The students from Tapovan School visited several millet fields to learn about different types of millets grown in India, including pearl millet, finger millet, foxtail millet, proso millet, and maize. They observed fields of pearl millet, finger millet, rice, pigeon peas, and maize. The document provided background information on the cultivation and uses of these important crops in India and other parts of the world. It described how millets are small-seeded grasses grown in drought-prone areas and are dietary staples in many countries.
This document provides an overview of several types of millets, including sorghum, finger millet, pearl millet, Italian millet, common millet, and kodo millet. It discusses the origin, cultivation regions, uses, and nutritional properties of each millet. Key details include: millets being small-seeded grasses cultivated since pre-historic times in India; sorghum being cultivated in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and other states and having many uses including food, cattle feed, and malting; finger millet growing in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and other states and being rich in vitamins; and pearl millet, Italian millet, common millet, and kodo
Sugarcane Crop Reported By M. Saleem From IUBsaleem944
This document is a presentation on sugarcane that includes sections on its botanical description, history and origin, economic importance, climate and locality requirements, soil preferences, seed rate, sowing time, fertilizer needs, weed control, irrigation requirements, harvesting, typical yields, and common insect pests. It provides details on sugarcane's origins in New Guinea and spread through parts of Asia, Africa and the Americas. It also outlines sugarcane's role as a raw material for the sugar industry and notes its optimal growing temperatures and need for warm, humid climates and fertile soils.
This document provides information about minor millets including their importance, nutritional composition, names, area and production, botany, cultivation practices, varieties, processing, and diseases. It notes that minor millets are an important source of nutrition for millions in dryland and hilly regions of India. The top minor millets by area are finger millet (1201 thousand hectares) and other small millets (585 thousand hectares). Their production levels are 1996 thousand tonnes for finger millet and 374 thousand tonnes for other small millets. The document describes the botanical features and cultivation requirements of various minor millets such as finger millet, foxtail millet, proso millet
T. aestivum (common bread wheat) is one of the main species of wheat grown in India. It originated in SW Asia around 7000 BC and was first cultivated in places like Egypt, Europe, and America. Wheat is an annual grass that grows 60-150 cm tall. It has hollow jointed stems, linear leaves, and an erect spike made of spikelets containing flowers. The fruit is an oblong caryopsis 5-10 mm long. Wheat is processed through harvesting, threshing, winnowing, and milling to produce flour for many uses like bread, pastries, and alcoholic beverages.
Integrated cultural management practices of groundnutICRISAT
Groundnut is one of the important oilseed crops of Odisha. High yielding varieties of groundnut have remarkably increased production of this crop in different growing regions. Knowledge of integrated cultural management practices along with good quality seeds can help to boost the productivity levels of groundnut and improve the economic condition of the farmers.
This document summarizes the history of rice variety development in India. It discusses the establishment of rice breeding programs in India in 1911 and the release of 445 improved varieties by 1950 through pure line selection. It then details the development of high-yielding semi-dwarf varieties following the establishment of IRRI in 1960 and the introduction of the gene for semi-dwarfism from Chinese varieties. Hybrid rice variety development began in 1970 but was unsuccessful until intensified efforts from 1989 onwards led to the release of the first hybrid varieties in 1994. The document also provides an overview of variety release procedures and seed production classifications in India.
This presentation is based on different types of agriculture. It will tell you about how farmers of India use different types of farming techniques in different conditions. Every state has its own way of farming and its technique.
The document discusses several types of small millets including finger millet, foxtail millet, kodo millet, little millet, proso millet, and barnyard millet. It provides details on their drought tolerance, growing conditions, production areas, and uses. Finger millet is highlighted with information on its varieties, cultivation practices, cropping systems, and production in India. The document concludes with brief descriptions of foxtail millet and little millet.
Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) is an annual legume originating from India that has been cultivated as a fiber crop, green manure, forage, and cover crop. It fixes 50-60 kg of nitrogen per hectare, improves soil fertility, suppresses weeds and some plant-parasitic nematodes. Sunn hemp grows well in tropical and subtropical regions with temperatures between 15-27°C, and yields 18-27 tons per hectare of green biomass when grown for fiber or 5-19 tons per hectare of forage. It can be established through broadcasting or row sowing of seeds and is harvested for fiber around 60-90 days after sowing.
Wheat is a major crop in India, grown on 267 lakh hectares and producing 721 lakh tonnes annually. The top wheat producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh, contributing over 99% of India's wheat. When India gained independence in 1947, wheat production was only 6.46 million tonnes due to low-yielding varieties and lack of modern farming techniques. The government launched programs to promote high-yielding varieties and improve productivity, making India now self-sufficient in wheat production.
Extension strategies for popularizing milletStella Mariem
This document discusses strategies for popularizing millet cultivation in India. It notes that millets are well-suited to growing in marginal lands and provide food and fodder. However, millet production faces constraints like low adoption of improved varieties and lack of irrigation. Solutions proposed include growing drought-resistant hybrids, intercropping, and weed management. The document also discusses value addition through processing millet into products like biscuits and developing ethnic foods to increase markets and farmer returns. This could encourage more millet cultivation.
Barley is the fourth most important cereal crop after wheat, maize, and rice. It originated in Asia and Ethiopia and was one of the first crops domesticated along with wheat and peas. Barley is grown for both animal feed and human consumption products. It is well adapted to temperate regions and can tolerate drought and salinity better than other cereals. In Pakistan, barley is grown on around 80,000 hectares annually, producing around 78,000 metric tons, with most production occurring in the provinces of Deir, Bahawalnager, and Bajour agency.
This document provides information on finger millet (Ragi), including its scientific name, top producing states in India, nutritional value, suitable growing conditions, cultivation practices and more. It is predominantly grown in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Finger millet is well adapted to tropical and subtropical climates from sea level to 2100 meters, in areas with 500-1000mm of annual rainfall. It can be cultivated through various methods like broadcasting, drilling or transplanting. Varieties suited for different seasons include AKP-2, AKP-7, Kalyani and VZM-2. Finger millet is nutritionally rich and highest in calcium content among millets.
Cassava is a staple crop for over 600 million people and is primarily grown in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 2006, global cassava production was approximately 226 million tonnes, with over half (122 million tonnes) produced in Africa, primarily in West and East Africa. Nigeria is the world's largest cassava producer. Cassava thrives in tropical climates between 30 degrees north and south latitude and grows well in a variety of soils as long as they are well-draining. Cassava can be processed into chips, starch, flour and ethanol and is used in industries like animal feed, food and beverages, paper, and biofuels.
India leads the world in millet consumption. Millets are highly nutritious and climate-resilient crops that can grow in low rainfall and harsh soil conditions with little to no external inputs. However, millets have been marginalized in India through policies promoting rice and wheat. The document calls for increasing the cultivation and consumption of millets in India in order to address issues of food security, health, nutrition, climate change adaptation and farmer livelihoods. It recommends policies and programs to promote millets, recognize their climate benefits, and honor the communities growing them.
Jute is an important natural fibre crop in India next to cotton in term of cultivation and usage. Jute is a natural fibre popularly known as the golden fibre. It is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural fibres and considered as fibre of the future. Jute is second only to cotton in world.
CASSAVA OR TAPIOCA TO FEED THE HUNGRY MILLIONS - EXTENDING CASSAVA CULTIVATI...Dr. Raju M. Mathew
Cassava or Tapioca or Kappa is capable of feeding the hungry millions and putting as an industrial raw materials. FAO has identified cassava as wonder crop of the 21st century to save the humanity. Its cultivation can be extended to some of the European countries and also in the desert regions. This presentation gives more details about an experiment in Cassava cultivation conducted in the desert region, especially in the UAE.
Wheat is a staple crop cultivated worldwide that belongs to the grass family. It is a hexaploid plant with 42 chromosomes and originated in Southeast Turkey approximately 10,000 years ago. In Pakistan, wheat is grown as a Rabi crop from mid-November to mid-December, primarily in the provinces of Punjab. Proper land preparation, seeding methods like drilling and broadcasting, irrigation, and fertilizer application are required for optimal wheat cultivation and yields.
This document summarizes the structure and composition of legume seeds. It notes that legumes are an important family of dicotyledonous plants that include crops like peas, beans, lentils, peanuts and soybeans. These legume seeds have three main parts - the seed coat, cotyledons, and hypocotyl. The cotyledons make up around 90% of the seed and contain protein bodies and lipid deposits that neatly package the proteins and lipids. The size and structure of these protein bodies and lipid deposits varies between different legumes. The document provides examples of the size and packaging of proteins, lipids and starches in seeds of soybeans, peanuts, peas and broad beans.
Computed Prediction: So far, so good. What now?Xavier Llorà
This document discusses computed prediction in learning classifier systems (LCS). It addresses representing the payoff function Q(s,a) that maps state-action pairs to expected future payoffs. Specifically:
1) In computed prediction, each classifier has parameters w and the classifier prediction is computed as a parametrized function p(x,w) like a linear approximation.
2) Classifier weights are updated using the Widrow-Hoff rule online as the payoff function is learned.
3) Using a powerful approximator like tile coding to compute predictions allows the problem to potentially be solved by a single classifier, but evolution of different approximators per problem subspace may still
The document discusses how humans often disturb animals at zoos in harmful ways. It provides several photos as examples, such as a boy pelting a stone at an animal, a slipper being thrown inside a cage, and a man disturbing animals by taking photos inside the cage. The document argues that humans spoil the environment at zoos by littering, making loud noises, and not maintaining clean cages and water for the animals. It notes that these actions negatively impact the animals' natural behaviors and health.
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
This document summarizes a study of CEO succession events among the largest 100 U.S. corporations between 2005-2015. The study analyzed executives who were passed over for the CEO role ("succession losers") and their subsequent careers. It found that 74% of passed over executives left their companies, with 30% eventually becoming CEOs elsewhere. However, companies led by succession losers saw average stock price declines of 13% over 3 years, compared to gains for companies whose CEO selections remained unchanged. The findings suggest that boards generally identify the most qualified CEO candidates, though differences between internal and external hires complicate comparisons.
Rice originated in the foothills of the Himalayas and southern India, then spread throughout Asia and was introduced to other parts of the world over centuries. It is an important staple crop grown across diverse climates and elevations in India. Rice is significant culturally and economically, and is the primary food for over half the world's population. The document discusses the botanical description, varieties, history, production regions, nutritional value, and medicinal uses of rice in India.
The document provides information about Kharif crops, which are monsoon crops grown between May-June and harvested from September to October. It focuses on rice as a Kharif crop, describing its botanical characteristics, climatic requirements, soil requirements, economic importance, and agronomic practices for cultivation including land preparation, transplanting methods, and weed control. Key details covered include rice being a staple food crop in Asia, requiring warm and humid conditions with ample rainfall or irrigation, and common practices like raising nurseries, applying organic manures, and using herbicides to control weeds.
Pigeon pea is a hardy, drought-tolerant legume that has been cultivated for at least 3,500 years in India. It provides numerous benefits such as fixing nitrogen in the soil, tolerating low fertility soils and drought conditions. Pigeon pea is used as a food source, as its immature pods, seeds and mature seeds can be consumed. It also improves soil quality and structure as a green manure. While requiring minimal land preparation and fertilizer, pigeon pea faces insect pests like borers and fungal diseases including fusarium wilt. It is harvested after 95-250 days when seeds are mature.
Oryza sativa, commonly known as rice, is a grass species cultivated extensively as a grain worldwide. There are two major subspecies of domesticated rice: indica varieties, which are nonsticky and commonly grown in lowlands; and japonica varieties, which are sticky and commonly grown in upland or temperate areas. Rice is a staple food in many parts of the world and is high in carbohydrates but low in fat and protein. It is also rich in various vitamins and minerals. Rice cultivation began in China and spread throughout Asia and later to other parts of the world. There have been efforts to develop rice varieties with improved traits like drought, salt, and disease tolerance to address environmental and agricultural
This document provides an overview of the origins and development of agriculture. It discusses how early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and other regions began cultivating crops and domesticating animals, leading to the establishment of settled communities. Key crops that were domesticated include rice, soybeans, sorghum, maize and many fruits and vegetables. The document also examines the history and spread of agriculture from its centers of origin to other parts of the world, and outlines the development of agriculture in regions like the Philippines under Spanish and American rule.
INTRODUCTION IN AGRICULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINESJenniferCelades
This document outlines the stages of agricultural development from hunting and gathering to early domestication of plants and animals. It discusses the origins and history of major crops worldwide like soybeans, sorghum, maize, and rice, tracing their domestication to regions in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Key crops in the Philippines are also introduced, including coconut, banana, mango, pineapple and their origins in Southeast Asia or Americas.
The document summarizes major crops grown in India which include rice, wheat, millets, pulses, tea, coffee, and sugarcane. It provides details on each crop such as rice being the most widely consumed staple worldwide and wheat being the second most produced cereal after maize. Millets are important crops in Asia and Africa that are favored for their productivity in dry conditions. Pulses refer to legume plants grown for human consumption or livestock feed. Tea comes from the camellia sinensis plant and is processed into different varieties like white, green, oolong, and black tea. Coffee is native to Africa and Asia with coffee beans used to flavor beverages. Sugarcane is a type of
The document discusses the history and origins of major agricultural crops worldwide. It notes that agriculture originated independently in several places, including the Middle East where the Cushites first domesticated plants and animals. Key crops that were domesticated include grains like wheat, millet, and rice in Asia; maize in the Americas; sorghum and beans in Africa. Other crops mentioned include soybeans, peanuts, coconuts, vegetables, fruits, and cut flowers. The document traces the geographic centers and earliest domestications of these major agricultural products.
/ FORAGES / 1
Forages
David Hannaway
Kimberly Japhet
/ FORAGES / 2
Kimberly Japhet
1255 Bluegrass Blvd
Batavia OH 45103
541-609-0939
[email protected]
Dr. David Hannaway
125 Crop Science Building
Oregon State University
Corvallis OR 97331
[email protected]
/ FORAGES / 3
Forages
Contents
Foreword
Grasslands
Forages
Grasses
Legumes
Miscellaneous Forages
Forage Identification
Growing grass- physiology
Establishment
Fertility
Quality
Weeds and Pests
Grazing
Hay and Silage
Selecting the right forage
/ FORAGES / 4
This document is an effort to supply
students beginning their study of forage
production. We bring the basics of forage
management without the hefty cost of
textbook. We want students to have quality
resources and materials without the burden of
more college costs. We are grateful for those
who supported this effort - The Valley Library
and Open Oregon State at Oregon State
University. We also acknowledge Dr. David
Hannaway for his expertise and his persistent
work to provide quality educational resources
to all interested learners.
/ FORAGES / 5
GRASSLANDS
Overview
The purpose of this chapter is to help readers visualize the vast
scope of forages in the world by defining, locating and
describing the great grasslands of the world. Discussion of
general concepts of grasslands also will alert readers to the
need for understanding the fragile balance between plants,
soils and animals in each grassland location.
To feel you have mastered this first chunk of the book, you
should be able to name the grasslands of the world and
recognize the many terms for grasslands in various countries/
regions. You should have a concise definition of grasslands
and how they vary from other vegetative areas. And you should
be able to discuss some of the issues grasslands currently
face.
Definition of Grasslands
When visiting the Grand Canyon for the first time it is only
natural to wonder what the first explorers must have thought as
they strolled through the woodlands and suddenly before them
a massive but magnificent ditch came into view.
/ FORAGES / 6
Similar feelings must have been experienced by those
approaching the extensive grasslands of the world. The steppe
of Eurasia extends from Europe to China; the prairies of
America have been called an ocean of grass, and many settlers
were too overwhelmed by its size to venture across it.
https://www.freewebheaders.com/wordpress/wp-content/gallery/grass/awesome-green-yellow-grass-
field-aerial-background-header.jpg
Grassland, land containing mostly grasses, covers about 2/3 of
the land masses of the world and makes up 1/4 of the earth's
surface. Grassland refers to that biome dominated by grasses,
species of the Poaceae family (previously Gramineae). *A
biome is “a large geographical area characterized by certain
types of plants and animals.” Examples are forest, grassland,
freshwater, marine, desert, and tundra.
A ...
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is the fourth most important cereal crop worldwide and the third most important in India. It is grown for both human consumption and animal feed. Sorghum can tolerate drought conditions better than other grains due to its deep root system and ability to go dormant under stress. It is cultivated across tropical and subtropical regions between 40-100 cm of annual rainfall. Sorghum requires warm temperatures between 15-30°C and can be grown in a variety of soils as long as drainage is good.
Agriculture originated from Latin words meaning land and cultivation. It involves the systematic raising of useful plants and livestock managed by humans to meet needs. Although civilization cannot develop without agriculture, agriculture itself does not create civilization. It provides essentials like food, clothing and shelter. Agriculture helps harness nature's gifts like land, water and climate to maximize crop and animal production. Major crops originated in different regions, with cereals and legumes achieving dominance as carbohydrate and protein sources.
This document provides information about the plant family Poaceae (grasses). It notes that Poaceae has over 10,000 species, includes important food crops like rice, maize, and sugar cane, and that grasslands are dominated by Poaceae. It then lists and describes 10 species of grasses found in the Philippines, including their uses and locations. These species include Asian rice, maize, bamboo, sugar cane, oats, wheat, reed, meadow-grass, Zoysia grass, Italian millet, and Bermuda grass.
- Cereals are grasses grown for their edible seeds and include major crops like rice, wheat, and maize which provide over half of human calories globally.
- True cereals are grasses while pseudocereals like quinoa are broadleaf plants used similarly. Quinoa is actually a seed, not a grain.
- Major cereals discussed include maize, rice, wheat, barley, sorghum, millet, oats, rye, triticale, and fonio. Each provides important nutrients and culinary or agricultural uses worldwide. Cereals are a staple human food and livestock feed.
Millet research status and breeding program mes in Nepalhari paneru
The document discusses millets, which are small-seeded grasses grown as cereal crops around the world. In Nepal, finger millet is an important staple food, especially in hilly regions. While research has led to some improved varieties, more work is needed to develop millet varieties with higher yields, disease resistance, early maturity, and stress tolerance to improve productivity. Techniques like hybridization combined with selection may help breed new high-yielding varieties with desired traits, though the small floret size of millets limits cross-breeding and requires techniques like emasculation or genetic male sterility systems.
India is an agriculturally important country where two-thirds of the population is engaged in agricultural activities. Agriculture is the primary activity and major producer of food in India. The country has three cropping seasons - Rabi, Kharif, and Zaid. Some key crops produced are rice, wheat, jute, sugarcane, tea, coffee, cotton, pulses, millets and oilseeds. Major agricultural regions are identified based on soil type and climate conditions required for different crops.
This document provides information on the breadfruit tree (Artocarpus altilis), including its taxonomy, origins, distribution, importance as a food crop, varieties, and conservation efforts. It describes breadfruit's nutritional value and various uses. Key points include that breadfruit is native to New Guinea and western Micronesia, was spread throughout the Pacific by humans, and its introduction to the Caribbean was led by Captain Bligh in the late 18th century. Over 100 varieties have been identified. Conservation programs aim to preserve breadfruit diversity and habitats for threatened endemic species.
Major crops in India -Food processing.pptxALKANANDA7
India grows a wide variety of crops across different seasons and regions. Major food crops include rice, wheat, pulses, and sugarcane. Cash crops such as cotton and jute are also important. Tea, coffee, rubber and spices are key plantation crops. Proper storage methods like drying, fumigation and sealed containers are used to prevent spoilage of the harvested crops.
This document defines cereal grains and lists their main nutritional components. It then outlines and describes several major cereal grains, including wheat, oats, rice, maize, barley, and rye. Wheat is one of the most commonly consumed grains and is used worldwide in breads, pastas, and other foods. Oats are often consumed whole grain. Rice is the most widely eaten staple, especially in Asia and Africa. Maize originated in Mexico and is processed into foods like cornflakes and flour. Barley is one of the top four globally produced grains. Rye contains some gluten but not as much as wheat.
maize crop production,cereals, production technology,PJTSAU, production, productivity, varieties, nutrient availability, production in India, role in indian diet, types and classification of maize, water management , weed management
Dr. Nasir Mustafa CERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION "NEUROANATOMY"Dr. Nasir Mustafa
CERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION
"NEUROANATOMY"
DURING THE JOINT ONLINE LECTURE SERIES HELD BY
KUTAISI UNIVERSITY (GEORGIA) AND ISTANBUL GELISIM UNIVERSITY (TURKEY)
FROM JUNE 10TH TO JUNE 14TH, 2024
Life of Ah Gong and Ah Kim ~ A Story with Life Lessons (Hokkien, English & Ch...OH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation of a fictitious story that imparts Life Lessons on loving-kindness, virtue, compassion and wisdom.
The texts are in Romanized Hokkien, English and Chinese.
For the Video Presentation with audio narration in Hokkien, please check out the Link:
https://vimeo.com/manage/videos/987932748
Benchmarking Sustainability: Neurosciences and AI Tech Research in Macau - Ke...Alvaro Barbosa
In this talk we will review recent research work carried out at the University of Saint Joseph and its partners in Macao. The focus of this research is in application of Artificial Intelligence and neuro sensing technology in the development of new ways to engage with brands and consumers from a business and design perspective. In addition we will review how these technologies impact resilience and how the University benchmarks these results against global standards in Sustainable Development.
Topics to be Covered
Beginning of Pedagogy
What is Pedagogy?
Definition of Pedagogy
Features of Pedagogy
What Is Pedagogy In Teaching?
What Is Teacher Pedagogy?
What Is The Pedagogy Approach?
What are Pedagogy Approaches?
Teaching and Learning Pedagogical approaches?
Importance of Pedagogy in Teaching & Learning
Role of Pedagogy in Effective Learning
Pedagogy Impact on Learner
Pedagogical Skills
10 Innovative Learning Strategies For Modern Pedagogy
Types of Pedagogy
Lecture Notes Unit4 Chapter13 users , roles and privilegesMurugan146644
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : USERS, Roles and Privileges
In Oracle databases, users are individuals or applications that interact with the database. Each user is assigned specific roles, which are collections of privileges that define their access levels and capabilities. Privileges are permissions granted to users or roles, allowing actions like creating tables, executing procedures, or querying data. Properly managing users, roles, and privileges is essential for maintaining security and ensuring that users have appropriate access to database resources, thus supporting effective data management and integrity within the Oracle environment.
Sub-Topic :
Definition of User, User Creation Commands, Grant Command, Deleting a user, Privileges, System privileges and object privileges, Grant Object Privileges, Viewing a users, Revoke Object Privileges, Creation of Role, Granting privileges and roles to role, View the roles of a user , Deleting a role
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in RDBMS principles for academic and practical applications.
URL for previous slides
chapter 8,9 and 10 : https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/lecture_notes_unit4_chapter_8_9_10_rdbms-for-the-students-affiliated-by-alagappa-university/270123800
Chapter 11 Sequence: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/sequnces-lecture_notes_unit4_chapter11_sequence/270134792
Chapter 12 View : https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/rdbms-lecture-notes-unit4-chapter12-view/270199683
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in database management.
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
3. Exploring Nature
There is no better teacher than Nature
MILLETS
The millets are a group of small-seeded species of cereal crops or grains, widely grown
around the world for food and fodder. Their essential similarities are that they are small-
seeded grasses grown in difficult production environments such as those at risk of
drought.
The millets include species in several genera, mostly in the subfamily Panicoideae, of the
grass family Poaceae. The exceptions, finger millet and teff, are in the subfamily
Chloridoideae. The most widely cultivated species in order of worldwide production are:
• Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) (Also known as Bajra in India, and as Kambu in
Tamil)
• Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (Also known as Thinai in Tamil)
• Proso millet, common millet, broom corn millet, hog millet or white millet (Panicum
miliaceum)
• Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) (Also known as Ragi or Mandwa in India, and as
Kezhvaragu in Tamil)
Comtinued
4. Exploring Nature
There is no better teacher than Nature
MILLETS
We have taken a few students , mostly from
class 8 to show a few avilable fields where
millets are grown .
In this experiment, students thoroughly enjoyed
the visit to the fields. Some of the fields to
which they were taken are where millets like
Paddy, Ragi, Maize, Bajra etc are grown.
Ensuing videos will show their visits to each
field.
5. Exploring Nature
There is no better teacher than Nature
MAIZE
Maize (Zea mays L. ssp. mays, pronounced /ˈ meɪz/; from Spanish:
maíz after Taino mahiz,) known in many English-speaking countries as
corn or mielie/mealie, is a grain domesticated by indigenous peoples in
Mesoamerica in prehistoric times. The leafy stalk produces ears which
contain seeds called kernels. Though technically a grain, maize kernels
are used in cooking as a vegetable or starch. The Olmec and Mayans
cultivated it in numerous varieties throughout central and southern
Mexico, cooked, ground or processed through nixtamalization. Between
1700 and 1250 BCE, the crop spread through much of the Americas. The
region developed a trade network based on surplus and varieties of
maize crops. After European contact with the Americas in the late 15th
and early 16th centuries, explorers and traders carried maize back to
Europe and introduced it to other countries.
Comtinued
6. Exploring Nature
There is no better teacher than Nature
MAIZE
Maize spread to the rest of the world due to its ability to grow in diverse
climates. Sugar-rich varieties called sweet corn are usually grown for
human consumption, while field corn varieties are used for animal feed
and as chemical feedstocks.
Maize is the most widely grown crop in the Americas with 332 million
metric tons grown annually in the United States. Approximately 40% of
the crop - 130 million tons - is used for corn ethanol. Transgenic maize
(Genetically Modified Corn) made up 85% of the maize planted in the
United States in 2009. While some maize varieties grow to 12 metres (39
ft) tall, most commercially grown maize has been bred for a standardized
height of 2.5 metres (8.2 ft). Sweet corn is usually shorter than field corn
varieties.
8. Exploring Nature
There is no better teacher than Nature
RAGI (FINGER MILLET)
Eleusine coracana, commonly Finger millet
Marathi) Kannada) Oriya) Punjabi)
Gujarati) Thamizh)(Amharic ˈˈˈ
"Dagusa" or ˈˈˈ tōkūsō), also known as African millet
or Ragi in Tamil in Kannada, in
Oriya) is an annual plant widely grown as a cereal in the
arid areas of Africa and Asia. E. coracana is originally
native to the Ethiopian Highlands and was introduced
into India approximately 4000 years ago. It is very
adaptable to higher elevations and is grown in the
Himalaya up to 2,300 metres in elevation.
10. Exploring Nature
There is no better teacher than Nature
PADDY
A paddy field is a flooded parcel of arable land used for
growing rice and other semiaquatic crops. Paddy fields
are a typical feature of rice farming in east, south and
southeast Asia. Paddies can be built into steep hillsides
as terraces and adjacent to depressed or steeply sloped
features such as rivers or marshes. They can require a
great deal of labor and materials to create, and need
large quantities of water for irrigation. Flooded paddies
provide an ideal environment for rice cultivation and
discourage the growth of many weeds. The water buffalo
is one of the most important working animals adapted for
life in wetlands, and is used extensively in paddy fields.
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11. Exploring Nature
There is no better teacher than Nature
PADDY
During the twentieth century, paddy field farming became the dominant
form of growing rice.[citation needed] Paddy field farming is practiced in
Cambodia, Bangladesh, China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Japan, North
Korea, South Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the
Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos, as well as
Piedmont in Italy, the Camargue in France, the Artibonite Valley in Haiti,
and Sacramento Valley in California. Paddy fields are a major source of
atmospheric methane and have been estimated to contribute in the
range of 50 to 100 million tonnes of the gas per annum. Recent studies
have shown that this can be significantly reduced while also boosting
crop yield by draining the paddies to allow the soil to aerate to interrupt
methane production.
The word "paddy" is derived from the Malay word padi, rice plant.
13. Exploring Nature
There is no better teacher than Nature
TOOR DAL (PIGEON PEA)
The pigeon pea (International Feed Number, 5-
03-716), also known as tropical green pea, toor
dāl or arhar dāl (India), kadios (Philippines), or
Congo pea or gungo pea (in Jamaica), pois
Congo (in Haiti), gandul (in Puerto Rico), gunga
pea, or no-eye pea, [Cajanus cajan, synonyms
Cajanus indicus Spreng. (Valder 1895) and
Cytisus cajan (Crawfurd 1852)] is a perennial
member of the family Fabaceae.
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14. Exploring Nature
There is no better teacher than Nature
TOOR DAL (PIGEON PEA)
The cultivation of the pigeon pea goes back at least 3500 years. The
centre of origin is the eastern part of peninsular India, including the
state of Orissa, where the closest wild relatives (Cajanus cajanifolia)
occur in tropical deciduous woodlands. Archaeological finds of
pigeonpea include those from two Neolithic sites in Orissa, Gopalpur
and Golbai Sassan dating between 3400 and 3000 years ago, and
sites in South India, Sanganakallu and Tuljapur Garhi, also dating back
to 3400 years ago. From India it traveled to East Africa and West
Africa. There is was first encountered by Europeans, so it obtained the
name Congo Pea. By means of the slave trade it came to the American
continent, probably in the 17th century
16. Exploring Nature
There is no better teacher than Nature
BAJRA (PEARL MILLET)
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is the most
widely grown type of millet. Grown in Africa and
the Indian subcontinent since prehistoric times, it
is generally accepted that pearl millet originated
in Africa and was subsequently introduced into
India. The center of diversity, and suggested area
of domestication, for the crop is in the Sahel zone
of West Africa. Recent archaeobotanical research
has confirmed the presence of domesticated
pearl millet on the Sahel zone of northern Mali
between 2500 and 2000 BC.
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17. Exploring Nature
There is no better teacher than Nature
BAJRA (PEARL MILLET)
Cultivation subsequently spread and has moved
overseas to India. The earliest archaeological records
in India date to around 2000 BC, and it spread rapidly
through India reaching South India by 1500 BC, based
on evidence from the site of Hallur. Cultivation also
spread throughout eastern and southern Africa.
Records exist for cultivation of pearl millet in the United
States in the 1850s, and the crop was introduced into
Brazil in the 1960s.
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18. Exploring Nature
There is no better teacher than Nature
BAJRA (PEARL MILLET)
Pearl millet is well adapted to growing areas
characterized by drought, low soil fertility, and high
temperature. It performs well in soils with high
salinity or low pH. Because of its tolerance to
difficult growing conditions, it can be grown in
areas where other cereal crops, such as maize or
wheat, would not survive.
Today pearl millet is grown on over 260,000 km²
worldwide. It accounts for approximately 50% of
the total world production of millets.