Graphene Oxide–ZnO Nanocomposites for Removal of Aluminum and Copper Ions from Acid Mine Drainage Wastewater
<p>FT-IR spectrum of GO, ZnO and GO/ZnO nanoparticles.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of (<b>a</b>) GO, (<b>b</b>) ZnO and (<b>c</b>) GO/ZnO.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The pH values for Al and Cu monometallic solutions for experiments with and without pH adjustment. The blue line indicates the pHPZC for GO and the red line for GO/ZnO.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Adsorption isotherms for (<b>a</b>) Al and (<b>b</b>) Cu in experiments without pH adjustment and for (<b>c</b>) Al and (<b>d</b>) Cu in experiments with pH adjusted to 4. The standard deviation for the experimental data is also presented. In some cases, the error bars are not observed because the standard deviation is very low.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Kinetic curves for (<b>a</b>) Al and (<b>b</b>) Cu based on the pseudo-second-order model.</p> "> Figure A1
<p>Removal percentages for (<b>a</b>) Al and (<b>b</b>) Cu in experiments without pH adjustment and for (<b>c</b>) Al and (<b>d</b>) Cu in experiments with pH adjusted to 4.</p> "> Figure A2
<p>Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) of the adsorbents after adsorption experiments: GO for (<b>a</b>) Al and (<b>b</b>) Cu removal, and GO/ZnO for (<b>c</b>) Al and (<b>d</b>) Cu removal.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Nanoadsorbents (GO and GO/ZnO)
2.3. Nanoparticles Characterization
2.4. Batch Adsorption Experiments
2.5. Adsorption Isotherms
2.6. Kinetic Experiments
2.7. Chemical Analyzes
2.8. Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Adsorbent Characterization
3.2. Adsorption Experiments
3.3. Kinetic Experiments
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Experimental Condition | Sample | Metal | Langmuir | Freundlich | Tempkin | Dubinin–Radushkevich | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qL (mg/g) | KL (L/mg) | R2 | KF (L/g) | n | R2 | AT (L/g) | B | R2 | qs (mg/g) | kad (mol2/kJ2) | R2 | |||
Without pH Adjustment | GO | Al | 27.40 | 0.07 | 0.858 | 2.12 | 2.97 | 0.835 | 1.23 | 5.10 | 0.766 | 21.57 | −0.0019 | 0.808 |
Cu | 15.97 | 1.33 | 0.947 | 2.49 | 3.39 | 0.737 | 21.32 | 2.91 | 0.762 | 17.59 | −0.0004 | 0.898 | ||
GO/ZnO | Al | 25.06 | 0.78 | 0.963 | 3.36 | 8.73 | 0.598 | 982.39 | 2.35 | 0.511 | 24.14 | −0.0002 | 0.547 | |
Cu | 53.48 | 2.40 | 0.962 | 4.86 | 1.77 | 0.937 | 27.17 | 11.24 | 0.968 | 28.94 | −0.00005 | 0.496 | ||
With pH Adjustment | GO | Al | 16.78 | 0.91 | 0.995 | 2.41 | 3.06 | 0.909 | 13.29 | 3.16 | 0.961 | 16.71 | −0.0004 | 0.990 |
Cu | 42.37 | 0.71 | 0.985 | 3.29 | 1.81 | 0.979 | 8.49 | 8.67 | 0.974 | 37.87 | −0.0004 | 0.988 | ||
GO/ZnO | Al | 36.10 | 0.12 | 0.980 | 3.23 | 5.42 | 0.681 | 228.91 | 2.21 | 0.570 | 17.59 | −0.0002 | 0.856 | |
Cu | 44.05 | 0.79 | 0.908 | 2.84 | 1.28 | 0.233 | 4.97 | 11.04 | 0.853 | 49.11 | −0.0006 | 0.731 |
Sample | Metal | Initial Concentration (mg/L) | (mg/g) | Pseudo-First-Order | Pseudo-Second-Order | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
k1 (1/min) | qe1 (mg/g) | R2 | k2 (g/mg min) | qe2 (mg/g) | R2 | ||||
GO | Al | 36.74 | 23.4 | 0.0088 | 2.91 | 0.9998 | 0.0018 | 23.81 | 1.0000 |
Cu | 22.35 | 21.92 | 0.0140 | 0.99 | 0.9885 | 0.0262 | 21.93 | 1.0000 | |
ZnO | Al | 36.74 | 9.5 | 0.0115 | 1.74 | 0.9874 | 0.0061 | 9.62 | 0.9965 |
Cu | 22.35 | 20.82 | 0.0120 | 2.32 | 0.9933 | 0.0028 | 21.10 | 0.9998 |
Sample | Metal | qe (mg/g) | k2 (g/mg min) | tref (min) | Rw | Type of Kinetic Curve | Approaching Equilibrium Level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GO | Al | 23.81 | 0.0018 | 1320 | 0.0174 | Largely curved | Well approaching equilibrium |
Cu | 21.93 | 0.0262 | 1320 | 0.0013 | Pseudo-rectangular | Drastically approaching equilibrium | |
ZnO | Al | 9.62 | 0.0061 | 1320 | 0.0127 | Largely curved | Well approaching equilibrium |
Cu | 21.10 | 0.0028 | 1320 | 0.0127 | Largely curved | Well approaching equilibrium |
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Rodríguez, C.; Tapia, C.; Leiva-Aravena, E.; Leiva, E. Graphene Oxide–ZnO Nanocomposites for Removal of Aluminum and Copper Ions from Acid Mine Drainage Wastewater. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6911. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186911
Rodríguez C, Tapia C, Leiva-Aravena E, Leiva E. Graphene Oxide–ZnO Nanocomposites for Removal of Aluminum and Copper Ions from Acid Mine Drainage Wastewater. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6911. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186911
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez, Carolina, Camila Tapia, Enzo Leiva-Aravena, and Eduardo Leiva. 2020. "Graphene Oxide–ZnO Nanocomposites for Removal of Aluminum and Copper Ions from Acid Mine Drainage Wastewater" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6911. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186911