This article empirically investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and corporate entrepreneurship in family firms. Corporate entrepreneurship has been widely recognized as an effective means for revitalizing companies and improving their financial performance. Entrepreneurial orientation refers to the strategy-making processes and styles of firms that engage in entrepreneurial activities. The previous studies in Europe and the United States have identified five factors of EO: innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking, autonomy, and competitive aggressiveness. In this study, using a sample of 112 Japanese family firms, I conduct an exploratory factor analysis, and find four factors of entrepreneurial orientation : innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking and competitive aggressiveness. However, I do not find autonomy in Japan. Also, some items in competitive aggressiveness factor are mixed up with autonomy factor. Moreover, innovation, proactiveness, and risk-taking are positively related to entrepreneurial performance. These results suggest that the positive impact of entrepreneurial organization on corporate entrepreneurship exist even if the countries are different. I also conduct an analysis of covariance, and find that entrepreneurial orientation mediates the relationship between sales, firm size, and firm age and entrepreneurial performance. As sales and firm size grow, the increased managerial resources make it impossible to maintain the existing business strategy. Therefore, family firms tend to be engaged in corporate entrepreneurship activities and to shift into entrepreneurial organization. Since the older family firms are more likely to gain first-mover advantages, and to keep leadership positions in the industry and the region, going ahead of competitors is very important.

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Using the Corporate Entrepreneurship Assessment Instrument (CEAI), this study analyzes organization factors which promote Japanese managers' corporate entrepreneurial actions, and compares the findings with those of the previous research conducted in the U. S. The CEAI was developed to measure managers' perceptions of the internal antecedents of corporate entrepreneurship within a firm, and its construct validity has been strongly supported by the growing base of the U. S. research. The previous U. S. studies have identified five factors as these antecedents: management support, work discretion, organizational boundaries, reward/reinforcement, and time availability. In this study, using a sample of 203 Japanese middle managers, I conducted an exploratory factor analysis, and found six factors: management support, work discretion, autonomy of the plan, evaluation to result, tolerance to failure, and autonomy of the method of the work. Both in Japan and the U. S., management support and work discretion factors were found. However, for management support factor, items which loaded high differed. While risk talking item loaded high in the U. S., efforts to continuous improvements and creation of new ideas through cross-functional way items loaded high. Also, time availability factor was not found in Japan. These results suggest that organizational factors which promote middle managers' corporate entrepreneurial actions might be somewhat different between Japan and the U. S.

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We should be like to consider the use of video teaching materials as input for basic knowledge in order to turn traditional classes into a place for active learning that transcends the boundaries between online and offline. For teachers who are worried about making video materials, this paper will introduce how to make videos and how to use them in the classroom, which anyone can do.

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The purpose of this investigation was to propose an automobile that decreases the impact of collision on pedestrians in traffic accidents. It was found that many pedestrians involved in the accidents were hit their head with the front part of cars and died of impact on the head area. Therefore we aimed to reduce the impact by improvement of the front shape. To grope for on optimal shape of the front shape, the experiment on collision was practiced with 1/8 scale models. As a result of this, we found that the optimal shape should not only absorb the impact but also hold a pedestrian on the hood of a car. Finally, we proposed the front shape of car and made a clay model according to the necessary requirements.

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本研究は，美容室等での髪色の提案に応用するために髪色と第一印象との関係を明らかにすることを目的とし，実験参加者の性別や年代別に髪色の印象評価結果を分析した．

日本人女性の平均顔に明度6段階，色み8段階の髪色を合成した48通りの画像を作成し，実験参加者には，これらの画像の中から合計18の評価項目に当てはまる画像をそれぞれ3つまで選んでもらった．この結果，ほとんどすべての属性で「若々しい」「元気」「かわいい」「華やか」に高明度の髪色を，「大人っぽい」「落ち着いた」「エレガント」「渋い」に低明度の髪色を選ぶ傾向があったが，色みについては属性による差が現れた．女性は髪の明度・寒暖の両方に第一印象との一貫した関係性があるのに対し，男性は明度のみに関係性が現れた．また年齢が上がるにつれ，髪色の寒暖と印象評価の関係性が強くなる傾向が観察された．男女差の要因としては形重視・色重視の違いや，色覚の違い，年代差の要因としては，ファッションカラー経験の有無や，ヘアメイクアップの経験年数が印象評価形成に影響を及ぼしていることなどが考えられる．

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Tyrosinase inhibitory action (TIA) of cosmetic raw materials containing cosmetic whitening ingredients was measured as an in vitro screening procedure. Among them, L-ascorbic acid phosphate magnesium salt (VC-PMg) had no TIA. The decomposition of VC-PMg was also examined by acid-phosphatase (Acp), a skin enzyme. Consequently, VC-PMg was hydrolyzed to L-ascorbic acid by pseudo first order reaction. The reaction solution containing L-ascorbic acid had TIA. The whitening effects of several cosmetic raw materials could be compared by the in vitro TIA test.

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