As we could have had little materials on Haruo Sato's early works, it had been said that he started his literary life from composing of Waka poems in style. But his traces of naturalism should not be ignored in his first works. In the summer of 42nd year of Meiji, he participated from the outside and made a speech. It was not a sudden happening. As school was diversified itself through affection of Naturalism, Haruo who lived in a remote countory Kumano was unsatisfied with Waka of School. Revived publication of Hamayu was discontinued for the same reason. His poem of "A Young Eagle" symbolized his idea in the 42nd year of Meiji. These ages before he went up to Tokyo could be called the Quickening Period and it should be considered in connection with his later "ideological Poems."

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In this paper we review the risk assessment of carbonaceous nanomaterials, such as single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), fullerenes and carbon black, and summarize elemental carbon (EC) analyses for the determination of the those nanomaterials, focusing on the inhalation exposure of airborne nanomaterials. In the reports of hazard assessment, the proposed OELs (Occupational Exposure Limits) of MWCNTs and SWCNTs ranged from 1 to 50 μg/m³. The fullerenes and carbon black seem to be less toxic than the CNTs. In the reports of exposure assessment, the aerosol concentrations of MWCNTs and SWCNTs in work environments were from less than 0.1 to more than 100 μg/m³. The expected minimum concentration of airborne MWCNTs in the EC analyses was around 1 μg/m³, but the concentrations of EC in ambient particulate matters (APM) were more than 1 μg/m³ in urban environments. The EC analysis introduced in this paper is a convenient method to quantify the carbonaceous nanomaterials in the samples, but size-classification of aerosol samples by cascade impactor and observation using electron microscopes are needed to confirm the characteristics of the nanomaterials.

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After Hisen Mashimo graduated from Kyoto Teaching School in March 1899, he became a master of an elementary school and he was also a manager of Kyoto group of Kansai Young Men's Literature Association. When Tekkan Yosano, a famous poet, wanted to contact with them and widen the scope of innuence, and founded in April 1900,Hisen joined the group with his close friend Suimei Kawai and sent his Tanka diligently. Mr.Kazuo Mashimo, his nephew, still keeps drafts corrected severely by Tekkan.Soon it was reported in the news of the magazine in 1901 that he had founded the branch.At that time Tenmin Kobayashi, a founder of Yoshiahi Gusa (antecedents of Kansai Literature), planed a general meeting of literary men, backed up by the publisher Bunen-do in Ohsaka. It was held in Asazuma of Kitano on January 2. Tekkan,Suimei and Usui Kojima came to the meeting and Hisen took two members from Kyoto. Movement of Kyoto Branch was active in 1902. Gyofu Soma joined it, too, On May 28, 1904,when Hisen was a master of Teaching School, his songs were put on an entertainment and touched feeling of students'parents. They were printed for free distribution and later published by Goshato Book-store. Since then, his anthologies written in narrative style were published one after another. Three of them called Senyu (Comrades) were sung most popularly all over the country. While he composed songs and did his best in writing articles on education and teaching method, he did not send his poems to any more and kept away from the branch. When Shosho Chino was transfered to the Third High School in September 1908, he stimulated activity of Kyoto Branch and meetings were often held with his wife Masako. Sekitei Hara, a Haiku poet,joined it and composed Tanka in style. was discontinued in November,1908 and Kyoto Branch was dissolved in March 1917, when Shosho returned to Tokyo.

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In order to investigate whether or not dispersed nanoparticles have an effect of inflammation and fibrosis on animals, we developed a nanoparticle generation system and examined the gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitor matrix proteinase (TIMP) in rat lung containing inhaled nickel oxide (NiO) or titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles. In both experiments, Wistar male rats were exposed to NiO or TiO₂ nanoparticles for 4 wk (6 h/day). The geometric mean diameters of NiO and TiO₂ in the chamber were 139 ± 12 nm and 51 ± 9 nm, respectively. The average concentration of the particle number of NiO and TiO₂ was 1.0E+05 /cm³ and 2.8E+05 /cm³, respectively. At 4 d, 1 and 3 months after the end of the inhalation, the rats exposed to these particles were sacrificed and the gene expressions of MMP-2, TIMP-2 and type I collagen were measured using RT-PCR. Pathological finding revealed that there was minimum inflammation with nickel oxide only at 4 d and no change with titanium oxide. However, there were no changes of the gene expression of MMP-2, TIMP-2, and type I collagen in either the NiO or TiO₂ exposure groups. In this study, inhalation of nickel oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles did not induce the gene expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA in rat lungs.

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Objective: We examined the pulmonary toxicity of nickel oxide nanoparticle agglomerates in the rat lung following an intratracheal instillation. Methods: The weighted average surface primary diameter of nickel oxide nanoparticles was 8.41 nm, and the count median diameter of nickel oxide nanoparticle agglomerates suspended in saline was 1.34 μm. Male Wistar rats were exposed to 1 mg (3.3 mg/kg) of nickel oxide nanoparticles intratracheally. The control group received intratracheal instillation of saline. Rats were dissected 3 days, 1 wk, 1 mo, 3 mo, and 6 mo after the instillation. Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-2αβ in the lung tissue was determined by quantitative measurement of protein by ELISA. Results: The total cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was increased persistently from 3 days to 6 mo. The neutrophil counts in BALF were also increased at 3 days, 1 wk, 3 mo, and 6 mo. In the lung tissue, infiltration of mainly neutrophils and alveolar macrophages was observed in alveoli from 3 days to 6 mo. The CINC-2αβ concentration was elevated from 3 days to 6 mo in the lung tissue. Conclusions: These results showed that micron-sized nickel oxide nanoparticle agglomerates also induced a persistent inflammatory response.

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As multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) come to be used in a wider range of products, increasing production is expected to result in greater exposure of workers to MWCNTs. In this research, we present a method for evaluating the concentration of MWCNT aerosols distinctively on the basis of the elemental carbon (EC) concentration. Respirable dust is sampled using a Sioutas cascade impactor (SCI) for a certain volume of workplace air. The SCI can collect size-segregated particles having aerodynamic diameters of 2.5 μm, 1.0 μm, 0.5 μm, 0.25 μm and <0.25 μm. MWCNTs in sampled particles are determined by carbon analysis. Based on the phenomenon that MWCNTs easily aggregate/agglomerate, the present procedure for distinguishing MWCNTs uses the EC in particles larger than 1 μm as an index of MWCNT; the EC is oxidized at a high temperature, 920°C, in carbon analysis. We propose a three-step procedure for distinguishing between MWCNT aerosol and atmospheric particulate matter, and for measuring MWCNT concentrations in workplace air on the basis of EC concentration.

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Lung deposition of fibrous aerosol was studied by using a model of the lung bifurcation with dimensions based on the symmetric model A of Weibel. The fibrous aerosols were introduced to the model under steady inspiratory flow conditions. Glass fibers depositing in the daughter tubes and these escaping from them were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The deposited fractions were calculated for each length and diameter using a bivariate lognormal distribution. In this study the authors propose empirical equations to estimate total deposited fractions of fibrous aerosol at upper bronchi. The dimensionless relationship among deposited fractions Fd, Stokes number St for randomly-oriented fibers and interception parameter I were used to estimate the deposited fraction at arbitrary position in the upper bronchi. The calculation procedure for Fd(St, I) consists of two steps: the determination of the four deposited fractions, Fd_n for each I_n (n=1 4) followed by interpolation or extrapolation from Fd_n to find the deposited fraction Fd at a given I. With this procedure, it is possible to determine the deposited fraction Fd in the range of 2 × 10^-3<St<5 × 10^-2 and 5 × 10^b-4<I<5 × 10^-2. Penetration from the trachea to the 10th generation of lung bifurcation was calculated for several cases of fiber diameter, length and flow rate. In the case corresponding to an inspiration of 500 cm³ air at a constant rate for 2 s, more than half of the fibers with a length of 100 μm and diameter of 3 μm are deposited at upper bronchi but more than 90% of fibers of the same length and 1 μm in diameter pass through the region.

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This paper describes the design and implementation of a common information infrastructure for passenger support systems. Based on this infrastructure, we have developed various guidance systems for use not only by the transportation disadvantaged, including visually-impaired and wheelchair users, but also by non-impaired people. By using the common infrastructure, we can build various guidance systems in a more cost-effective way. We have achieved this goal by developing a common access interface to user position databased on radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies and a method to describe guidance data which can be used for a variety of guidance systems. We have also developed prototype guidance systems based on this common information infrastructure.

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This study explains detailed structure of relationships between manufacturers and retailers in Japan’s instant noodles industry by quantitative analysis of displaying of private brands (PBs) at various retail stores. The study contains qualitative analysis of published materials from related industries and enterprises. The results are verified with interviews to people in the industry and with data from a private research organization.
Precedent studies have explained that PBs take influential part in establishing relationships between manufacturers and retailers. However, there is no study about policy and background of relationships, nor qualitative study of these relationships.
The study shows that AEON group is strengthening its supply chain with Nissin (including ) group. It also shows that Seven & i group keeps equal interval from big five manufacturers, i.e. Nissin, Toyo Suisan, Sanyo, and Ace cook. Co-op is very close to Toyo Suisan group, and, CGC handles more Nissin brands than any other brands. It becomes clear that major instant noodle manufacturers and major retailers are strengthening business relationships through instant noodle PBs.
AEON’s direct delivery way of PBs from manufacturers by building self-delivery system may affect food system of NBs which usually goes through wholesalers to retailers.
Recently, sales of instant noodle PBs by CVS and drugstores are increasing. It is expected relationships between manufacturers and CVSs and drugstores should be considered in future study of PBs distribution.

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The mechanism that causes the end of lamp life (EOLL) phenomenon in a fluorescent lamp should be clarified to achieve an effective measure for that. The EOLL phenomenon, including the tungsten sputtering from an electrode, is investigated. We observed the electron emission from a lead in the vicinity of the stem glass. The electron emission causes the intermittent pulse discharge that heats up the stem glass. The concentration of lamp current directly into one of leads is another factor to heat up a small glass portion around the lead. The comparison of the stem glass resistance and the glow discharge impedance between leads after the filament disconnection indicates whether or not the stem glass will begin to soften. It was shown that the heating of a small glass portion around the lead was a dominant factor that resulted in the final stage of EOLL, that is, a substantial overheating of a lamp end portion. The way of operation for testing the life-ended fluorescent lamps is expected to contribute to the further understanding of the alkali metal adsorbate on metal surface.

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A two-component fluidized bed aerosol generator was designed to generate fibrous aerosol. A fiber feeder was attached to the fluidized bed. Fibrous glass was fed to the fluidized bed at feed rates ranging from 1 mg/min to 50 mg/min. In order to change the feed rate, a periodical feed method was developed and examined as an operating mode of the fiber feeder.
The generator was normally operated continuously for two hours and for eight hours at most. The aerosol mass output of this generator was usually 0.8 mg/min. More than 10% of the fed fibrous glass was aerosolized by the generator. The size distributions of fiber length and diameter did not change with time, but the con-centration of the aerosol increased slightly at the rate of 10%/hour.

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This paper proposes a method for measuring the emission time under an optimum condition of current-controlled preheating of fluorescent lamp cathodes. Using this method, a themionic emission curve equation for practical lamp cathodes has been newly arrived at and the relationship between supplied energy for cathodes and its emission curve has been clarified. In addition, it has become clear that the supplied energy, till the emission time is reached, has a minimum value which varies with time and the average cathode resistance changes with a short emission time. These indicate the necessity of some improvements on the present IEC standard for the preheating condition of fluorescent lamp cathodes.

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High-frequency fluorescent lamp operation requires proper cathode preheating by electronic ballasts incorporating a preheating function. This paper examines minimum thermionic emission curves for three different ways of measuring emission times. One is based on a lamp ignition test, another on the ratio of hot to cold coil resistance (R_h/R_c), and the third on the lamp voltage monitoring. The observation that the emission time measured by the lamp ignition method tends to be shorter than that measured by the lamp voltage monitoring method in a short preheat time may be understood in terms of the relaxation of the limited thermal conductivity of the emissive material due to the initial flow of the discharge current. We do not believe that the shorter emission time measured by the lamp ignition method causes premature thermionic emission. On the other hand, when the duration of the heterogeneous heating in a cathode is negligible, then the R_h/R_c method may be used as well. This paper points out that the average resistance of a standardized cathode over the period up to the emission time should be regarded as a substitution resistor. Furthermore, a maximum curve similar to the minimum preheating requirement curve, being examined to replace the maximum preheating broken lines for the present requirement in the IEC, is helpful for determining a new coming maximum required energy line. In the last part of this paper, an approach to the standardization by a preheating energy line together with a suitable value for the substitution resistor is supported.

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In the standard of the approval test for dust respirator certification, test aerosols are defined as air containing quartz particles of 2μm or smaller¹⁾. However, it is well-known that the filtration efficiency of air filters depends on the size of the test aerosol particles. Alternative test aerosols containing submicron size particles will be studied for use in future approval test of dust respirators. Before searching for alternatives, characterization of currently-used quartz dust, e.g. information about size and electrostatic charge of the aerosol particles, should be determined.
The currently-used approval test measures filtration efficiencies with a light scattering photometer. The photometer gives overall aerosol concentration, while Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS-33B, TSI Inc., St. Paul, U.S.A.) is able to give the number concentration for each particle size based on the aerodynamic diameter ranging from 0.9 to 2.0μm. In this study, equivalent diameter was defined as the diameter at which penetration has the same value when measured by APS-33B and by light scattering photometer. The equivalent diameter for the ten filter samples for dust respirator was around 1μm, irrespective of neutralization of the test aerosol.

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The Dryopteris varia complex (subg. Erythrovariae, sect. Variae Fraser-Jenk.) is an apogamous fern complex. Most species of the complex are apogamous triploids; Dryopteris saxifraga and D. varia, the only known diploid sexual cytotypes in the complex, are insufficient to account for the morphological and genetic variation within the complex. In this study, we describe a new diploid sexual species, Dryopteris protobissetiana K. Hori et N. Murak., from southern Yakushima, and discuss its morphological characteristics, reproductive mode, and chromosome number. Dryopteris protobissetiana is similar to D. bissetiana in having slightly bullate scales and a dark green lamina surface, but it differs in having flat, serrate margins at the apex of the upper pinnae. Dryopteris protobissetiana is a sexual diploid with 2n=82, and may be a source of the genetic variation in the apogamous complex.

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This paper presents a new interactive guidance system for passengers. The system developed for the visually disabled consists of a cane, a portable information terminal, and radio tag-installed Braille blocks. The tag reader at the tip of the cane reads the location data in the tag and transmits it to the portable information terminal by radio waves. The information terminal generates appropriate guide and navigation messages by utilizing geographical information and personal data of the user. The user can interactively acquire the messages by communicating with the system. We carried out a field test to evaluate the system at a station in Tokyo. In this test, a number of visually disabled persons used the system in the actual conditions. The results of the test have shown good availability of the system.

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We report a 55-year-old man who showed no change after chemotherapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia-blastic crisis (CML-BC) in 1998. Allo-peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) was then performed and Complete remission (CR) was achieved, but recurrence was seen in 2001. Imatinib administration brought about partial remission (PR) and then a reduced intensity stem cell transplantation (RIST) was performed. The bcr-abl gene disappeared and Ph1 chromosome disappearance was ascertained. CR was thus achieved. There are still no established radical methods of treating CML-BC. Thus, therapy by allograft after the patient has entered hematological remission with imatinib is considered a new way of dealing with cases of CML-BC.

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