1) The document discusses key concepts in cognitive psychology including cognition, cognitive science, mental representation, stages of processing, and different approaches to modeling cognition like symbolic and connectionist models.
2) It also covers concepts like artificial intelligence, the Turing test, weak vs strong AI, and definitions of consciousness and self-knowledge.
3) Memory is discussed as being divided into short-term and long-term as well as different types like audio and visual. Key figures in the development of cognitive psychology are also mentioned like Tolman, Bartlett, and Ebbinghaus and their important contributions.
Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes including perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, decision making, and thinking. The document outlines the key topics in cognitive psychology such as memory, language, perception, and intelligence. It discusses the philosophical roots in rationalism which focuses on logic and reasoning, and empiricism which emphasizes experience and observation. A variety of cognitive research methods are described including experiments, case studies, and computer simulations which aim to understand human information processing.
Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. Behavior can be overt and directly observed, or covert and not directly observed. Mental processes include internal experiences like sensations, thoughts, and feelings. Throughout history, various theories have emerged about the nature of the mind and how to study it. Early Greek philosophers proposed ideas about the seat of mental processes. Modern psychology aims to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior through scientific theories and methods. Major perspectives that developed include structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic psychology.
Structuralism was the first school of psychology and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as introspection. Wilhelm Wundt, founder of the first psychology lab, is often associated with this school of thought despite the fact that it was his student Edward B. Titchener who first coined the term to describe this school of thought.
Functionalism formed as a reaction to the structuralism and was heavily influenced by the work of William James and the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Functionalists sought to explain the mental processes in a more systematic and accurate manner. Rather than focusing on the elements of consciousness, functionalists focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior. Functionalism also emphasized individual differences, which had a profound impact on education.
This document discusses the neurobiology of emotions. It defines emotions, moods, and affects. The core brain regions involved in emotions are the cerebral cortex, limbic system (particularly the amygdala), and brain stem. The limbic system, including structures like the hippocampus, anterior thalamus, and cingulate gyrus, form circuits important for emotional processing and expression. The amygdala plays a key role in fear and aggression. Other structures like the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and autonomic nervous system are also involved in emotions and physiological arousal. Various neurotransmitters, including monoamines, peptides, GABA, and glutamate mediate emotional processes in the brain.
Memory involves the retention and recall of information and experiences. The hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex play key roles in memory processing and storage. There are different types of memory including short-term memory, long-term memory, sensory memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory. Methods for improving memory include recall, recognition, relearning, brain exercises, managing stress, good sleep, and not smoking. Aging can impact memory through changes in the hippocampus and loss of neurons and brain function over time. Forgetting and amnesia can result from brain damage or injury.
Neuropsychology is the study of relationships between brain function and behavior. It has developed over hundreds of years from early Greek philosophers linking the brain to behaviors. Key figures like Franz Gall theorized personality was related to brain features. Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body, dendrites, axon, and synapses. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals across synapses, like acetylcholine, dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The limbic system regulates emotion. Neurotransmitters transmit signals between neurons.
Dr. Suresh Kumar Murugesan is a professor of psychology heading the department at The American College in Madurai, India. His areas of specialization include psychometry, positive psychotherapy, and cyber psychology. He is interested in conducting new research in behavioral sciences. The presentation provides an overview of the history and development of biopsychology, from ancient Greek philosophers' ideas about the brain and mind, to modern understandings informed by anatomical discoveries and experiments challenging past theories.
Pattern recognition involves quickly and accurately recognizing objects from different angles, even when partly hidden. Theories of pattern recognition include template matching, feature analysis, and prototype theories. Template matching involves matching external stimuli to internal templates, but has problems accounting for new variations. Feature analysis examines individual features through stages like feature demons and decision demons, but fails to account for context. Prototype theory matches stimuli to abstract prototypes like the average or most common attributes. Both top-down and bottom-up processing are involved in pattern recognition.
Biopsychology is the study of why the brain is the command center and how it influences behaviors, thoughts and feelings. This field of psychology has gained popularity in recent years, and much is being learned about the human mind.
Raymond Cattell and John Horn proposed the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence in the 1960s. They argued that intelligence consists of two types: fluid intelligence (gf), which is innate problem-solving ability independent of knowledge, and crystallized intelligence (gc), which comes from experience and learning. Fluid intelligence involves abstract reasoning and declines with age, while crystallized intelligence involves acquired knowledge and can increase indefinitely through learning.
The document provides an overview of the field of psychology, including its history and key figures. It discusses psychology as the scientific study of human and animal behavior and thought. It outlines different types of psychology research and fields psychologists work in, such as clinical, educational, child, and environmental psychology. The document also summarizes some of the founders and early theories in psychology, including the work of Wundt, James, Freud, Galton, Pavlov, and Skinner. It concludes with discussing different approaches in psychology like neurobiological, behavioral, psychoanalytic, cognitive, and sociocultural.
The document discusses various aspects of memory and forgetting, including different types of memory like short-term and long-term memory, as well as different areas of the brain involved in memory. It also covers forms of amnesia, theories of forgetting like interference theory, and tips for improving memory like exercising, managing stress, and getting good sleep. Memory can decline with age due to changes in the brain and decreased brain function.
The document discusses executive functions and provides definitions from various studies. It describes executive functions as a set of cognitive processes that regulate other cognitive processes such as planning, working memory, attention, problem solving and inhibition. Executive functions are controlled by the frontal lobes of the brain and are responsible for self-regulation and goal-directed behavior. The document summarizes several models of executive functions including models by Norman and Shallice, Barkley, Lezak and others. It discusses areas executive functions are involved in and factors that influence executive functions. Common disorders associated with executive dysfunction are also listed.
1.introduction and brief history of psychology presentationAthena Catindig
The document provides an overview of the field of psychology, outlining its objectives to understand human behavior through scientific study, historical foundations dating back to Aristotle, and major theories and figures that have shaped the development of the field such as Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, and behavioralism. It also describes the scientific methods used in psychology like the experimental and correlational methods as well as subfields that apply psychological principles like developmental, social, and clinical psychology.
Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. Encoding occurs through rehearsal, deep processing, elaboration, imagery, and organization. Memory is stored in sensory memory briefly, working memory for 30 seconds unless rehearsed, and long-term memory for lifetimes. Memory storage involves different types like declarative and non-declarative memory as well as contents like episodic and semantic memory. Retrieving memories can be difficult due to interference, decay, or lack of cues. Effective study strategies include taking good notes, using mnemonics, asking questions, spacing out learning, monitoring progress, and managing time well.
This document discusses theories of intelligence and intelligence testing. It begins by explaining that intelligence is difficult to define and that psychologists differ in their approaches, with some focusing on mental ability factors and others on intellectual processes. It then outlines several major theories of intelligence:
Charles Spearman's two-factor theory proposed a general intelligence ("g") factor along with specific factors. Louis Thurstone identified seven primary mental abilities. J.P. Guilford's Structure of Intellect model described 180 intellectual abilities across operations, content, and products dimensions. Howard Gardner proposed eight multiple intelligences including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. The document
This document discusses theories of cognition and perception across cultures. It presents two stances from the 20th century that argued for universal cognition based on biology and information processing. However, three major challenges are outlined: Wilhelm Wundt's cultural psychology showing culture affects cognition; Vygotsky's view that tools and practices shape unique cognitive tendencies; and Whorf's linguistic relativity theory that language impacts thought. The document examines cross-cultural differences in color perception, numbers, reasoning styles, and perception based on environmental variations. Overall, it argues that while humans possess innate abilities, culture plays a significant role in developing diverse cognitive processes across societies.
Jean Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development through observing children's responses to tasks he designed. He identified four stages of development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Each stage is characterized by developing abilities like object permanence, language use, logical thinking, and hypothetical reasoning. Piaget's theory emphasizes how knowledge develops through assimilating new experiences into existing understandings and accommodating understandings to new experiences.
This document provides an overview of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development in primary school aged children. It discusses Piaget's life and background, focusing on his observations of his own children which informed his theories. It then describes the concrete operational stage from ages 7-11, where children begin logical thinking about concrete concepts but struggle with abstract ideas. Key developments include understanding reversibility and inductive/deductive reasoning. Cognitive milestones are outlined, such as understanding time, attention span, and early reading skills. The document also briefly discusses information processing models of memory.
Cognitive development of the preschoolersBSEPhySci14
Early Childhood(Preschooler)
"Childhood is a world of miracle and wonder; as if creation rose,bathed in light, out of darkness, utterly new, fresh and astonishing.the end of childhood is when things cease to astonish us. when the world seems familiar, when one got used to existence, one has become an adult''
Early childhood from ages 2-6 is a period of rapid cognitive development. Children progress through Piaget's pre-operational stage, developing the ability for representational thought and pretend play. However, at this stage children have limitations in logical thinking and reasoning. They do not understand the concept of conservation or how to make logical inferences. Memory skills also develop during this stage, with recognition abilities stronger than recall. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes that cognitive development occurs through social interactions and guided learning from adults and more capable peers.
The document discusses several theories of cognitive development in children, including those proposed by Piaget, Vygotsky, and behaviorists. It also outlines cognitive skills and tasks appropriate for different ages, such as matching, grouping, ordering, and problem solving. Additionally, the document provides ideas for how teachers can incorporate science and math concepts into activities and make learning fun.
The term "cognition" refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations. The presentation discusses various cognitive processes; such as, cognition,concept,language,learning,memory,perception,sensory registration,thinking, etc.
Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that children progress through four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. At each stage, children interact with their environment to construct an understanding of the world. The processes of assimilation, accommodation, and adaptation allow children to incorporate new experiences into existing mental structures and modify those structures based on new information. Piaget's theory emphasizes active learning through discovery and exploration appropriate to a child's developmental level.
Piaget's theory of cognitive development identifies four stages of development through which children progress: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Each stage is characterized by developments in intelligence and thinking abilities. In the sensorimotor stage, from birth to age 2, children learn through physical interactions and motor activity without symbols. Between ages 2 to 7, the preoperational stage, children use symbols and language develops but thinking remains egocentric. During the concrete operational stage from 7 to 11 years old, children can logically manipulate symbols related to concrete objects. Finally, in the formal operational stage from 11 to 15 years old, children can logically use symbols related to abstract concepts.
Reading comprehension involves two basic cognitive steps: 1) word recognition of written symbols, and 2) fusion or interpretation of those symbols to construct meaning. There are four levels of comprehension - literal, interpretative, applied, and evaluative. Meta-cognition, or self-aware reading, is characterized by self-awareness, careful reading and retention, making assumptions or hypotheses before reading, and deliberately reflecting on, questioning, classifying, summarizing and predicting the text using techniques like SQ3R (survey, question, read, recite, review).
Piaget's theory of cognitive development outlines 4 stages of development: the sensorimotor stage from birth to age 2 where infants make sense of the world through senses and motor skills, the preoperational stage from ages 2 to 7 where language develops and imagination is used, the concrete operational stage from ages 7 to 11 where logical thinking of concrete concepts emerges, and the formal operational stage from ages 12 to adulthood where abstract thinking and problem solving develop.
Will, an entrepreneur is talking to Jack, a salesman. Will wants growth of at least 30%. After going through the standard scenario of being oversold impressive results, only to be disappointed, Will discovers the benefits of Dual Process Marketing. Jack introduces Will to this methodology, combining psychology, research and business intelligence with marketing, to avoid basic marketing mistakes and generate growth. Will realises that acting on evidence without letting biases blind him to what action needs to be taken is the true power of Dual process Marketing.
Cognitive computing systems use machine learning algorithms to mimic human cognition. They are able to perform complex tasks through adaptive, interactive, and iterative processes that allow them to continually acquire knowledge from data. Major examples of cognitive computing include IBM's Watson, which can understand natural language questions and provide justified answers by analyzing vast amounts of data in seconds. Cognitive computing has applications in healthcare, agriculture, transportation, security, and more.
Unit 3.3 Cognitive Processes
Constructivism: Knowledge Construction/Concept learning
In the quotation above, “filling up the pail” is more linked to rote learning and behaviorism. It connotes that teaching is dominated by the teacher and the learners are passive receivers of knowledge. “Lighting the fire” is related to the cognitive perspective and constructivism.
Two Views of Constructivism
Individual Constructivism. This is also called cognitive constructivism. It emphasizes individual, internal construction of knowledge. It is largely based on Piaget’s theory.
Social Constructivism. This view emphasizes that “knowledge exists in a social context and is initially shared with others instead of being represented solely in the mind of an individual”.
Characteristics of Constructivism
1. Learners construct understanding. As discussed earlier, constructivists do not view learners as just empty vessels waiting to be filled up. They see learners as active thinkers who interpret new information based on what they already know. They construct knowledge in a way that makes sense to them.
2. New learning depends on current understanding. Background information is very important. It is through the present views or scheme that the learner has, that new information will be interpreted.
3. Learning is facilitated by social interaction. Constructivists believe in creating a “community of learners” within classrooms. Learning communities help learners take responsibility for their own learning.
4. Meaningful learning occurs within authentic learning tasks. An authentic task is one that involves a learning activity that involves constructing knowledge and understanding that is so akin to the knowledge and understanding needed when applied in the real world.
Organizing Knowledge
Concepts. A concept is a way of grouping or categorizing objects or events in our mind. A concept of teach, includes a group of tasks such as model, discuss, illustrate, explain, assist, etc.
Concepts as Feature Lists. Learning a concept involves learning specific features that characterize positive instances of the concept. Included here are defining features and correlational feature. A defining feature is a characteristic present in ALL instances.
A correlational feature is one that is present in many positive instances but not essential for concept membership. For example, a mother is loving.
Concepts as Prototypes. A prototype is an idea or a visual image of a “typical example. It is usually formed based on the positive instances that learners encounter most often.
Concepts as Exemplars. Exemplars represent a variety of examples. It allows learners to know that an example under a concept may have variability.
Making Concept-learning Effective. As a future teacher, you can help students learn concepts by doing the following:
• Provide a clear definition of the concept
• Make the defining features very concrete and prominent
• Gi
The document summarizes key topics in cognitive psychology from a course textbook, including cognitive processes like attention, memory, problem solving, and reasoning. It discusses how cognitive scientists study topics like language use, concepts, decision making, and visual representations. It also outlines stages of language development and concepts of linguistic relativity.
Early childhood spans from birth to age 5 and involves remarkable physical, cognitive, socio-emotional, and language development. Key physical milestones include walking, running, and fine motor skills like scribbling and cutting. Cognitively, children progress from sensorimotor thinking to representational thought, such as pretend play and understanding of symbols. Socio-emotionally, children develop self-awareness and understanding of emotions while learning social skills through family and peer interactions. This period lays the groundwork for further development across multiple domains.
1. Hermann Ebbinghaus conducted early studies on memory using nonsense syllables and discovered the savings method, where relearning a list is faster the second time.
2. Memory follows a forgetting curve where most is lost within a day and continues slowly declining over time.
3. The multi-store model of memory includes sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, each with different capacities and durations. Information moves between stores through rehearsal and encoding.
This document discusses cognitive processes and their application. It defines cognition and describes the main cognitive processes as sensation, attention, perception, learning, memory, thinking, decision making, and problem solving. It explains each process in 2-3 sentences and provides examples. The document also discusses how cognitive processes are applied in education, noting that people control their own learning, memory is selective, and attention is essential for learning. It lists several references used in the document.
The document discusses the cognitive perspective in psychology. It focuses on gestalt psychology, which emphasized the importance of sensory wholes and the dynamic nature of visual perception. Gestalt psychologists like Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka established principles of perception including proximity, similarity, closure, continuation, and figure/ground perception. They believed perception is organized according to the simplest form possible, in contrast to behaviorism which had an external and mechanistic focus. The cognitive perspective highlighted the importance of mental processes and products in learning.
Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes such as attention, memory, perception, problem solving and thinking. It developed as a field in response to behaviorism, which could not adequately explain complex human behaviors and abilities like language use. Cognitive psychologists study topics like how people learn and remember information, perceive different shapes, and acquire language. Understanding cognition can help fields like education, medicine, AI and interface design. The human mind is complex and cognition involves acquiring, storing, retrieving and processing knowledge.
This slide explains various definitions of cognitive science, the scope of cognitive science in various disciplines, and the evolution of cognitive science from the beginning.
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of the mind and its processes. It includes psychology, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and other fields. The document provides an overview of the key topics in cognitive science, including knowledge representation, language, learning, thinking, and perception. It also discusses different approaches like symbolic and connectionist computational cognitive science. The goal of cognitive science is to understand how the mind works by studying representations and processes through various methods like computational modeling.
Artificial intelligence - Approach and MethodRuchi Jain
Human natural intelligence is ubiquitous with human activities, such as solving problems, playing chess, guessing puzzles. AI is new mean to solve such complex problems. We NuAIg is a AI consulting firm, who will help you to create a AI road-map for your business and process automation.
Cognitive psychology is the study of how humans acquire, process, and store information from the environment. It examines mental processes like perception, memory, learning, and language. Cognitive psychologists believe that human beings are information processors whose mental processes guide behavior, that the mind can be studied scientifically, and that cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors. A key concept in cognitive psychology is schema theory, which proposes that people organize knowledge into mental representations called schemas.
(1) Information processing theory analyzes how humans learn new information through a series of cognitive events that occur quickly in the mind similar to how computers process data. It claims the human mind functions like a computer by analyzing new information, testing it against existing knowledge, and storing it in memory.
(2) Behaviorism is a psychological theory that focuses on observable and measurable behaviors and excludes internal mental processes. It views organisms as responding to environmental stimuli and inner biological drives.
(3) Cognitivism emerged in response to behaviorism to study inner mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem solving. It views cognition as essential to understanding behavior rather than just a behavior itself. Cognitive psychologists study how people
This document provides an overview of cognitive psychology and research methods. It discusses cognitive psychology as the scientific study of thinking and information processing. A brief history is given starting with early thinkers and the behaviorist approach, leading to the cognitive revolution in the 1950s. Cognitive psychology views the mind as an information processor and uses metaphors, models and theories to understand processes like memory, perception and problem solving. Research methods are both observational like case studies and experimental using tools like reaction time tests, imaging and more.
The document discusses several key aspects of constructivist learning theory:
- Constructivist learning theory holds that learners construct new understandings based on their experiences and interactions.
- The brain is complex and adaptive, shaped by experiences, and capable of growth throughout life.
- Learning involves actively making meaning and patterns from experiences in relation to prior knowledge and emotions.
- Effective education recognizes that the brain perceives parts and wholes simultaneously.
Comparisons of the different models of the mind, by Marvin Minsky (MIT), Steven Pinker (Harvard), and Jeff Hawkins (Palm)
These are old slides from 2006 when I was doing my PhD, but since AI is a hot topic again, I thought it would be an interesting share.
The books I compare are "The society of mind" (Marvin Minsky, 1988), "How the mind works" (Steven Pinker, 1999), and "On intelligence" (Jeff Hawkins, 2004).
This document provides an outline of an introduction to cognitive psychology chapter. It defines cognitive psychology as the study of mental processes like perception, learning, memory, and thinking. It then discusses the philosophical and psychological antecedents to cognitive psychology from Plato to behaviorism. It also outlines some key research methods in cognitive psychology like experiments and computer simulations. Finally, it discusses some key themes in cognitive psychology like the interaction of cognitive processes and the need for multiple research methods.
This document discusses artificial intelligence (AI) and its foundations. It defines AI as simulating human intelligence through machine processes like thinking and problem-solving. It explores key approaches to AI like acting humanly through tests like the Turing Test or thinking rationally through logic. The foundations of AI draw from fields like philosophy, mathematics, economics, neuroscience, psychology and computer engineering by applying concepts like logic, learning, decision-making, brain processes, cognition and building intelligent computer systems. The overall goal of AI is to create technology that allows computers and machines to work intelligently by breaking the problem into sub-problems.
While artificial intelligence (AI) is often referred to in popular culture, in reality AI encompasses a broad range of technologies and applications. Some common examples of AI that are already widely used include search algorithms, personalized recommendations, and computer vision technologies. However, these applications do not necessarily constitute strong or general human-level AI. There is no consensus on how to define AI, and its potential capabilities and limitations are actively debated. Overall, AI is an evolving field with many existing real-world uses today, even if more advanced visions of superintelligence remain hypothetical.
1. Cognitive psychology believes that the human mind can be studied scientifically and that mental processes guide behavior and are influenced by social and cultural factors.
2. Key principles of cognitive psychology are that humans are information processors, the mind can be studied scientifically using methods like studying memory, and cognitive processes are shaped by culture and society.
3. Schema theory holds that people organize knowledge into mental representations called schemas that help interpret information, focus attention, and categorize memories according to what is already known.
This document discusses several philosophical theories of mind:
1) The mind is biological in nature and closely tied to brain states (John Searle's view).
2) The mind can be understood as a series of functional states that process inputs and outputs (functionalism).
3) Mental states are just physical states of the brain and are identical to neural patterns (identity theory).
4) The concept of mind may be eliminated as our understanding of the brain improves (eliminative materialism).
This document provides instructions for an upcoming topic presentation assignment. It informs students that the topic schedule and assigned readings have been posted. Students must communicate with their fellow presenters to ensure different aspects of the topic are covered without duplicating each other's work. For their presentation, students must find at least two additional readings on their topic and construct a discussion question. They are responsible for moderating the online discussion and summarizing it for the class. The document outlines the goals and requirements for a successful presentation.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY - Unit 1Rupesh Nath
This document provides an overview of cognitive psychology and its research methods. It defines cognitive psychology as the study of mental processes such as perception, memory, and reasoning. It describes the goals of cognitive psychology research as understanding cognition, developing theories, and testing hypotheses. The key research methods discussed are laboratory experiments, psychobiological research using brain imaging, self-reports, case studies, and naturalistic observation. Computer simulations are also used to model human cognition.
Artificial intelligence (AI) involves developing intelligent machines that can perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence. This document provides an overview of key concepts in AI including definitions of intelligence, AI, and artificial intelligence. It discusses different approaches to AI such as systems that act like humans by passing the Turing test, systems that think like humans through cognitive modeling, systems that think rationally using logical reasoning, and systems that act rationally as intelligent agents. The document also briefly outlines the history and foundations of the AI field.
This document discusses cognitive science and artificial intelligence (AI). It provides definitions and explanations of key topics including cognitive theory, cognitive science, and cognitive neuroscience. Cognitive science is defined as the interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes, focusing on how information is represented, processed, and transformed. The relationship between cognitive science and AI is explored, with AI being used both to augment human thinking and to understand human cognition. Applications of cognitive science and AI discussed include digital assistants, drones, wearable devices, and automated call center systems.
Introduction to applied cognitive psychology [Autosaved].pptxSamitRajan1
This document provides an overview of the emergence of cognitive psychology from its philosophical and theoretical antecedents. It discusses how structuralism and functionalism studied the structure and processes of the mind. It then explains how associationism and behaviorism influenced the field, before cognitive psychology emerged in response to their limitations in explaining complex mental phenomena like language and memory. The document also discusses how developments in linguistics, memory research, and developmental psychology furthered the rise of the cognitive approach.
Still I Rise by Maya Angelou
-Table of Contents
● Questions to be Addressed
● Introduction
● About the Author
● Analysis
● Key Literary Devices Used in the Poem
1. Simile
2. Metaphor
3. Repetition
4. Rhetorical Question
5. Structure and Form
6. Imagery
7. Symbolism
● Conclusion
● References
-Questions to be Addressed
1. How does the meaning of the poem evolve as we progress through each stanza?
2. How do similes and metaphors enhance the imagery in "Still I Rise"?
3. What effect does the repetition of certain phrases have on the overall tone of the poem?
4. How does Maya Angelou use symbolism to convey her message of resilience and empowerment?
Beyond the Advance Presentation for By the Book 9John Rodzvilla
In June 2020, L.L. McKinney, a Black author of young adult novels, began the #publishingpaidme hashtag to create a discussion on how the publishing industry treats Black authors: “what they’re paid. What the marketing is. How the books are treated. How one Black book not reaching its parameters casts a shadow on all Black books and all Black authors, and that’s not the same for our white counterparts.” (Grady 2020) McKinney’s call resulted in an online discussion across 65,000 tweets between authors of all races and the creation of a Google spreadsheet that collected information on over 2,000 titles.
While the conversation was originally meant to discuss the ethical value of book publishing, it became an economic assessment by authors of how publishers treated authors of color and women authors without a full analysis of the data collected. This paper would present the data collected from relevant tweets and the Google database to show not only the range of advances among participating authors split out by their race, gender, sexual orientation and the genre of their work, but also the publishers’ treatment of their titles in terms of deal announcements and pre-pub attention in industry publications. The paper is based on a multi-year project of cleaning and evaluating the collected data to assess what it reveals about the habits and strategies of American publishers in acquiring and promoting titles from a diverse group of authors across the literary, non-fiction, children’s, mystery, romance, and SFF genres.
How to Configure Time Off Types in Odoo 17Celine George
Now we can take look into how to configure time off types in odoo 17 through this slide. Time-off types are used to grant or request different types of leave. Only then the authorities will have a clear view or a clear understanding of what kind of leave the employee is taking.
Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)- Concept, Features, Elements, Role of advertising in IMC
Advertising: Concept, Features, Evolution of Advertising, Active Participants, Benefits of advertising to Business firms and consumers.
Classification of advertising: Geographic, Media, Target audience and Functions.
Beginner's Guide to Bypassing Falco Container Runtime Security in Kubernetes ...anjaliinfosec
This presentation, crafted for the Kubernetes Village at BSides Bangalore 2024, delves into the essentials of bypassing Falco, a leading container runtime security solution in Kubernetes. Tailored for beginners, it covers fundamental concepts, practical techniques, and real-world examples to help you understand and navigate Falco's security mechanisms effectively. Ideal for developers, security professionals, and tech enthusiasts eager to enhance their expertise in Kubernetes security and container runtime defenses.
Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
The Value of Time ~ A Story to Ponder On (Eng. & Chi.).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint presentation on the importance of time management based on a meaningful story to ponder on. The texts are in English and Chinese.
For the Video (texts in English and Chinese) with audio narration and explanation in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUtjLnxEBKo
How to Install Theme in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
With Odoo, we can select from a wide selection of attractive themes. Many excellent ones are free to use, while some require payment. Putting an Odoo theme in the Odoo module directory on our server, downloading the theme, and then installing it is a simple process.
How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, sample data serves as a valuable resource for users seeking to familiarize themselves with the functionalities and capabilities of the software prior to integrating their own information. In this slide we are going to discuss about how to show sample data to a tree view and a kanban view.
Slide Presentation from a Doctoral Virtual Open House presented on June 30, 2024 by staff and faculty of Capitol Technology University
Covers degrees offered, program details, tuition, financial aid and the application process.
2. The term cognition (Latin: cognoscere, "to know") is used in several loosely-related ways to refer
to a facility for the human like processing of information, applying knowledge and changing
preferences ( see, for ex. IPK cognitive architecture). Cognition/(cognitive processes) can be
natural and artificial, conscious and not conscious, therefore they are analyzed from different
perspectives and in different contexts, in neurology, psychology, philosophy, systemics and
computer science. The concept cognition is closely related to such abstract concepts as, mind,
reasoning, perception, intelligence, learning, and many others which describe numerous
capabilities of human mind and expected properties of artificial or synthetic intelligence.
Cognition is an abstract property of advanced living organisms, therefore it is studied as a direct
property of a brain or of an abstract mind on subsymbolic and symbolic levels.
In psychology and in artificial intelligence it is used to refer to the mental functions, mental
processes and states of intelligent entities (humans, human organizations, highly autonomous
robots), with a particular focus toward the study of such mental processes as, comprehension,
inferencing, decision-making, planning and learning (see also cognitive science and
cognitivism). Recently, advanced cognitive researchers are especially focused on the capacities
of abstraction, generalization, concretization/specialization and meta-reasoning which
descriptions involve such concepts as, beliefs, knowledge, desires, preferences and intentions of
intelligent individuals/objects/agents/systems.
The term "cognition" is also used in a wider sense to mean the act of knowing or knowledge, and
may be interpreted in a social or cultural sense to describe the emergent development of
knowledge and concepts within a group that culminate in both thought and action.
3. Cognitive Psychology: The scientific study of
mental processes.
Using controlled research methods to investigate
questions of mind.
We’ll discuss research methods in Chapter 2.
4. “The science of how the mind is organized to produce
intelligent thought and how it is realized in the brain” –
Anderson, 2004
Cognitive Science: Study of the relationships among and
integration of cognitive psychology, biology,
anthropology, computer science, linguistics, and
philosophy.
Cognition: Mental activity associated with thinking,
knowing, and remembering.
Cognitive Psychology: The study of these mental
activities.
Concept formation
Problem solving
Decision making
Judgment formation
5. Cognitive Science
An interdisciplinary approach
to mind
▪ (Cognitive) Psychology
▪ Neuroscience
▪ Artificial intelligence
▪ Anthropology
▪ Linguistics
▪ Philosophy
6. Perception
▪ How do we take in and organize information?
Attention and Working Memory
▪ How do we focus on and manipulate
information?
Recognizing and Identifying
▪ How do we realize what something is?
7. Long-Term Memory
▪ How do store and retrieve information?
Memory Distortion
▪ How does memory go awry?
Autobiographical Memory
▪ What processes influence personal recollection?
8. Knowledge Representation
▪ How we represent and retrieve knowledge?
Language
▪ How we use words to communicate?
Problem Solving
▪ How do we overcome obstacles to arrive at
goals ?
Decision Making
▪ How we arrive at conclusions and make
choices?
9. Psychophysics: Relates physical aspects of experience to
subjective experience.
Weber, Fechner, etc.
How does the mind interpret information and perceive the world
Not a 1-1 transition, but definitely mathematical and predictable.
Weber’s Law:
k
I
I
=
∆
Psychology B.C.
Psychophysics
10. Helmholtz
▪ Developed the notion of unconscious inference
▪ Three important insights about perception
▪Interpretive
▪Influenced by previous experience
▪Occurs outside of awareness
Psychology B.C.
Psychophysics
11. Structuralism
What is the structure of conscious experience?
▪ Wundt, Titchener, introspection
Functionalism
What are the functions of consciousness?
William James emphasized the continuous
nature of consciousness
Psychology B.C.
Structuralism and Functionalism
12. Behaviorism
“mind” and “consciousness” are unobservable, hence
untestable
Only behavior should be the subject of study
▪ Behavior can be characterized completely by stimuli and
responses
▪ “Mind” is an impenetrable “black box”
Psychology B.C.
Behaviorism
13. Ebbinghaus
First experimental investigation
of memory
Use of nonsense syllables
“forgetting curve”
Psychology B.C.
Laying the Foundation for Cognitive Psychology
Retention Interval
Recall
14. Bartlett
Investigated memory for stories (concern for ecological validity)
Recall guided by “schemata”
We’ll return to this in Memory and the Law material
Gestalt psychologists
Investigated mind’s innate
organizational tendencies
“whole is different than
the sum of its parts”
Psychology B.C.
Laying the Foundation for Cognitive Psychology
. . .
. . .
. . .
Rows
or
Columns?
15. S-R view of learning
Learning as an S-R “chain”
▪ Tolman’s expectancies, beliefs,
hypotheses, and cognitive
maps
Critical components
▪ Response
▪ Reinforcement
16. Learning without responding
Response is part of what is learned
▪ Learning cannot occur in the absence of a
response
McNamara, Long,Wike (1956) found rats
prevented from running a maze still learned
▪ A “mental map” of the maze?
17. Learning without reinforcement
Reinforcement necessary for solidifying S-R
associations
Tolman and Honzik found learning in the absence
reinforcement
18. Tolman proposed “cognitive maps” to account for
learning in the absence of response or
reinforcement
cognitive maps = mental representation
Necessity of investigating “mind”
19. Other criticisms of behaviorism
Lashley
▪ Skilled behavior is too complex for an S-R
account
Chomsky
▪ Linguistic expression is too creative and
productive for an S-R account
20. Technological influences on the development of
cognitive psychology
Communication Systems
Computers
These sequential, information-processing systems
provided a possible metaphor for mind
21. Behaviorism had considerable influence
Rigor of research
Observations of behavior still central
▪ Cannot measure a cognitive process, can only
infer it from behavior (and language is a
behavior when studying human cognition).
22. Information processing approach
Models thinking on the computer
Assumptions:
▪ Humans as symbol manipulators
▪ Human thought as active, interpretive
▪ Processing is step-by-step; stages can be
isolated
23. Connectionist Approach
Models thinking on neural networks
Assumptions:
▪ Cognitive processes occur in parallel
▪ Networks of neurons distributed throughout
brain
▪ “parallel distributed processing”
24. Criticisms of current conceptions of mind:
Materialist critique: Is “mind” separable from
“brain”?
“Disembodied” approach to the study of mind
▪ Importance of studying cognition and action
▪ Importance of studying cognition in meaningful
contexts
▪ “ecological validity”
25. Mental Representation: An unobservable internal
code for information.
Similar to prototypes
Some perfect version of an object
▪ Plato’s version of the heavenly or pure form.
Mental representations form the basis of ALL
cognitive activity.
26. Stages of Processing: The steps required to form,
use, and modify mental representations in a
cognitive task.
Perhaps perceiving, encoding, remembering and
retrieving
27. Serial Processing: Cognitive operations occur one
at a time in a series.
The way computers run
Parallel Processing: Cognitive operations occur
simultaneously in parallel.
The way people run
28. Hierarchical Systems: A system composed of component
parts.
Nervous system composed of peripheral and central,
each of which has its own components.
The mind can be divided into component functions
▪ Perception
▪ Memory
▪ Long term
▪ Short Term
▪ Motor output
29. Cognitive Architecture: The design or organization
of the mind’s information processing components
and systems.
Understanding (human) cognitive processing means
being able to implement them on a computational level.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) simulations are generally
designed to be similar to human cognition.
Believe that the mind is built from independent
processing modules, each module specialized for an
independent function.
30. Artificial intelligence (AI): A branch of computer
science that investigates the extent to which
machines can simulate or duplicate the intelligent
behavior of living organisms.
Founded by Turing in an article titled
“Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
▪ Can machines think? Depends on how you
define it I guess!
31. Turing Test: A test devised by Turing (1950) to determine
whether a machine can think. Questions are submitted to
both a human and a machine. If the machine's answers are
indistinguishable from those of the human, it is concluded
that the machine can think.
32. Weak Artificial Intelligence: The contention that
machines (such as computers) can simulate human
cognitive processes but not duplicate them.
Even if the computer passes the Turing test, it is simply
imitating humans, not being human.
Strong Artificial Intelligence: The contention that
machines (such as computers) can duplicate
human cognitive processes.
An appropriately programmed computer is a mind and a
human mind is simply a program.
33. Symbolic Models: Assume that the mind is built
like a digital computer (serial processing).
Mental representations are symbols which are
serially processed using a set of rules.
Connectionist Models: Use the structure of the
brain itself as a model of the mind’s structure
(parallel processing).
A set of simple neurons, interconnected, allows
for complex thinking.
34. Memory is divided into many distinctions
Short term vs. Long Term
Audio vs. Visual
Etc.
35. Consciousness: Our awareness of ourselves
and our environments.
Awareness of external events and internal
sensations, including awareness of the self and
thoughts about one’s experiences.
Allows us to focus our attention.
36. Difficult (impossible?) to define
Self-knowledge: Knowledge about the self.
Informational Access: The capacity to become aware of
and able to report on mental representations and the
processes that operate on them.
Ability to take advantage of mental representations to
allow us to function in the world.
Includes awareness of emotions and self-concepts
Sentience: The basic capacity for raw sensations, feelings,
or subjective experience of any kind.
Relationship between sentience and brain creates mind-
body problem.
Editor's Notes
-Kant’s categories of thought.
-
-Parallel processing is the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli. This becomes most important in vision, as the brain divides and conquers what it sees. It breaks up a scene into four components: color, motion, form, and depth. These are individually analyzed and then compared to stored memories, which helps the brain identify what you are viewing. The brain then combines all of these into one image that you see and comprehend. This is a continual and seamless operation.
-A behaviorist might advocate Weak AI
-John Searle argues against Strong AI by describing a situation
where someone is placed in a room with Chinese symbols and
is given a book describing the manipulation of the symbols.
You would not need to understand the symbols to follow the
rules.