Cyclone hits
East Pakistan - up to 500,000 people are
killed.
1970
The Awami League is established to
campaign for East Pakistan's autonomy
from West Pakistan.
1949
Independence
Sheikh Mujib arrested and taken to West
Pakistan. In exile, Awami League leaders
proclaim the independence of the prov-
ince of East Pakistan on 26th March. The
new country is called Bangladesh.
1971
Sheikh Mujib returns, becomes
prime minister. He begins a programme of
nationalizing key industries in an attempt
to improve living standards, but with little
success
1972
Severe floods devastate much of
the grain crop, leading to an estimated
28,000 deaths. A national state of emer-
gency is declared as political unrest grows.
1974
Sheikh Mujib becomes president of
Bangladesh. The political situation worsens. He
is assassinated in a military coup in August.
Martial law is imposed.
1975
The military ban trade unions.
1976
General Ziaur Rahman assumes
the presidency. Islam is adopted in the con-
stitution
1977
Martial law is lifted follow-
ing elections, which Zia's Bangladesh
National Party (BNP) wins.
1979
Parliamentary and presiden-
tial elections. Ershad elected to a
five-year term. He lifts martial law
and reinstates the constitution
1986
The Ershad era
General Ershad assumes power in
army coup. He suspends the consti-
tution and political parties.
1982
Zia is assassinated during
abortive military coup. He is suc-
ceeded by Abdus Sattar.
1981
State of emergency declared
after opposition demonstrations and
strikes
1987
Ershad steps down following
mass protests.
1990
Ershad convicted and jailed
for corruption and illegal posses-
sion of weapons. Begum Khaleda
Zia, widow of President Zia Rah-
man, becomes prime minister
1991
Awami League returns
Two sets of elections eventually see
the Awami League win power, with
Sheikh Hasina Wajed, the daugh-
ter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman,
becoming prime minister.
1996
Ershad is released from prison
1997
Two-thirds of the country dev-
astated by the worst floods ever.
15 former army officers sentenced
to death for involvement in assassi-
nation of President Mujib in 1975
1998 Sheikh Hasina criticises military
regimes in a UN speech, prompting
Pakistani leader General Musharraf
to cancel talks with her.
2000
High Court confirms death
sentences on 12 ex-army officers
for killing Mujib. Only four are in
custody.
2001
Hasina steps down, hands
power to caretaker authority, be-
coming the first prime minister in
the country's history to complete a
five-year term
2001
Sheikh Hasina is charged with
murder. Begum Khaleda Zia is under
virtual house arrest. Several other poli-
ticians are held in an anti-corruption
drive
2007
Awami League captures more
than 250 of 300 seats in parliament.
Sheikh Hasina is sworn in as prime
minister in January
2008
4. The population of Bangladesh as of
15 March 2011 is 142.3 million
(census 2011 result) and is the 8th
most populous nation in the world. In
1951, the population was 44 million.
It is also the most densely populated
large country in the world.
The population is relatively young, with 34% aged 15 or younger
and 5% 65 or older. Despite the rapid economic growth, about
26% of the country still lives below
the international poverty line which means living
on less than $1.25 per day. About 89% of Bang-
ladeshis are Muslims, followed by Hindus (8%),
Buddhists (1%) and Christians (0.5%).
4 largest cities of Bangladesh
DHAKA
Population: 7,033,076
Language & Religion
More than 98% of Bangladeshis speak Bengali as their native language,
which is also the official language. English is also used as a second lan-
guage among the middle and upper classes and is also widely used in
higher education and the legal system. Bangladesh's Constitution and all
laws are now in both English and Bengali.
Islam is the largest religion of Bangladesh, making up 86.6% of popula-
tion. Hinduism makes up 12.1% of the population, Buddhism1% and
others of 0.3% of the population. Bangladesh has the fourth largest
Muslim population after Indonesia, Pakistan and India.
Buddha Dhatu Zadi, a Budadhist
temple in Bandarban
Baitul Mukarram National
Mosque of Bangldesh in Dhaka
Rice and fish are traditional favourites. Biryani is a favourite dish of Bang-
ladesh and this includes egg biryani, mutton biryani and beef biryani.
Bengaladeshi cuisine is known for its subtle (yet sometimes fiery) flavours,
and its huge spread of confectioneries and desserts. Bangladeshis make
distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, some common ones
are Rôshogolla, Rasmalai, Rôshomalai, chômchôm and kalojam.
Textiles and Craftsmanship
The Sari is the most widely worn dress by
Bangladeshi women. A guild of weavers in
Dhaka is renowned for producing saris from
exquisite Jamdani muslin. The salwar
kameez (shaloar kamiz) is also quite popular,
especially among the younger females, and in
urban areas some women wear western attire
Festivals
The Muslim holidays of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha,
the Bengali New Year, Independence day, Victory
Day, the Hindu festivals of Durga Puja and Krishna
Janmashtami, the Buddhist festival of Buddha Purni-
ma, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha,
and Christmas, called Borodin (" the Great day"),
are national holidays in Bangladesh and see the
most widespread celebrations in the country
Literature
Bengali has a rich literary heritage. The earliest literary text in Bengali is
the 8th century Charyapada. Medieval Bengali literature was often either
religious (for example, Chandidas), or adapted from other languages (for
example, Alaol). Bengali literature reached its full expression in the 19th
century, with its greatest icons being poets, the national poet Kazi Nazrul
Islam, Rabindranath Tagore, Sarat Chandra, Jasim Uddin, Jibanananda
Das, Shamsur Rahman, Al Mahmud, Sukanta Bhattacharya, Ishwar
Chandra Vidyasagar, Michael Madhusudan Dutt and present
day Humayun Ahmed, Muhammed Zafar Iqbal.
Cuisine
CHITTAGONG
Population: 2,592,439
KHULNA
Population: 663,342
NARAYANGANJ
Population: 543,090
5. CHITTAGONG
India Bangladesh
India Bangladesh
Economy - overview India is developing into an open-market
economy . Economic liberalization measures,
including industrial deregulation, privatiza-
tion of state-owned enterprises, and reduced
controls on foreign trade and investment, be-
gan in the early 1990s and served to acceler-
ate the country's growth, which averaged un-
der 7% per year from 1997 to 2011. In late
2012, the Indian Government announced ad-
ditional reforms and deficit reduction
measures, including allowing higher levels of
foreign participation in direct investment in
the economy. Growth in 2013 fell to a dec-
ade low, as India's economic leaders strug-
gled to improve the country's wide fiscal and
current account deficits.
Bangladesh's economy has grown roughly
6% per year since 1996 despite political
instability, poor infrastructure, corruption,
insufficient power supplies, and the 2008-
09 global financial crisis and recession.
Garment exports, the backbone of Bangla-
desh’s industrial sector and 80% of total
exports, surpassed $21 billion last year,
18% of GDP. Steady garment export
growth combined with remittances from
overseas Bangladeshis, which totaled al-
most $15 billion and 13% of GDP IN
2013, are the largest contributors to Bang-
ladesh’s current account surplus and record
foreign exchange holdings.
Exports $301.90 billion $24.92 billion
GDP $1.84 trillion $115.61 billion
Per capita $2,625.09 per capita $1,384.53 per capita
PPP $4.72 trillion $302.80 billion
Gross National Income $477.00 billion $48.62 billion
Population below
poverty line
29.8% 40%
Unemployment rate 8.5% 5%
Inflation rate 9.7% 6.6%
Human Development
Index
0.602 0.52
India Bangladesh
Exports per capita $244.12 $161.09
Industries textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel,
transportation equipment, cement, mining,
petroleum, machinery, software, pharmaceuti-
cals
jute, cotton, garments, paper, leather, iron
and steel, cement, petroleum products,
drugs and pharmaceuticals, ceramics, tea,
salt, sugar, fabricated metal products,
electricity and natural gas
GINI index 36.8 33.4
GNP Per capita $450.21 $360.85
Imports $503.50 billion $32.29 billion
Imports per capita $407.14 $208.73
Poverty and inequality 5.6 4.9
Current account bal-
ance
$ 91,470,000,000.00 $1.75 billion
Tax rates 14.31 10.96
Consumer price index 121.54% 130.16%
Consumer spending 57.31 77.49
Population under $1 a
day
44.2% 29.1%
Real interest rate 6.03% 8.49%
Government spending 98.9 billion 4.48 billion
Population 1.252 billion 156.6 million
Literacy Rate 74.4% (82.1%-male, 65.5%-female) 57.5% (62%-male, 53.4%-female)
Currency Indian Rupee Taka
6. Since its independence in 1971, Bangladesh has achieved a tre-
mendous growth rate in its industrial production. The economy
comprises of a number of Small and Medium Enterprises that
make up for 25% of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product
Some Key Parameters:
Between 2004 and 2014, Bangladesh averaged a GDP growth rate of 6% .
The Bangladesh textile industry is the second-largest in the world
Other key sectors include pharmaceuticals, shipbuilding, ceramics, leather goods
and electronics.
The principal cash crops including rice, jute, tea, wheat, cotton and sugarcane.
Bangladesh ranks fifth in the global production of fish and seafood
Some Notable Conglomerates
Major Industries:
cement, steel, consumer goods, tobacco,
edible oil, etc.
Revenue:
$36.6 Billion
Major Industries:
Textiles, aviation, cement, steel, real
estate, insurance and banking.
Revenue:
$425 Million
Bangladesh Industry Sectors: Major Industries
1. Agriculture:
Approximately 30% of Bangla-
desh’s GDP comes from agriculture,
making it the largest producing
economic sector. About 60% of the
Bangladeshis work in this sector. It
primarily produces jute, rive, wheat, tea, tobacco, pulses and
Tomato.
2. Infrastructure:
Bangladesh’s economy is character-
ized by poor infrastructure, weak
energy and gas shortages. Due to
these disruptions, the economy was
unable to achieve its target of 6%
growth in GDP in FY2009. Low en-
thusiasm among the people towards
investment is also impeding the country’s economic growth.
3. Garment Industry:
The garment industry of the country
remains the strongest root of its econo-
my, with 76% contribution in its for-
eign exchange. Approximately, 2.2
million Bangladeshis are employed in
this industry, of which 80% are women. In
FY2007, a total of US$9.2 billion worth of garments were export-
ed. The figure reached US$12.3 billion in FY09, as was ex-
4. Health Industry:
It has been envisaged that the sale of
over-the-counter (OTC) medications and
prescription drugs will increase to
US$3.44billion in 2019, from
US$1.13bn in 2009. According to a
forecast by the Business Monitor Interna-
tional (BMI), exports will overtake imports, reaching
US$226.75million.
7. Being located in between Indian mainland and its reveling seven
sister states Bangladesh's strategic importance for Indian has
been very crucial to communicate by less spending. Besides
being almost inside India having a small mouth to bay of bangal
it has also become an attraction for USA and China sometime to
deter India to maintain regional strategy.
Location of Bangladesh
With an area of about 144,000 sq km, the country is bordered by
India on the east, west and north and by the Bay of Bengal on the
south. There is also a small strip of frontier with Burma on the south-
eastern edge. The land is a deltaic plain with a network of numerous
rivers and canals. Through Myanmar( Burma )Bangladesh is linked to
the entire South East Asian region
Neighbors of Bangladesh
India and Myanmar are the immediate neighbors of Bangladesh with
common borders. The land border with Myanmar is about 243 kilome-
ters while that India extended over 4,025 kilometers. Among the
near neighbors of Bangladesh though without common borders, The
nearest are Nepal (distance 13.7 miles/22km), Bhutan (distance 13.7
miles /22km) and China (distance 60 miles or 100km).
Geo political Weakness and its impacts of Foreign policy:
Truly Bangladesh is clearly locked by India both in land and water except a little
border with Myanmar. Geopolitics may be a disadvantage when a country
shares common border mostly with one country.
Bangladesh’s nearness of border with India may appear as a weakness
in her defense against any future military conflict with India. Common
sharing of Rivers also appears as a weakness for Bangladesh because the
flow of water which depends of the source of the rivers.
Geo political importance of Bangladesh for other countries:
Not only India has interest over the geopolitical location of
Bangladesh. But also courtiers like Nepal, Bhutan, China, and
USA and even courtiers like Japan and Australia are showing
their interest considering the geo political importance of Bang-
ladesh.
Nepal and Bhutan being land locked and not having sea access
very much interested to use Bangladeshis sea ports to foster
their trade.
As china has competing relationship with India always seeks op-
portunities to contain India geostratagically where Bangladesh
becomes one of the perfect positions to her intention.
Though USA has its biggest naval base in Andaman Nicober is-
lands its intend to use chittagong Sea ports to strengthen its
strategic position in the south Asia considering the importance
of the region in World politics.
8. Bangladesh and India are part of the Indian
subcontinent. They are common members
of SAARC, BIMSTEC, IORA and the Common-
wealth. Relations are rooted in deep historical
and cultural links. In particular, Bangladesh
and the Indian states of West Ben-
gal and Tripura share the Bengali language.
The two nations were strong allies during
the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.
However, they developed different Cold
Warpositions in the late 1970s and 80s.
Bangladesh and India are close strategic partners in counter-terrorism. They are the largest
trading partners in South Asia. Two-way trade is estimated to be over USD 7 billion. Bangla-
desh is also the fifth largest remittance sender to India. India has a high commission in Dhaka,
with consulates in Chittagong and Rajshahi. Bangladesh has a high commission in New Delhi,
with consulates in Mumbai andKolkata.
Border killings of Bangladeshi civilians
Deaths of Bangladeshi citizens in the Indo-Bangladesh border became one
of the embarrassments between the two nation’s bilateral relations in
recent years. The so-called ‘shoot-to-kill’ policy by the India’s Border Secu-
rity Forces (BSF) that according to Human Rights Watch killed nearly
1,000 Bangladeshis between 2001 and 2011 has remained at the core
of the talks between Bangladeshi and Indian officials visiting each other
While anger grew in Bangladesh because of the continued BSF shoot-
ings and subsequent deaths, Indian
officials argue that heightened security has followed the in-
creasing flow of illegal migrations into India as well as continued misuse
of the border by illicit traders.
The Bangladeshi deaths caused by BSF shootings at the border became
subject to a so-called cyber war between the hackers of the two coun-
tries the cyber attacks on Indian websites
Recent Developments:
In September 2011, the two countries signed a major accord on border demarcation to
end the 4-decade old disputes over boundaries
On 9 October 2011, Indian and Bangladeshi armies participated in Sampriti-II (Unity-II), a
14-day-long Joint military exercise at Sylhet to increase synergy between their forces
In 2012, Bangladesh allowed India’s Oil and Natural Gas Corporation to ferry heavy ma-
chinery, turbines and cargo through Ashuganj for Palatana Power project in south-
ernTripura
From October 2013, India started exporting 500 MW of electricity a day to Bangladesh
over a period of 35 years