1) The document discusses models of public policy formulation, including identifying problems, establishing policy objectives, and implementing solutions.
2) It outlines several factors that influence public policy implementation, including political culture, public opinion, social systems, and economic conditions within a society.
3) The policy process involves many actors at both the micro and macro levels, including various governmental and non-governmental groups, who all play roles in decision making.
This document outlines several theoretical approaches to public policy:
1. Institutional theory views public policy as an output of government institutions which give policies legitimacy.
2. Rational theory holds that policymakers should select the policy that maximizes social benefits over costs.
3. The garbage can model critiques rational theory, arguing that organizations function by problems and solutions intersecting unpredictably.
4. Incremental theory sees policy as continuing previous approaches with minimal changes. Other theories discussed include mixed scanning, interest groups, elites, game theory, and public choice. Theories help simplify reality and direct research, though most real policies combine elements of multiple theories.
This document provides an overview of public policy definitions, approaches, and processes. It begins by defining public policy as systems of laws, regulations, and actions by governmental entities to address public issues. The traditional views of public policy are discussed, including definitions that focus on the dichotomy between politics and administration.
The document then examines several models of public policy analysis, including the institutional, process, group, elite, rational, incremental, game theory, public choice, and systems models. It discusses the importance of models in creating order, simplifying complexity, and identifying key elements in the policy process like institutions, stakeholders, formulation, and evaluation.
This document discusses agenda setting in public policymaking. It defines agenda setting as the process of adopting social issues or problems as policy problems to be addressed by the government. The document outlines the five stages of policymaking according to Kingdon: agenda setting, formulation, adoption, implementation, and evaluation. It describes different levels of agendas, from the agenda universe to the decision agenda. Finally, it discusses actors involved in shaping policy agendas, including political officials, civil society, international organizations, and the public. It also summarizes Kingdon's model of three streams that influence when an issue gets on the political agenda.
- Public policy is defined as actions or decisions by government to address public issues through laws, regulations, or programs.
- Three main approaches to analyzing public policy are empirical, which examines facts and impacts; valuative, which determines the worth of policies; and normative, which recommends courses of action.
- Key theories for studying public policy include political systems theory, which views policy as responses to demands on government; group theory, which sees policy as outcomes of group competition and influence; and elite theory, which posits that elites set the policy agenda to serve their own interests.
This document outlines the public policy formulation process. It begins with defining key concepts like policy and public policy. The public policy formulation process has four phases - initiation, generation, implementation, and evaluation. The initiation phase involves agenda-setting, identifying policy issues, and stakeholder engagement. The generation phase is when policies are formulated and drafted. Implementation involves enacting the policies. Evaluation is monitoring and assessing the policies. The document provides details on steps like policy analysis and stakeholder consultation that are part of the initiation and generation phases of the public policy formulation process.
Introduction to Public Policy for Master of Business StudiesKhemraj Subedi
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines key terms like policy, analysis, and public policy. Public policy is described as a course of action by governments to address citizen needs and maintain order. Policy analysis involves assessing alternatives to satisfy goals. The document outlines the main actors in policymaking like legislatures and executives. It also describes characteristics of public policy, the stages of the policy process, and the theory of public choice, which applies economic concepts like rational self-interest to political behavior. Public choice theory posits that politicians, voters, bureaucrats, and interest groups act in their own self-interest in the policy process.
This document provides an overview of public policy for students in public policy and economics programs. It defines key terms related to public policy, examines the nature and importance of public policy, and discusses some specific policy areas. The learning objectives are to define public policy terms, analyze the importance of policy, describe the nature and characteristics of policy, examine what policies do, and examine the rationale for public policy. It provides definitions of policy, discusses elements and goals of policy, and distinguishes between policy outputs and outcomes. It also covers the relationship between politics and public policy.
Models of policy making and the concept of power in policyNayyar Kazmi
The document discusses different models of policy making and concepts of power in policy making. It describes four models:
1) The rational model which aims to make the best decision by defining problems, establishing goals, generating alternatives, and selecting the best option.
2) The bounded rationality model which aims for a satisfactory decision by analyzing problems and establishing criteria for acceptable solutions.
3) The incremental model which involves successive limited comparisons and trial-and-error adjustments.
4) The mixed scanning model which combines bounded rationality and incrementalism, using broad goals to guide incremental decisions.
The document also discusses three dimensions of power: decision making power, agenda-setting power, and thought control power. It outlines three sources
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines policy analysis as using evidence and reason to select the best policy among alternatives to address a problem. The summary discusses three key points:
1) Policy analysis integrates methods from multiple disciplines like political science, economics, and sociology to produce information relevant to policy problems, potential solutions, and outcomes.
2) There are three main forms of policy analysis: prospective focuses on predicting future impacts before implementation; retrospective examines past policies after implementation; and integrated combines both approaches.
3) A good policy analysis considers what is known empirically, what is valued, and what actions should be taken to resolve issues - requiring the use of descriptive, normative,
This document discusses several approaches to policy making models, including:
- Incremental policy making, which relies on interaction rather than complete analysis and aims for limited adjustments rather than sweeping reforms.
- Lasswell's approach, which suggests seven stages of policy processes including intelligence, promotion, prescription, invocation, application, termination, and appraisal.
- Easton's model of interactive stages of input, throughput, output, and feedback, which may not accurately describe policy making in developing countries.
The document discusses the nature of public policy and the policy process in the Philippines. It defines public policy as the government's attempt to address public issues through laws, regulations, and actions. The public policy process in the Philippines involves several stages: agenda setting, formulation, adoption, formalization, implementation, and evaluation. Key institutions involved include Congress, the executive branch, and local governments. The Philippine Development Plan for 2017-2022 aims for inclusive growth through three pillars: regaining public trust, increasing opportunities, and sustainable economic growth. Recommendations include making the policy process more innovative and inclusive.
Implementation, viewed broadly, means administering adopted policies through various actors, organizations, procedures and techniques working together to achieve policy goals. It can involve informing people about policies, making new behaviors easier to adopt through inducement, enforcing policies through penalties or compensation, or offering benefits to incentivize implementation. There is often a gap between policies and their implementation, called a policy failure, which can take the form of non-implementation if a policy is not put into effect, or unsuccessful implementation if external factors prevent goals from being achieved despite full implementation.
PUBLIC POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION: AND OVERVIEWAletha
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It discusses four main intellectual imperatives in the field: 1) holism and modeling the whole policy process, 2) examining the consequences of policies, 3) producing useful knowledge, and 4) ensuring democracy. The field draws from multiple origins like America, France, Germany, and Latin America. It covers defining public policy, the structure of the field, and its historical development focused on understanding the world and enacting change. Research examines topics like the policy cycle, issue typologies, behavioral outcomes, and democratic participation. The overall goal is a holistic and problem-solving approach.
This document provides an introduction to public policy. It defines public policy as actions taken by governments to address public issues through laws, regulations, funding, and programs. The document outlines the framework for developing public policy, including setting objectives and targets, identifying alternatives, designing and implementing programs, and evaluating impacts. It also discusses different analytical approaches to public policy, the stages of the policy process, challenges with implementation, and criteria for evaluating policies. Key topics covered include the roles of government, rationales for public policy, categories of policies, and steps for policy analysis.
Public policy is formulated to address problems that jeopardize societal well-being. Once a policy problem is identified, the objectives of the policy are established to reduce the problem in a way that is acceptable to both policy administrators and those affected. There are many factors that influence public policy formulation, including political and societal forces, environmental contexts, and different actors. Ultimately, the goal of policy formulation is to identify problems, set objectives to address them, and develop strategies to implement solutions.
The document discusses policy evaluation, which uses social science research methods like qualitative and quantitative techniques to examine the effects of policies. There are four key criteria for policy evaluation: utility, feasibility, propriety, and accuracy. The document also outlines the differences between summative and formative evaluation, and provides a 7-step process for conducting policy evaluations that includes defining the purpose, specifying an evaluation design, creating a data collection plan, analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and providing feedback for program improvement.
The lecture discusses the first stage of the policy process - problem delimitation and recognition. It defines what constitutes a problem, social problem, and policy problem. A social problem becomes a policy problem if it can be addressed through public policy. Problem delimitation in public policy involves structuring and specifying issues to help define the scope of potential solutions. Different problems have varying levels of agreement on values/knowledge, from well-structured to unstructured. The theory of agenda setting explains how issues rise on the agendas of public, policymakers and government. The stage model of the policy cycle is used to analyze the process, though it has limitations as policymaking is complex and non-linear.
- Public policy can be defined as "anything a government chooses to do or not to do" according to Thomas Dye. This definition emphasizes that governments are the primary actors in public policy and their decisions, whether to act or not act, constitute public policy.
- Governments are uniquely able to make authoritative decisions on behalf of citizens, backed by legislation. Public policy also involves a series of interrelated decisions made across government to address problems.
- Studying public policy allows us to scientifically understand the causes and consequences of policies, help solve practical problems, and make policy recommendations. It also allows us to learn what governments are doing in key areas, the causes of their decisions, and the impacts of their policies
This document discusses policy implementation. It defines implementation as converting policy intentions into actions and outcomes. It describes top-down and bottom-up approaches to implementation and categories for identifying problems. Challenges to implementation include lack of support, capacity issues, and barriers like weak political support, poor design, and limited funding. Strategies for managers include designing policies with implementation in mind, mobilizing resources quickly while building capacity, and managing the change process. Understanding context is also important to successful implementation.
This document discusses the field of public policy and whether it can be considered an academic discipline. While there is no single definition of public policy or unifying theory, the field encompasses policy process, analysis, and evaluation studies. These subfields developed independently but are connected by their focus on identifying social problems, formulating solutions, and assessing impacts. Though early visions of a unified policy science were contradictory and fractured the field, policy scholars have constructed various conceptual frameworks within different policy orientations. The field of public policy remains pluralistic but coherent, guided by core research questions rather than a single definition or theory.
Explain the six step model for public policy by SYED SALMAN JALAL KAKA KHELSalman Kaka Khel
The six step model for public policy formation prescribed by Patton and Sawicki (1986) includes: 1) Verify and define the problem, 2) Establish evaluation criteria, 3) Identify alternative policies, 4) Evaluate alternative policies, 5) Select among alternative policies, and 6) Monitor policy outcomes. However, the model has limitations as public policy problems are complex, models provide frameworks not concrete methods, and perfect adherence to a model could still produce a flawed policy.
The document outlines the key stages of the policy making process:
1) Issue identification where problems are publicized and gain government attention
2) Agenda setting where the government begins serious consideration of issues
3) Policy formulation where various alternatives are developed and considered
4) Policy adoption where policies are legitimized through official government statements and actions
5) Policy implementation which involves all activities that result from officially adopting a policy.
This document discusses different types of policies and the policy development process. It outlines that there are substantive/administrative policies, vertical/horizontal policies, and reactive/proactive policies. It also explains that policy development involves selecting an objective, identifying targets, determining pathways, designing programs, implementing, and assessing impact. The goal of public policy is to achieve outcomes that benefit society such as reducing poverty through various policy pathways.
This document outlines the eight stages of policy formulation: 1) identifying the problem, 2) reviewing existing policies, 3) developing alternative solutions, 4) setting goals, 5) building public support, 6) legislating or announcing the policy, 7) implementing the policy, and 8) evaluating the policy. It defines policy as a formal statement by an organization to address issues like poverty or the environment. The stages involve thoroughly understanding the problem, exploring options, gaining support, enacting and enforcing the policy, and assessing its effectiveness.
Policies should be known and understood by all affected parties in writing. They should be stable, consistent across all levels and departments, and sincere in their intentions. Policies also need to be realistic about present conditions, aligned with shared goals, forward-looking, focused on outcomes over methods, and inclusive of different viewpoints. Planning relates to the overall management process of an organization.
The document compares several models and frameworks of the policy process:
1. David Easton's systems theory model views policymaking as a "black box" that translates various inputs like public opinion and interest groups into policy outputs like laws and decisions.
2. Other frameworks examined include Elinor Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development Framework, Paul Sabatier's Advocacy Coalition Framework, John Kingdon's Multiple Streams approach, and William and Frances Berry's Policy Innovations framework.
3. The frameworks are compared based on criteria like the levels of analysis, variables and relationships between actors, scope, and types of actors and units of analysis they consider.
This document discusses the process of public policy formulation. It defines public policy as plans or actions undertaken by government to achieve broad goals affecting citizens. The policy process is described as cyclical, involving problem identification, assessment, solution development, implementation, and review. Key aspects of policy formulation discussed include setting the policy agenda, developing potential solutions, and constraints influencing decision making such as public opinion, economic factors, and political realities. The stages of policy implementation and potential gaps between policy design and real-world application are also outlined.
The document discusses policy implementation, which involves carrying out the activities designed by the legislative branch to achieve its policy goals. This includes establishing and staffing new agencies or assigning new responsibilities to existing agencies. The implementing agencies then translate the legislative intent into operational rules and guidelines, and coordinate resources and personnel to achieve the intended goals.
Here are a few examples of areas where public policy could be developed or improved:
- Healthcare policy - policies around access to healthcare, costs of healthcare, Medicare/Medicaid could be developed or revised.
- Education policy - policies around K-12 or higher education funding, school choice, curriculum standards, teacher pay could be addressed.
- Housing policy - policies around affordable housing, homelessness, rent control, or property taxes could be examined.
- Transportation policy - policies around infrastructure funding, public transit, vehicle fuel efficiency, or road usage fees may need updates.
- Environmental policy - policies around climate change, renewable energy, pollution, or conservation could be strengthened.
- Criminal justice policy -
Role of bureaucracy in formulation of foreign policy.Tahir Farooq
Bureaucracies play an important role in foreign policy formulation according to the bureaucratic politics model. They generate the information and policy alternatives presented to policymakers. Bureaucracies also frame issues according to their interests and perspectives. Additionally, bureaucracies influence policy through negotiating their positions within the power structures of government. Allison applied this model to explain the Cuban Missile Crisis as the result of bargaining between government actors rather than a unified decision. However, critics argue it obscures the president's control over policy and implementation.
The document discusses key concepts related to public policy including definitions of public policy, the aims and nature of public policy, and the policy-making process. It outlines the major steps in the policy-making process including agenda setting, policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation. It also discusses the roles of different players and advocacy in shaping public policy. Lastly, it provides an overview of the legislative process in the Philippine government.
This document outlines factors that contribute to both the success and failure of social programs. Key factors for success include social acceptability, unity of purpose among all groups, and having a critical mass of supporters. Sufficient resources, clear communication and coordination are also important. Potential barriers include a lack of defined aims or objectives, problematic attitudes, limited resources and support, unpreparedness, and over-reliance on outside help.
Good Governance : Origin, concepts and componentsNayana Renukumar
The presentation speaks about the origin of Good Governance, its major definitions, key components and strategies. The presentations also dwells upon the Good Governance scenario in India as well that in the state of Andhra Pradesh
1. The document compares several policy frameworks and theories, including Easton's systems theory, Ostrom's IAD framework, Sabatier's ACF, Kingdon's multiple streams approach, and others.
2. It evaluates the frameworks based on criteria like types of actors, units of analysis, variables and relationships between actors, levels of analysis, and scope.
3. The frameworks are also compared in terms of how they model individuals, collective action, institutions, and conceptualize policy change. The institutional analysis and development framework provides the most comprehensive approach.
The document discusses models and theories of public policy including elite theory, group theory, and rational choice theory. It outlines the policy process model involving problem definition, agenda setting, policy formulation, legitimation, implementation, and evaluation. Key aspects of the policy process model are problem definition, agenda setting, policy formulation, implementation which involves agencies making law, and evaluation and potential policy change. Oversight of agencies occurs through administrative procedures, economic analysis, and congressional and presidential oversight.
Public policy is formulated to address problems that jeopardize societal well-being. Once a policy problem is identified, the objectives of the policy are established to reduce the problem in a way that is acceptable to both policy administrators and those affected. There are many forces that influence public policy formulation, including societal groups and state-centered actors, and policies go through stages from agenda-setting to implementation and evaluation. Successful policies require adequate resources and personnel as well as cultural acceptance to achieve their objectives through implementation.
This document outlines 10 different theories or models of public policy: Institutionalism, Process Model, Group Theory, Elite Theory, Rationalism, Incrementalism, Game Theory, Public Choice, Systems Theory, and Kingdon-Garbage Can Model. For each model, it identifies who participates in policymaking according to the theory, how policy decisions are made, and the underlying assumptions of the theory. The theories provide different perspectives on the public policy process and outcomes.
Policy report final by Merlinda D Gorriceta, Joy S Sumortin, Derna F BancienDer Na Fuente Bella
The document discusses various models and methodologies used in policy analysis, including rational, incremental, group, elite, and systems models. It also covers qualitative and quantitative research methods used in policy analysis like case studies, surveys, and statistical analysis. The document provides examples of different types of policy analysis, such as ethical, strategic, and operational policy components.
This document provides an introduction to public policy analysis. It defines key terms like policy, analysis, and public policy analysis. Public policy is described as a course of action by governments to address citizen needs based on constitutional rules. Public policy analysis involves assessing alternatives to satisfy goals. The document outlines different perspectives on the meaning and characteristics of public policy, as well as the key stages and theories involved, including the theory of public choice. Public choice theory applies economic principles like rational self-interest to political behavior and decision-making. Finally, the document presents a model of the linkages between environmental forces, political systems, and public policies.
This document provides an overview of comparative politics analysis and the policymaking process. It discusses the key stages of policymaking including problem definition, agenda setting, decision making, implementation, and evaluation. It describes analytical frameworks for understanding policies and compares policymaking systems across countries. The document also examines factors that influence each stage of policymaking and criteria for assessing implementation effectiveness.
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Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn to:
•Demonstrate knowledge of the key concepts in public policy formulation and adoption.
•Identify the key actors involved in public policy formulation and adoption.
•Identify the different arenas of influence and contexts in which public policy formulation and
adoption occur.
Formulating, Designing,
and Adopting Policy
5
the80472_05_c05_145-188.indd 145 11/21/12 12:48 PM
Section 5.1 What Is Policy Formulation? CHAPTER 5
Federal public policies do not just appear; they have to be created or designed and then adopted by an authoritative decision-making body. If policies are to solve per-ceived problems or emerging issues, then analysis of the most appropriate action
to address the problem must take place. As Chapter 1 discussed, policy makers can then
choose which type of policy to formulate and adopt. The choice of policy type will also
include decisions about who will benefit and who will bear the burden of the policy, based
on how groups are socially constructed. In essence, this amounts to which target popula-
tion will be affected by the policy. Groups that society perceives negatively will either be
ignored or negatively affected by the policy. Analysis involves policy makers’ choosing
among alternative courses of action. Inherent in this process is the fact that policy makers
must deal with the question of policy design—selecting the correct set of instruments that
can actually be adopted and best match the problem. Simply, for successful policy formu-
lation, a policy must be politically adoptable. Ideally, the best policy formulation solves
the identified problem. In actuality, policy formulation is a political exercise in which the
best policy is often sacrificed in favor of an adoptable policy. In sum, the policy must be
acceptable to those who adopt policy as well as to target populations. Just as a football
team needs support to help it play well, policy formulation is influenced heavily by policy
makers’ need to win support for their proposed policy from policy actors within the for-
mal institutions of government and society as a whole.
Once policy alternatives are designed, however, some kind of governmental decision must
be made regarding the direction and type of governmental action that will follow. This
seemingly simple act of making the decision to adopt a proposed course of policy action
represents a defining moment in the policy process. Only by adopting policies can a pro-
posed course of action garner legitimacy within the political and public arena. In sum, the
policy adoption stage represents the critical stage in which policy makers politically explore
alternatives in the law-making arenas, conduct debate and negotiate within the legislative
bodies, and take official actions to promote specific legislative positions over others.
5.1 What Is Policy Formulation?
Once a problem or issue is on the public age ...
Public relations in policy evaluation and implementationBolaji Okusaga
The role of Public Relations in helping to create an ambient environment for policy discussions and policy engagement continues to come under focus. This presentation discusses best practice route to attaining that objective.
This document discusses strategies for effectively executing public policy through strategic management and benchmarking. It defines key concepts in public policy including agenda setting, formulation, implementation, and evaluation. Strategic management in the public sector faces challenges in maintaining long-term consistency and accountability. Benchmarking systematically compares processes to best practices. The National Economic and Development Authority plays a role in Philippine development planning, coordination, and project evaluation to strategically achieve national goals.
Executing public policy with strategic management and benchmarkingMildred Villacorta
This document discusses strategies for effectively executing public policy through strategic management and benchmarking. It defines key concepts like public policy, the policymaking process, and benchmarking. The main points are:
1) Strategic management in the public sector faces challenges of maintaining long-term policy consistency and accountability across changes.
2) Benchmarking systematically compares processes to competitors or best practices to improve performance.
3) The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) plays a key role in Philippine development planning, policy coordination, and project evaluation to strategically achieve national goals.
Public policies are goal-oriented decisions made by governments to address certain issues and problems. They can be positive, involving governmental action, or negative, involving inaction. Public policies are the result of collective actions by government officials and actors. They take a variety of forms like laws, ordinances, and executive orders. Public policies establish boundaries for freedom in political, social, and economic systems and influence how citizens interact with each other in these spheres. Understanding public policies helps reveal a government's intentions for different sectors and allow citizens to assess the impact of these policies.
This document discusses public policy definitions and approaches. It provides definitions of public policy from various sources, describing it as the authoritative allocation of values, the process of deciding resources, or what government chooses to do about problems. Traditional views see it as laws and regulations, or whatever governments do or don't do. Approaches include being analycentric, focusing on the policy process, or taking a meta-policy systems perspective. The document also discusses the public policy process in the Philippines, covering agenda setting, formulation, legitimation, implementation, and evaluation. It outlines government bodies and stakeholders involved in public policy in the Philippines.
This document provides an overview of public policy definitions, approaches, and processes. It begins by defining public policy as systems of laws, regulations, and actions by governmental entities to address public issues. The traditional views of public policy are discussed, including definitions that focus on the dichotomy between politics and administration.
The document then covers several models of public policy analysis, including the institutional, process, group, elite, rational, incremental, game theory, public choice, and systems models. It explains the prospective, retrospective, and integrated approaches to policy analysis. Finally, key aspects of public policy in the Philippines are summarized, such as the role of the National Economic Development Authority and common problems and criticisms.
This document discusses public policy definitions and approaches. It provides definitions of public policy from various sources, describing it as the authoritative allocation of values, the process of deciding resources, or what government chooses to do about problems. Traditional views see it as laws and regulations, or whatever governments do or don't do. Approaches include being analycentric, focusing on the policy process, or taking a meta-policy systems perspective. The document also discusses the public policy process in the Philippines, covering agenda setting, formulation, legitimation, implementation, and evaluation. It outlines government bodies and stakeholders involved in public policy in the Philippines.
This document provides an overview of public policy definitions, approaches, and processes. It begins by defining public policy and describing the traditional views of policymaking. It then discusses some key models and approaches to policy analysis, including the institutional, process, group, elite, rational, incremental, game theory, public choice, and systems models. The document also outlines the major components of the public policy process, including agenda setting, formulation, legitimization, implementation, and evaluation. Finally, it discusses public policy in the Philippines specifically, covering institutions like NEDA, the policy stream, stakeholders, and some criticisms of policymaking.
The document discusses various theories and approaches related to decision making. It begins by defining decision analysis and outlining the key stages in the policy cycle where decisions are made. It then discusses rationality and decision making, focusing on economic and bureaucratic rationality. Rational choice theory is examined next, including its key assumptions. The document also covers Herbert Simon's theory of bounded rationality, incrementalism, and mixed scanning theory as a third approach. It concludes by discussing constraint theory and the economic and political constraints on decision making.
The document discusses the definition and process of public policymaking in the United States. It defines public policy as plans or actions by the government that address domestic issues of national importance. It then outlines the 5 main steps in the policymaking process: 1) agenda setting, 2) policy formation, 3) policy adoption, 4) policy implementation, and 5) policy evaluation and change. Societal issues and problems are the main catalyst for getting items onto the public policy agenda.
This document provides an overview of policy analysis. It defines policy analysis as a rational, systematic approach to making policy choices in the public sector by generating information on the potential consequences of various policy options. The document then outlines several theoretical approaches to policy analysis, including political systems theory, group theory, elite theory, institutionalism, and rational choice theory. It also describes the typical steps involved in policy analysis, such as identifying the problem, objectives, criteria for evaluation, alternative policies, analysing each policy's potential consequences, and comparing the alternatives.
Below are some terms and concepts you should be familiar with for .docxAASTHA76
Below are some terms and concepts you should be familiar with for the exam. - Be clear on the differences between Marx, Weber, and the functionalist perspective when used to explain class inequality - Make sure to understand how claimsmakers and policymakers have similar restraints when it comes to their respective roles in the social problems process - Be clear on the differences of causal stories in policymaking - Know the difference between prejudice and discrimination and the different types of discrimination - Be clear on the different types of feminism and what makes them different.
Here are some of the slides not to copy but only to understand.
Most claimsmakers hope to do more than just draw attention to a troubling situation To that end claimsmakers seek to solve social problems through policymakers, those who have the power to make policy changes Policy largely refers to laws; laws define what is and is not legitimate within a particular environment; they are key to our social norms.
Policy making
Other types of policies include the rules and practices of non-legislative entities, such as corporation, churches, professions, charities, etc Non-legislative entities have polices that have direct influence on many social problems and require the attention of claimsmakers Both of these environments are part of a policy domain, a part of the political system that focuses on a particular troubling situation
Influencing policymaking As it relates to creating and changing policies within congress, researchers have identified three social streams that are involved in that process: -Problem recognition stream: a set of claims that policymakers hear about in a troubling situation -Policy proposal stream: a set of policy proposals that policy makers hear for addressing a troubling situation -Political stream: the current political situation recognized by policymakers in which a troubling situation might be addressed -When all streams merge it is called a confluence
Social pressures/constraints on policymakers Media coverage/publicity- depending on how much publicity a troubling issue gets a policy may be easier or harder to pass Expectations from constituents- the power and social status of a social problem’s constituents also provide pressure and constraints on policymakers Conflicting demands- because lobbying can take place from different sources policymakers have to sometimes juggle the demands from each side Limited resources- the amount of physical resources needed to solve a problem affects whether a policy is created or changed.
Symbolic politics and the rhetoric of policymaking Just like claimsmakers, policymakers must explain and justify why their policies are the right decision To that end, policymakers have to create causal stories, a story that classifies a troubling situation in a familiar category to the nature of its cause Types of causal stories are characterized as accidental (the antecedents and consequences of a soci ...
it provide you information about public policy definition, its elements , policy cycle and its importance.These 8 lectures provide you the complete knowledge about public policy analysis.
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This document discusses several key concepts related to health policy:
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2. It outlines five areas for building healthy public policy: building healthy environments, strengthening communities, developing personal skills, reorienting healthcare services, and advocating for these changes.
3. It discusses prevention strategies starting from changing social and environmental risk factors and continuing support for at-risk groups. Prevention strategies are amenable to policy changes.
Public Health Questions and Answers for StudentsNayyar Kazmi
This document contains definitions and explanations of key epidemiological concepts and study designs. It discusses topics such as epidemiology and its uses, the epidemiological triad, retrospective and prospective study designs, case-control and cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, sampling methods, epidemic and pandemic diseases, prevalence and incidence rates, and primary and secondary cases.
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This document provides an overview of the fifth edition of the textbook "An Introduction to Community Health" by James F. McKenzie, Robert R. Pinger, and Jerome E. Kotecki. It includes information about the authors, copyright details, cataloging data, and a dedication. The book is published by Jones and Bartlett Publishers and covers topics such as community health organizations, epidemiology, health conditions, and health care delivery systems. It is intended to be used by students studying community health.
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The document discusses income statements, cash flow, and the statement of cash flows. It defines income as earnings from operations, expenses as costs to earn income, and profit as income minus expenses. It explains that cash flow shows where cash came from and was spent, and the statement of cash flows categorizes these cash flows into operating, investing, and financing activities to evaluate a company's liquidity, solvency, and flexibility.
Financial management and accounting part-iiiNayyar Kazmi
The document discusses several financial management topics for health organizations, including reconciliation, re-appropriation, cash handling, and inventory management. Reconciliation involves comparing accounts to records from other sources like banks to ensure accuracy. Re-appropriation reallocates funds from areas with savings to areas needing more expenses. Inventory management implements policies to meet inventory goals and control is critical for businesses where inventory is significant.
This document discusses methods for assessing the nutritional status of communities, including anthropometric measurements, clinical examinations, biochemical testing, repeated surveys, growth monitoring, sentinel site surveillance, and school census data. It emphasizes the importance of analyzing the underlying causes of malnutrition by combining nutritional status data with information on food access, health, and care practices through participatory appraisals and problem tree analysis. Integrating multi-sectoral information through tools like Nutrition Country Profiles and Nutrition Information in Crisis Situations reports allows for more appropriate responses to nutritional problems.
Common pakistani foods what our diet suffers fromNayyar Kazmi
The document groups Pakistani diets by income level and region, noting dietary habits and related health problems. High income groups consume excessive junk food and calories, leading to obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Average income groups fluctuate between junk food and traditional items as income rises. Low income groups rely mainly on cereals and are deficient in proteins and minerals, consuming wheat, flour, tea, ghee and sugar, resulting in deficiencies and food safety issues like contamination.
The document discusses the roles of the state and private sector in health policy and agenda setting. It outlines several ways that states may regulate health issues like family planning and medical practices. The main justifications for state involvement are market failure, information asymmetry, uncertain healthcare costs, and achieving equity. The document also discusses how neo-liberal economic theories have influenced greater private sector involvement and reduced state roles. Private sector actors like industry groups lobby governments and influence policy agendas through various regulatory and agenda-setting strategies.
Organizing the personnel in a hospitalNayyar Kazmi
The document discusses establishing a strong human resource development (HRD) system in a hospital. It emphasizes that HRD is a strategic management area that focuses on an organization's employees, who represent the most valuable resource. An effective HRD system improves employee performance and productivity, helps the organization achieve its goals, and increases job satisfaction. The document provides questions to assess a hospital's current HRD system and makes recommendations for creating an HRM section, maintaining employee records, analyzing HRM data to identify training needs, and developing an HRM strategy.
This document provides an introduction to financial accounting. It discusses key topics such as the nature and purpose of accounting, accounting as an aid to decision making, the major financial statements including the balance sheet, and different forms of business ownership like sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. The balance sheet, in particular, is explained in detail including its key components of assets, liabilities, and owners' equity.
Introduction to public health nutritionNayyar Kazmi
This document provides an introduction to public health nutrition. It defines nutrition as the process of consuming, digesting, absorbing nutrients from food for growth, health and development. It defines public health nutrition as issues that affect the nutritional status of communities including food shortages, cultural food practices, dietary lifestyles, food safety, food laws, and interventions for nutritional assessment.
The document discusses different models of political and health policy decision making, including rational, bounded rationality, incremental, and mixed scanning approaches. The rational model involves logically identifying problems, goals, and alternative strategies. The bounded rationality model acknowledges real-world constraints on rational decisions. The incremental model involves small, conservative steps from the status quo. The mixed scanning model combines overall burden estimation with specific intervention analysis.
Monitoring and Evaluation of Health ServicesNayyar Kazmi
This document provides an overview of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of health services. It discusses the key differences between monitoring and evaluation, and explains that M&E is important to assess whether health programs and services are achieving their goals and objectives. The document also outlines the main components and steps involved in conducting evaluations, including developing indicators, collecting and analyzing data, reporting findings, and implementing recommendations.
Documentation and implementation in health care planning ivNayyar Kazmi
The document discusses documentation, programming, and implementation for projects. It explains that documentation helps standardize and understand what needs to be done. Programming addresses guidelines for activities including who, what, how, when, and monitoring. The Logical Framework Analysis is introduced as a planning tool that creates goals and objectives with indicators, means of verification, and assumptions/risks. Implementation involves carrying out activities using tools like Gantt charts and project management techniques.
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February 17, 2024, Meet Mack Monday Zoom MeetingJohnMackNewtown
The goal of Meet Mack Monday Zoom meetings is to inform residents of township issues that impact them and to get feedback and comments from residents about such issues. This helps me keep better informed of residents’ concerns when I vote on the issues at Board of Supervisors meetings. this meeting focused on LED Streetlight Project – What’s the Savings? Trash Collection Rising Rates – Time for a Change Borscht Belt Neon Sign Decision Update, Newtown Place Apartments – Revised Plan, Single-Use Plastics Ban – What You Need to Know, Bucks NAACP Race & Policing Report Briefing Summary, Mack’s Pothole Patrol: If You See Something, Say Something! Human Relations Commission Report: Proposed Mural Project, What’s With Wawa on Bypass?
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February 2024 Issue of Newtown News of InterestJohnMackNewtown
Welcome to the VIDEO EDITION of the February 2024 News of Interest e-newsletter. This version includes updates to some of the stories covered in the 2 February 2024 email version. This issue includes Borscht Deli Neon Sign Appeal Denied, Grant Awarded for Pedestrian Safety Improvements, Reportable Traffic Accidents Up More Than 100%, New Indian Restaurant Coming While Another is Going, Peaceful Anti and Pro Israel Demonstrations, more...
March 25, 2024, Meet Mack Monday Zoom MeetingJohnMackNewtown
The goal of Meet Mack Monday Zoom meetings is to inform residents of township issues that impact them and to get feedback and comments from residents about such issues. This helps me keep better informed of residents’ concerns when I vote on the issues at Board of Supervisors meetings. This meeting covered License Plate Reader Cameras Approved, Newtown Artesian Water PFAS Filtration Plan, Roberts Ridge Park Lawn to Meadow Conversion, Proposed Durham Rd Day Care & Medical Buildings, Dealing with Trash on the Trail , Comprehensive Plan Update, Washington Crossing Bridge Replacement Plan, Problems with the LDR Trail Guiderail
Global Cybersecurity Agencies Issue Joint Advisory on APT40 Cyber Espionage T...CyberPro Magazine
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April 19, 2024, Meet Mack Monday Zoom MeetingJohnMackNewtown
The goal of Meet Mack Monday Zoom meetings is to inform residents of township issues that impact them and to get feedback and comments from residents about such issues. This helps me keep better informed of residents’ concerns when I vote on the issues at Board of Supervisors meetings. This meeting focused on Chick-fil-A on the Bypass Update, Plastic Bag Ban Begins, Re-Revised Corners at Newtown Housing Plan, Comprehensive Plan Housing Analysis, Washington Crossing Bridge Replacement – BOS Response, Debt Service Loan RFP – LED Streetlights & Additional Road Paving, “Dolington Deep Ditch” Along LDR Trail
PepNewz - Stay connected to the rest of the worldPepNewz
Stay connected with PepNewz, your go-to source for the latest and critical news on entertainment, technology, politics, lifestyle, business, sports, auto, and more. Our platform offers up-to-date political news and Bollywood latest updates, all in one place. For those who enjoy a bit of extra flair, our Peppy news corner delivers just the right amount of spice. We also welcome bloggers to submit guest posts and articles on various topics, making PepNewz one of the top guest posting sites. Stay informed and engaged with PepNewz, the most authentic news source!
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Right to Know Request Responses from WoodsvilleRich Bergeron
Text Messages between Woodsville Administrator Kevin Shelton and Haverhill Select Board Members Kevin Knapp, and Steve Robbins. Related to right to know request filed by www.planbjustice.com
1. Models of
Public Policy Formulation
• Why public policy formulated.
• Problem identification: A set of conditions that is perceived to
jeopardize the general well being of society.
• Once policy problems is identified the objectives of the policy are
established, usually expressed in terms of ends which are desirable.
• Generally public policy is aimed at reducing problem, the objective
must be acceptable to both those administering the policy and those
affected by it.
2. Figure 1. Linear Model of the
Public Policy process
Prediction
And
prescription
Policymaker Policy Choice Implementation
Policy
outcome
Societal Centered Forces
• Classes
• Interest Groups
• Parties & Voters
State Centered Forces
• Technocrats
• Bureaucrats
• State Interests
Source: Meier 1991
3. Figure 2.
Phases of the policy process
On Agenda
Not on Agenda
Agenda Phase
Issues
Decision for
Reform
Decision
Against
reform
Decision
Phase
Successful
Implementation
Unsuccessful
Implementation
Implementation
Phase
Source: Grindle & Thomas
4. Actors
and their roles
• Technocrats
• Bureaucrats
• Interest Groups
• Politicians
• Donors
• Knowledge
• Institution
• Representation
• Power
• Influence
ACTOR ROLE
Source: Walt and Gilson, 1994
5. Public Policy Process
/Formulation
Policy
Terminology
Ist stage
problem
formation
2nd
stage
Policy Agenda
3rd
stage
Policy
formulation
4th
stage
Policy
adoption
5th
stage
Policy
implementation
6th
stage
Policy
Evaluation
Formal
Definition
Relief is
sought from a
situation that
produces a
human need,
deprivation,
or
dissatisfactio
n
Problems
among many,
that receive
the
governments
serious
attention
Development
of pertinent
and
acceptable
proposed
courses of
action for
dealing with
public
problems.
Development
of support for
a specific
proposal such
that the policy
legitimized or
authorized.
Application of
the policy by
the
government’s
bureaucratic
machinery to
the problem
Attempt by
the govt. to
determine
whether or
not the policy
has been
effective
Common
sense
Getting the
govt. to see
the problem
Getting the
govt. to begin
to act on the
problem
The govt.’s
proposed
solution to the
problem
Getting the
govt. to
accept a
particular
solution to the
problem
Applying the
govt.’s policy
to the
problem
Did the policy
work
Source: Public Policy and Politics in America by James E. Anderson etal
6. Public
Policy Formulation
– Mostly policies suffer at this stage due to
reasons:
1.Insufficient number of well trained personnel and
inadequate resources.
►In other words for the successful implementation of the
policy there should be equilibrium between the objectives
and resources.
1.Cultural dichotomy between traditional and
modern forces.
• Evaluation
7. Model of public
policy formulation and evaluation
A problems perceived
A set of policy objective established
The consequences of Alternative
Strategies are estimated
The preferred Strategy of Plan
implemented
The consequences of the implemented
Plan are investigated
EvaluationofStrategies
Formative
Summative
Evaluationofperformance
Alternative strategies to attain
The objectives are identified
8. Figure2. Refined Model
of public policy formulation and evaluation
A problems
perceived
A set of policy objective established
The consequences of Alternative
Strategies are estimated
The preferred Strategy of Plan
implemented
The consequences of the implemented
Plan are investigated
Evaluationof
Strategies
Formative
Summative
Evaluationofperformance
Alternative strategies to attain
The objectives are identified
Empirical Analysis of the nature/Extent
/Magnitude of the problems
A range of potential policy
Objective is outlined
Formative
Evaluationof
Strategies
Summative
Evaluationofperformance
9. Factor that influence
Public Policy Implementation:
• Environmental factors:
– Policy making can’t be adequately understood without
understanding environmental factors.
– These are:
• Political Culture
• Public Opinion
• Social System
• Economic system.
10. Factor that influence
Public Policy Implementation
• Political culture:
– Political culture refers to the set of political beliefs and values
that sustain any political system. And it is the political system
that determines the decision making.
– In political culture, goodness, badness, desirability and
undesirability of good action or bad action.
– Sociologist Robin Williams has described “major value
orientation” in America society such as individual freedom,
equity, progress and efficiency. These values and other such as
democracy, individualism, humanitarianism and material
achievements have significance for policy making.
11. Political Culture
– Political cultures differs from society to society due to patterns of
development, environmental conditions and historical factors.
– It is political culture within which decision making occurs.
– In democratic culture official are hold accountable
– Old adage “People have right to be heard and official have a
duty to hear.
– Such conditions contribute towards the existence of
“participatory culture”
12. Public Opinion
• Public opinion refers to the expression of public attitudes or beliefs
about current social, economic and political issues.
• The articulation of opinion depends on the type of political culture.
• The articulation of public opinion is determined by the public interest
which in most cases is not applied equally.
• While examining the impact of public opinion on policy making V.O
Key observes:
“Many, if not most, policy decisions by legislatures and by other
authorities exercising broad discretion are made under circumstances in
which extremely small proportions of the general public have any
awareness of the particular issue, much less any understanding of the
consequences of the decision.
13. Social System
• Societies are not generally homogenous, rather
consist of groups social groups with varying
degree of social, political and economic
influence.
• In pluralist society such groups can mount heavy
pressure on the political system.
• And serve as major source of demands for
policy making.
14. Economic system
• Economic activities varies from society to society. Some
society have very simple economic system but some
have very complex one such as US.
• Economic activities are major source of conflict in
modern societies.
• And those possess economic means control political
power.
• In most of the societies the policy making is the elite
activity and policies are fashioned in way that reflects
elite aspiration.
15. Micro and
Macro politics
• Micropolitics
– Refers to the attempts made by particular companies
or communities to secure favorable govt. action for
their own.
– Micropolitics involves groups or communities at
grassroots level
• Macropolitics
– It involves the community as whole and the leaders of
the govt. in the formation of public policy.
– The participants in the macropolitical arena include
president, executive departments , MP’s and
communication and media persons.
16. Actors in
decision making
• Governmental
– Executive
– Legislature
– Judiciary
• Non-governmental
– Civil Society and NGO
• International
– Countries and International Institutions such
as UN, IMF, World Bank and etc.