THE LONDON CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF THE CRUSADES THE MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THE LATIN EAST THE MILITARY ORDERS: CULTURE AND CONFLICT The Sixth International Conference to be held at St John’s Gate, Clerkenwell, London, on Thursday 5th September – Sunday 8th September 2013 Abstracts of Communications Please note: All abstracts are un-edited and copied from the original registration forms Dr Abbas Ahmed ElSayed Inas Alexandria University, Egypt The Military Brethern on the Spanish Christian-Islamic frontier from the 12th & the late 13th centuries The 11th & 13th Centuries witnessed the advent of some international military Orders in the Iberian peninsula and the apogée of their participation in the anti-Moorish struggle by the side of the unified kingdom of Aragon and Catalonia. We are concerned here with assessing their considerable role on the trans-Ebro frontier as well as during the advance southwards into the Valencian border and the Balearics, the frontiers which were affected by constant warfare and raids, and also the areas faced the threat of capture. While exposing the nature of this role in all its aspects. By stressing on certain crucial issues such as   Whether these military Orders were qualified, fully equipped to undertake the task ascribed to them. And how far this role was so apparent that it had been realized by the Moors and mentioned by Moslem historians. Although comparatively few references to the Orders are to be found in most of the narrative sources. The orders’ participation in campaigns and expeditionsś can be traced in part not only from narrative sources; including letters as well as chronicles and annals; but also from charters, when they record grants by the Spanish monarchs made explicitly for aid during a particular campaign or at the time of expeditions. Hayba Abouzeid Monash University, Victoria, Australia Reading the Memoirs of Usamah ibn Munqidh- Veteran, diplomat and storyteller of the Crusades The Crusades illustrates an environment that depicts a culture engrained in conflict. Indeed this chapter in history has been one of great interest to its purpose and significance in the development of both the European and Eastern worlds. Usamah ibn Munqidh introduces readers into the only life he knew, a life of survival. Yet his memoir, The Book of Contemplation, introduces a new approach to a world that fought for land, honour and purpose. Within the memoirs of Usamah ibn Munqidh readers witness the practice of tolerance within Usamah’s own development and growth from being a warrior to becoming a diplomat and veteran. He documents his stories to entertain, to educate and to remind that there was more than just a life long battle to the crusades. Alliances, friendships and acceptance are amongst the themes illustrated within the memoirs of Usamah. This paper will focus on Usamah’s world from the period between 1085-1149 and briefly explore the overall impact of the collapse of Usamah’s world after the second crusade. Prof Luís Adão da Fonseca University of Porto, Portugal The Commandary of Noudar of the Order of Avis: the significance of a conflictive memory embedded between the Portuguese Crown and the Military Order. Due to a large investment already made studying the theme of the representations of the memory, I pretend to adjust this broader perspective to a concrete case of a territory of a Military Order in the Middle Ages – Noudar. This view will allow us to make some considerations about the expected difference between the memory we can recall from the political power expressed in an official perspective and another kind of memory, kept by the Military Order and expressed or not by the local people. The interest is clear, as we may be able to establish some priorities regarding the aims of both entities: the Portuguese crown and the Military Order, as well as we can, easily perceive that, in some important chronologies, their interests are coincident. This a feature that, although polemic as it may be, allow us to attain some interesting conclusions in what concerns the relations between the Portuguese monarchs and the Military Orders, especially those placed in strategic areas of the boarder. Alessandro Angelucci Scuola Superiore di Studi Storici, San Marino University Songs of War. Olivier lo Templier, Ricaut Bonomel and the Troubadoric Culture in the Templar Order We have two characters belonging to the Order of Temple who have written a couple of songs: Olivier lo Templier (Estat aurai lonc temps en pessamen) and Ricaut Bonomel (Ir'e dolors s'es dins mon cor asseza). It is not so much to figure out a broader troubarodic culture in the Order, although the song were composed almost in the same years, probably during the Eight Crusade, and both have a pro-catalan rethorical/propagandistical point of view. The communication is aiming to provide a study of those two templars poets in order to compare them with the general troubadoric culture, first of all the one related to the songs of Crusade, finding out more differences or similarities. We can point out these two poetic sources to underline some problems for the reception of the lay culture in the Temple, and how this culture could be displayed to get the purposes of conquering the Holy Land. Xavier Baecke Ghent University, Belgium The symbolic power of religious knighthood. Discourse and context of the first donations to the Templar order in de Low Countries. On the thirteenth of September of the year 1128, Hugh of Payns and Godfrey of Saint-Omer, founders of what was to become the Templar Order, were present at one of the most important early donations to the knights Templars in the West. Count Thierry d’Alsace, who had recently emerged as the victor of the Flemish civil war, a conflict arising after the murder of count Charles the Good in 1127, gave the Templars the relief on the wealthy county of Flanders. It would be the foundation upon which the Temple brothers would build out a profound network within the Flemish region. Interestingly, this donation was simultaneously imitated by different prominent noblemen of the county, who, only a few months before, belonged to rivalling factions. Adding to the intrigue, the donation itself was actually a repetition of a same gift made a year before by William Clito, count Charles’ first successor, who was to be replaced by his opponent Thierry d’Alsace on 28 July 1128. The charter describing this donation, seen in the light of its exceptionally well documented context, provide us with an entry point for understanding the cultural dynamics and socio-political contexts which were intimately related to such donations. The central argument will be that, next to and in interaction with purely salutary motives, also the ideal of spiritual knighthood and the symbolic power which it rendered, constituted essential elements in these gift-giving processes. What is more, the donations reveal how this new knightly ideal, now getting materialised by the military orders, acquired a privileged position in the mentalities and habitus of knights and noblemen, who, in turn, used this ideal to consolidate and enhance their power and position within the ‘feudal’ network. At the same time, their donations provided them with a new identity based upon a sense of vocation within Christianity. Giampiero Bagni University of Bologna, Italy The conflict of the Trial of the Templars (1307-1314): the real identity and long life of templar Pietro da Bologna, defender of the Templars in Paris. 'This research permitted me to identify the Templar knight Pietro di Bologna, defender of the Knights Templar in the trial of Paris in 1310. I discovered that he was Pietro Roda, who had been general attorney of the Knights Templar in the Curia Romana. He survived prison in Paris and, with the help of the Archbishop of Ravenna Rinaldo di Concorezzo, returned to Bologna, being nominated camerario of the Archbishop. Later he became a Knight of St. John and died in his templar house of Bologna in 1329. Dr Nadia Bagnarini University of Siena, Italy Culture and conflict in two Italian houses of the military orders. History and architecture of S. Giulio in Civitavecchia and the Commandary of SS. Giovanni and Vittore in Montefiascone. The history and architecture of these two settlements are examples of the coexistence in Tuscia of two opposing elements: culture and conflict. The Templar Preceptory of San Giulio was involved in the clash between the Papacy and the Empire, when Pope Innocent IV, fleeing from Federico II, went there to change his clothes and resume the Papal insignia. The beautiful “damier” decoration of the Preceptory’s tower also highlights the skills of local craftsmen influenced by French culture. The Commandery of Montefiascone was involved in the conflict between Viterbo and Montefiascone that resulted in the building of fortified structure. It also became the residence of the famous humanist and Commander of the Order of Malta Annibal Caro in the sixteenth century. The settlements will be analysed from both the historical and architectural point of view, thanks to the cabrei preserved in the archives of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in Rome and to an unpublished volume preserved in the Archives Aldobrandini in Frascati. Dr Julia Baldo University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain Defensive elements in the Templar and Hospitaller preceptories of the Priory of Navarre In this paper, my aim is to study the defensive elements of several Templar and Hospitaller preceptories in Navarre (Aberin, Ribaforada, Cizur Menor, Echávarri, Induráin, etc.) and to place them in the context of contemporary European military architecture. The defensive elements used follow the typical patterns of the compounds of the various military orders, as well of the military architecture that developed in Europe and the Holy Land, though adapted to simpler and more restrained models. These elements, found deployed not only in the monasteries but also in the churches, made for an effective defence effort both in the communities of friars and the villages in which these preceptories were situated. Dr Major Balázs Catholic University of Hungary Water Management in the Hospitaller Castle of Margat, Syria. Margat was one of the largest and most important centres of the Order of St John in the medieval Holy Land. The research programme of the Syro-Hungarian Archaeological Mission started in 2007, revealed a very complex and highly advanced medieval infrastructure of water management. The carefully planned and often improved system comprised a number of refined hygienic installations which show little similarity to contemporary Near Eastern parallels and thus points to the direction of European innovation generated by a military order. Dr Vicent Baydal and Vicent Royo University of Oxford and University of Valencia The Templars and the Hospitallers in the conquest and colonization of the Kingdom of Valencia The military orders played a crucial role in the Christian conquest of Al-Andalus in general and of the Kingdom of Valencia, the southernmost territory of the Crown of Aragon, in particular. The Orders of the Temple and the Hospital accompanied James I in his military actions against the Muslims in the thirteen century, and the king rewarded them with lots of lands in the northern part of the kingdom. But the instability of a kingdom newly conquered caused frequent disputes between these orders, the king, the nobles and the bishop of Tortosa, the highest ecclesiastical authority in the region, about the limits of their lordships, the exercise of judicial power and the distribution of feudal rents. These conflicts were resolved through negotiations between the warring parties, particularly through compromises and arbitrations. So this paper shall analyse the settlement of these military orders in the kingdom of Valencia and the solution to the conflicts that arose from its conquest in 1233 to the dissolution of the Templars in 1307, as these power struggles laid the foundations of the political, judicial and administrative organization of its whole northern part. Dr Elena Bellomo Cardiff University, University of Verona The Sforzas, the Papacy and the Control of the Hospitaller Priory of Lombardy in the second half of the XV century The paper aims at outlining the conflict between the Sforzas, signori of Milan, and the Hospital for the control of the Priory of Lombardy. In the second half of the XV century the signori of Milan, tried to direct the appointments of the Hospitaller priors of Lombardy and move the see of the priory from Asti to Milan. In this attempt they also had the support of popes Sixtus IV and Alexander VI. The paper will reconstruct this conflict also investigating the careers of the Hospitaller dignitaries involved in these events. Stephen Bennett Aarhus, Denmark The Battle of Arsuf: a reappraisal of the charge of the Hospitallers A loss of control by the marshal of the Hospitallers and an ‘English knight’ is cited in sources such as the Itinerarium Peregrinorum and Ambroise’s Estoire de la Guerre Sainte as causing the breakdown of Richard the Lionheart’s careful advance on Jaffa. Screaming, ‘St George!’ the two knights burst out of formation and led their troops in a desperate charge. In modern accounts, Richard is depicted as watching in horror as successive units of Crusaders join the Hospitallers, forcing him to reinforce their reckless attack. Based on research into the composition of Richard I’s household during the Third Crusade and analysis of the organisation of the Military Orders in battle, this paper will argue that the Hospitaller’s charge was led by experienced commanders, acting under King Richard’s delegated authority. Rather than a failure in discipline, their charge is an example how a medieval general might decentralise command to trusted subordinates to act in accordance with his overall intent. Prof Marina Bessudnova Lipetsk State Paedagogical University, Russia Die Privilegien des Deutschen Ordens, sacrum bellum und die Eskalation der russisch-livländischen Konflikt gegen Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts“. Die Ideologie der Kreuzzugsbewegung erscheint, wie es nur durch neuere Forschung belegt ist, als ein Phänomen der „longue durée“. Hätte einen Hauptpunkt in den stets transformierenden Kreuzungsgedanken markieren können, doch sei selbstverständlich ans sacrum bellum zu erinnern, damit der Schutz des katholischen Glaubens gegen äußere und innere Feinde, sowie dessen Vertrieb außerhalb den katholischen Weltraum zusammenhängen. In dieser Hinsicht dürfen sichtbare Anstrengungen der Deutschordensleitung zur Wiederherstellung der Kreuzungsgedanken im späten 15. Jahrhundert nicht außer Acht gelassen werden, die sich ganz deutlich in den Ordenschroniken und im diplomatischen Briefwechsel (es kommt dabei dem Komplex an Urkunden aus dem GStA PK zu) erkennbar werden. Ein Grund dafür könnte in den politischen Wirren sehen sein, die der Deutschen Orden in Preußen zur damaligen Zeit erlebte. der Streit wegen der päpstlichen und kaiserlichen Privilegien, die die Existensgrundlage der Ordensstaaten in Preußen und in Livland nach der Beendigung der „Schwertmission“ rechtlich absicherten, erscheint darunter als besonders beachtenswert. Da diese Vorrechte von Gegnern des Deutschen Ordens angefechtet wurden, sollte er, um ihre Gültigkeit zu halten, einen überzeugenden Beleg zu seiner ursprünglichen Natur, ebenso wie zu seinem treuen Dienst in iter Dei liefern. Man könnte höchtens zugestehen, dass die einheitliche und konsequente Politik der Hochmeister Truchses und Tiefen, die sowohl auf die Bestätigung der Disziplin, auch auf die Reanimierung der religiösen Wärme bei den Ritterbrüdern gerichtet worden war, denselben Zweck verfolgte. Daraus ergab sich auch beim Ordenszentralgewalt ein reges Interesse an Geschichtsschreibung und spiritueller Literatur – z. B. die Prophezeiungen von Hl. Birgitte, Hl. Sybilla usw., die die Verdienste des Deutschen Ordens um die katholische Kirche zeigten. Außerdem, es lässt sich ein sehr großer Bedarf an Geld beim Orden nicht abschätzen, ebenso wie die Intension des Hochmeisters Tiefen, einen päpstlichen „Ablas“ und eine damit gebundene große Summe Geld zu finden, die nicht nur vom Hochmeister, sondern auch von anderen katholischen Herrschern bekämpft worden waren. Darum also benötigte der Deutsche Orden im Interesse seines Gewinnes, die Manifestation von auf sacrum bellum bezüglichen Idealen durch beachtenswerte Taten zu bestätigen. Man nutzte zuerst zu diesem Zweck die Vorbereitung eines Kriegszuges gegen die Türken aus, aber dieser Trumpf wurde durch die Niederlage des Deutschen Ordens in Walachei 1497 geschlagen. Zur gleicher Zeit hob der Bischof von Ermland Lucas die für die Ordensvorrechte relevante Frage in der römischen Kurie hervor, dadurch sich die Lage des Deutschen Ordens erheblich verschlechterte. Angesichts dieser bedrohlicher Situation gewannen die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen dem livländischen Zweig des Deutschen Ordens und dem Moskauer Staat, die nach der Einverleibung Groß-Novgorods in den Moskauer Staat (1478) immer mehr Gewicht erhielten, höchstens an Bedeutung. Der Kampf des livländischen Deutschordens gegen die „Schismatiker“ könnte als sacrum bellum bewertet werden, und der Hochmeister Tiefen versuchte aus diesem Grund eine Zusammenarbeit mit dem livländischen Landsmeister Plettenberg beim Heiligen Stuhl zu bestätigen. Auch wenn der Letztgenannte wiederum ein vitales Interesse an „Ablas“-Geld hatte, wollte er keinesfalls in einen Krieg mit Moskau verwickeln und sich diesem Projekt fern hielt. Bei späteren Gelegenheiten unterstützte er doch den Vorschlag des Statthalters Isenburg, ein gegen Moskau gerichtetes Allianz von Dänemark, Schweden, Preußen und Livland zu schaffen, was als direkte Folge seiner erfolglosen Verhandlungen mit dem Großfürsten von Moskau Ivan III, die er seit 1494 geführt hatte, anzusehen ist. „Der Plan von Isenburg“ gab ihm wohl Hoffnung, Hilfe von außen, danach er von langer Dauer suchte, zu erhalten. Der Moskauer Herrscher, der zuerst Livland als Kriegsziel kaum betrachtet hatte, war seinerseits darüber gut informiert – v.a. durch seine Spione in Litauen – und versuchte durch mehrfache Raubzüge auf livländische Randgebieten Livland von diesem Bündnis zu lösen. Plettenberg beantwortete das 1498 mit einem Aufruf zum Krieg mit Russland. Das darf daraus geschlossen werden, dass die rein propagandistische Maßnahme der Deutschordensobrigkeiten, die nur die Bestätigung von formalrechtlichen Grundlagen des Ordens bezweckte, verhalf in der Tat zu einen neuen Aufschwung der russisch-livländischen Gegensätze und letztendlich zum Krieg 1501-1503 Betty Binysh Cardiff University Massacre, masters or mutual benefitŚ The Military Order’s relations with their Muslim neighbours in the Latin East (1100-1300) The Military Order’s relations with their Muslim neighbours in the Levant varied enormously, from bloody hatred to wary respect and even collaboration. It ranged from Saladin and Baybar’s massacre of Templar prisoners to accusations that the Templars prevented Muslim conversion, took bribes to abandon a siege, were reluctant to fight Muslims, brokered peace negotiations, participated in treaties creating condominium and even engaged in fraudulent money changing. HospitallerMamluk condominium even instituted shared courts. This paper examines the extent and limits of cooperation. It asks how this apparent ‘convivencia in the East’ developed or was curtained by crusaders from the West. Pierre Bonneaud Uzes, France The Hospitallers at Rhodes in the 15 th century (1426-1480) As a religious order, the Hospital had always practiced collegiality and cultivated consensus among its members although conflicts had occasionally occurred at the Convent in Rhodes between the langues or between the masters and their councils. From the invasion of Cyprus by the Mamluks in 1426 until the Ottomans unsuccessfully besieged Rhodes in 1480, the Hospitallers at Rhodes were exposed to threats and attacks from these two Moslem powers. They had to face for the first time aggressions on their own islands by enemies who were superior to them in number and resources. Furthermore, the combined costs of vessels, mercenaries, armament and fortifications work, as well as the cost of an increased number of brothers summoned to the convent for its defence, provoked a huge and endless financial crisis. We intend, in this proposed communication, to stress how the masters and their officials did not spare any effort to reinforce consensus among the members of the Hospitaller community at Rhodes as well as to reach a better relationship with the island's population at a time of great danger and difficulties. The quest for consensus did not exclude episodic situations of conflict between the three French langues which had for a long time been paramount in the conduct of affairs and access to major offices and the so-called ‘minor’ langues of England, Germany, Italy and Spain. Some masters were also opposed by their convent officials, especially so when new levies proved necessary to face the critical financial crisis, to the point that in 1446 and 1467 the Papacy had to summon chapters general in Rome in order to impose its view and end dissensions. In spite of such discordances (or maybe thanks to them) all major decisions came to be debated by representatives of the Hospitaller community in Rhodes through various channels such as more frequently held chapters general or assemblies, the master's council, the council complete, a college of proctors of the Treasury and by other means. At the end of a long process, all langues were treated on an equal footing and gained influence in all decisions by developing their own rules for the careers of their members as well as by having a voice in most of the various councils. During the fifty year period examined the masters and all of the Convent officials were united in an unbroken determination to prepare the defence of Rhodes in case it should be attacked. The measures which were taken for the defence of Rhodes permitted the resistance to the powerful and carefully organized attack by the Ottomans in 1480. Through common consensus many new statutes and regulations improved and clarified the ruling systems of the Convent and the duties of the knights and of their officials. Furthermore. most of the Hospitallers in Rhodes and the neighbouring islands were given specific defence or administration assignments. A good understanding with the islands' Greek population as well as with the Western merchants operating in Rhodes was also achieved with various appropriate measures. Prof Karl Borchardt University of Wuerzburg, MGH, Germany German and Latin texts on Hospitaller Life and Administration from Clm4620 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm4620 is a medieval manuscript with various Latin and German texts concerning Hospitaller life and administration from the 12 th and 13th centuries. One part with a description of the Jerusalem hospital has been provisionally edited by Benjamin Z. Kedar. The present paper will focus on the other parts which are mostly translations from French or Latin into German, but also include a few original passages. Dr Abdelaziz Boukenna University of Algiers, Algeria The Crusades as Cultural Vectors and misunderstanding between el-Ifrandj and the Muslims. The Crusades was not a wars of bloodshed between the Muslims and the el-Efrandj as many historians and readers still writing and thinks about it, but it was a bridges and cultural vectors between both sides and beyond. The Latin Language for example, still bear many Arabic names and words, mainly in commerce and trade, such as: Amiral; Tariff, check and many other words. The history of the crusades sill discusses various subjects; and the study of culture and conflict between Muslims and Christians, is certainly not just about kings, sultans and battles, is about identifying issues, significant issues, reading about them forming intelligent opinions. And in this respect, we can trace these issues of culture and conflict to the narrative of geographers and travellers and even missionaries, and to the bigotry of some crusaders in Al-Andalus, Sicily and the Latin East. Among these historical sources, we shall discuss the books of Ibn Jubayer (the travel of Ibn Jubayer) and Ibn Almunkith,Kitab al Iatibare or (an Arab Syrian gentleman, ed by: P.Hitti) or the book of S.A.Attia, (the Crusade, Culture and Commerce). Dr Judith Bronstein University of Haifa, Oranim College, Israel On the brink of an abyss: the Hospitallers in the Latin East in the years leading up to 1291 My paper investigates the institutional and economic situation of the Hospitallers' in the Latin East in the critical years leading to the fall of Acre in 1291. It reassesses the impact of this crucial period on the order and examines how the Hospitallers adapted institutionally to the deteriorating circumstances. Prof Renger de Bruin Centraal Museum, Utrecht, The Netherlands The narrow escape of the Teutonic Order, Bailiwick of Utrecht, 1811-1815 In February 1811 Napoleon issued a decree abolishing ecclesiastical institutions in the recently annexed Netherlands. One of these was the Teutonic Order, Bailiwick of Utrecht. Founded as a commandery in 1231 this Bailiwick became a secular organization of Dutch noblemen after the Reformation, extricated from the Grand Master. The lawyer hired by the landcommander to protest against the abolition emphasized this secular nature in his objection to the French government. It was not convincing enough and during Napoleon’s visit to Amsterdam the abolition was reconfirmed. The process of confiscation and selling property (the goal of the decree) started, but due to delay tactics by the steward (in order to hide his own fraud), only part of property had been sold at the moment the French left in November 1813. Landcommander Bentinck van Schoonheten immediately started lobbying with the returned Prince of Orange, asking for restoration of the Bailiwick of Utrecht. He was successful: in August 1815 the monarch (meanwhile King William I) revived the Order and restituted the part of the property still in government’s hands. The first years were difficult with internal quarrels, conflicts with the government about regulations and an extensive fraud. In the 1830s the Bailiwick of Utrecht settled down again and found a new role as an exclusive ‘club’ for members of the old Protestant nobility in the Netherlands, which it still is. The importance of this history is threefold: the policy of Napoleon towards the Military Orders, the debates about restoration after his downfall and the role of organizations like the Teutonic Order as strongholds of the old nobility in the nineteenth century. Dr David Bryson University of Melbourne, Australia The One Who Got Away? Humbert Blanc and the Fall of the Templars This paper will be the third in a series presented by the author on the Templar leaders and the fall of the Order, the first and second having been on Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Order (Rhodes, 2011), and on Hugues de Peyraud, Visitor (Caceres, 2012). While Humbert Blanc, as Grand Commander in Auvergne, was of lesser rank, he is of special interest because Auvergne was, under his command, a particular focus of illicit receptions as given in trial testimony. Humbert Blanc , whether by chance or design, escaped the arrests of October 1307, and the testimony by or about him in the trials of Clermont Ferrand, Paris and London, is a resource of extraordinary diversity. This paper will present the evidence of these factors in assessing Humbert Blanc’s role, if any, in the fall of the Order. Emanuel Buttigieg University of Malta Culture and conflict on the waves: The use of the Grand Harbour of Malta as a stage for the projection of the authority and power of the Order of St John’ Between 1530 and 1798 the Order of the Hospital was based on the centralMediterranean island of Malta; its seat of power therein was the area surrounding the great harbour of Malta, one of the deepest natural harbours in the Mediterranean. Over the years the presence of the Order instigated a fundamental transformation of the harbour landscape from one of barren emptiness, save for the small medieval outpost of Birgu, to a mighty fortified conurbation. The amalgamation of the natural and the man-made landscape created an impressive ‘floating stage’ upon which the Order could put up shows of power and magnificence. This paper will seek to explore how ‘Culture’ (in the sense of splendid ritual) and ‘Conflict’ (in the form of the language of incessant war against Islam) came together on occasions like the funerals of grand masters or the launching of new sea vessels to create set-pieces which reinforced the Order’s confidence in its own purpose and impressed onlookers Prof Lúcia Cardoso Rosas University of Porto, Portugal Art and devotional objects as elements of prophylactic uses within a cultural memory and a territorial appropriation: the treasure of Vera Cruz de Marmelar The study of the function of liturgical and devotional objects in the Middle Ages has been one the most stimulating fields in History of Art. Objects must be analysed in its purpose, its function and its uses and practices. In the treasure of Vera Cruz de Marmelar a reliquary of the Holy Cross indicate a prophylactic function well beyond the devotional issue. A medieval Processional Cross and some paintings of the 1617th centuries demonstrates the aims by the Saint John commendary to perpetuate the cult of the relic and his taumaturgical capacity. Dr Mike Carr and Brian McLaughlin University of London, Royal Holloway New Dawn or False Promise? Byzantine-Hospitaller Relations and the Anti-Turkish League of 1334 In September 1332 representatives of the Knights Hospitaller, the Republic of Venice and the Byzantine emperor Andronikos III met on Rhodes to finalise agreements for a naval league to combat the rising power of the Anatolian Turks. This signified a potential watershed in Latin-Byzantine relations and in the history of the crusading movement: it represented one of the first instances of combined Greco-Latin military action against the Turks, and a change in crusade strategy from attempts to reestablish Latin control of Constantinople to the need to defend Christian territories from the Turks. However, this league, which won a series of victories against the Turks in the Aegean during 1334, never featured Byzantine galleys despite the agreements made on Rhodes. Although these events have received much attention from historians, as of yet no one has convincingly explained why Andronikos III was unable, or unwilling, to contribute to the naval coalition despite his commitments. This paper, by undertaking a systematic analysis of the Latin and Greek sources for the period in question – including Venetian, papal and Hospitaller archival material, as well as the Byzantine histories of Nikephoros Gregoras and John Kantakouzenos – will attempt to untangle the intricate web of alliances and counter-alliances that characterised fourteenth-century Aegean politics. In doing so, it will hopefully shed light on this mystery. Crucial to this task will be the establishment of a detailed chronology of events and the analysis of Hospitaller relations with the Byzantine emperor. These were far less cordial than the agreements for joint action against the Turks might indicate. During the very same period, the Knights attacked Byzantineruled Lesbos, and it will be argued that the underlying animosity between these two powers, as is illustrated by this little-known event, are key to understanding the reasons for Byzantine absence from the anti-Turkish league. Gonzalo Carrasco Garcia Complutense University Madrid, Spain Ritual, Conflict and Propaganda. The Chapter-General of the Order of Santiago in Fifteenth-Century Castile Chapter-generals were a privileged site of political communication and often a scenario for conflict and power struggles within the hierarchy of the military orders. The Order of Santiago in Castile during the convulsive fifteenth century was no exception. The masters of Santiago made use of ritual and manipulated traditional ceremonials as an instrument of propaganda in order to further their hold on the Order, destroy their rivals, and assert their power in the realm often against the monarchy itself. Our survey will extend from 1431 to 1480, beginning with the dramatic deposition in effigy of the master-Infante Enrique by his rival Alvaro de Luna (king Juan II’s favourite), and concluding with the chapter-general of the last master of the Order, Alonso de Cárdenas, affirming control after a reckless period during the reign of Isabel and Fernando. By way of the Order’s internal records, including the detailed proceedings of these meetings (much of which is still unedited), and considering a diverse range of anthropological ritual theory, we will examine these ceremonies where critical power struggles were staged. Dr Anton Caruana Galizia Newcastle University Aristocratic Culture and the Order of St. John (16th to 18th Centuries). During the early modern period the Order of St. John was widely regarded as the premier aristocratic institution in Europe. The hospitaller habit conferred on the bearer a prestige and status that was recognised across all states as an incontrovertible mark of distinction. The fortunes of the Order were closely linked to those of the nobilities from which it recruited its members. These elite social groups experienced fundamental changes during this period. These included changes in their composition, to their ideology and corporate identity, to their relationship with the state, and to the matrix of family strategies practiced by noble households to secure their wealth and continued dominance. The object of this paper is to discuss how the Order of St. John was influenced by and participated in these changes. What role did the hospitallers play in the development of noble ideology? What impact did the changing composition and demographic profile of Europe’s catholic nobilties have on the Order? And how did these processes affect the Order’s internal development? This paper will argue that a consideration of these questions is central to understanding the early-modern phase of hospitaller history, an approach that is often invoked by scholars but has yet to be explored fully. Dr Marie-Anna Chevalier University of Montpellier, France The Military Orders in the Morea : report of the research (Les ordres religieux-militaires en Morée : un état des lieux de la recherche) It will be a question of being interested at the same time in some works existing specifically on the subject but also in the contribution of the various studies dedicated to Frankish Morea about the question of the presence and/or the implication of the military orders on this territory (or that they can learn us on the context of their onthe-spot life). Through this analysis, we shall try to determine what are domains already investigated by the researchers, to what extent they were deepened (or not), and which sectors, left aside, it remains to study. Dr Nicholas Coureas Cyprus The Manumission of Hospitaller Slaves in Fifteenth Century Cyprus and Rhodes In this communication the varied ethnic origins of the Hospitaller slaves recorded as having been manumitted on both Rhodes and Cyprus, the persons granting them their freedom or requesting that they be given it, the terms and conditions governing their manumission, the differing reasons why they were manumitted and, where possible, what happened to them following their liberation will be examined and discussed. Attention will also be given to the limitations placed on occasion to the freedom awarded them and the reasons behind such limitations. Dr Paul Crawford California University of Pennsylvania, USA Renaud of Châtillon: Miles Christi? This paper offers a re-evaluation of the life and importance of the 12th century crusade leader Renaud of Châtillon, arguing that far from being an incompetent and reckless outsider, he was a skilled and dedicated crusader whose commitment to the crusading cause rivalled that of the military-religious orders, and whose geopolitical awareness threatened Saladin’s attempts to reunite the Muslim Near East under his own rule. It argues that for this reason, Saladin executed him along with the members of the military-religious orders after Hattin in 1187. Claudia Cundari Università della Calabria, Italy Templar religious architecture: historiographical perspectives between previous hypothesis and present remarks. Within the international research wide overview on templar Order, the architectural traces they left between Western Europe and Near East provide a wide surveys range to investigate on and which study is still in fieri. Since about the first half of the Twentieth century, when Élie Lambert debated all religious templar architecture specificity’ claim, have appeared lots of contributions, often at local level, on individual monument or groups of buildings that could be counted as Order’ ones. This paper aims at examining the present researches’ state concerning religious templar architecture, the aspects and the problems related to the debated critic question which main topic is the existence of a presumed stylistic model recognizable in sacred buildings linked to the Order of the Temple. Prof Robert Dauber Vienna , Austria Military Tactics on land and sea of the Knights of Rhodes in the Romance ‘Melusine’ (c 1387) Written detailed sources of military tactics in the era of the Crusades are scarce. The medieval romance (novel) ‘Melusine ou la noble histoire de Lusignan’ by Jean d’Arras ( c 1387) offers repeatedly detailed examples of military tactics also of the Knights of Rhodes and of their allies, the kingdoms of Cyprus and Cilician Armenia, against Saracen forces, on land and by sea. The paper will describe such exemplary tactics applied by the Hospitallers and their Christian allies in Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean Sea within the general theme ‘Conflict and Culture’. Anthony Delarue SMOM The Double Traversed Cross in the Priory of England A brief overview of the origins of the double (so-called Patriarchal) Cross in th ehOspital oin Jerusalem, and its development in seals, architecture and heraldry in the Order of St John in England up until the Reformation. Prof Bernhard Demel Vienna, Teutonic Order ‘Wann wurde der Livlaendische Landmeister Wolter von Plettenberg Reichsfuerst?Neue Erkenntnisse' This paper deals with the Teutonic Order and a disputed date of Wolter becoming 'Reichsfuerst' . Demel has a primary source to prove 1527. Dr Gil Fishof Tel -Aviv University, Israel Hospitaller Patronage and the Mural Cycle of the Church of the Resurrection at AbuGosh (Emmaus) - A New Reading The mural cycle of the Church of the Resurrection at Abu-Gosh is one of the few extant examples of monumental painting in the art of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Scholarly research has been dedicated to various aspects of crusader settlement in the area of Abu-Gosh, including the tradition identifying Abu-Gosh as the biblical Emmaus. However, Hospitaller patronage and its possible impact on the mural cycles of the Church of the Resurrection at Abu-Gosh have never been discussed. This paper will argue that the mural cycle of the church in Abu-Gosh expresses specific Hospitaller notions and concerns, and was part of the Order's attempts to increase its fame and importance in the Latin Kingdom around 1170s. Dr Alan Forey Kirtlington Were Brothers of Military Orders equipped with Bows in the 12 th and 13th Centuries? Archers were sometimes hired by military orders in the 12 th and 13th centuries, but it can be shown that brothers themselves, including knights, used both bows and crossbows on the various frontiers of western Christendom, although this may have been mainly during sieges rather than in the field, and in the 13 th, rather than the 12th centur Prof Anne Gilmour-Bryson, University of Melbourne Templar Witnesses: What exactly did they say? As a significant part of my research for a forthcoming book to be published by Brill, I have decided on a number of important categories into which to place the testimony of members of the order at the hearings from 1307-1311. Scholarly and less scholarly books contain far too much of the author’s opinions and not enough of the actual words used by the witnesses. I will focus only on the men’s own words regarding such important matters as their reception, their position or role, the alleged sex acts and worshipping of idols, religious life in the order, the knotty matter of absolution and who could grant it, guilt of the order or their own preceptory, guilt of individual named dignitaries, and finally a summation of my views on their guilt or innocence. Dr Nicole Hamonic University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA Ad celebrandum divina: Founding and Financing Perpetual Chantries at Clerkenwell Priory On 22 October 1371, Grand Master Raymond Berengar wrote to John Dydalton, prior of the church at Clerkenwell, to express his displeasure at the declining number of secular chaplains and clerics serving the priory church. Five chaplains served where there should have been fifteen, causing complaints among the magnates who had allocated funds for the chaplains’ maintenance. Berengar’s concern with the number of chaplains at Clerkenwell was not without precedent. As early as 1242, chantries were established in an attempt to raise the number of chaplains at Clerkenwell. Furthermore, the problem was not resolved with Berengar’s letter in 1371. Nearly thirty-five years later, Grand Master Philbert de Nailhaco ordered the establishment of additional chantries, the endowments for which had been paid a decade earlier. Why did the Hospitallers in England fail to maintain a suitable number of secular chaplains at Clerkenwell? Did a financial crisis prevent them from doing so? Or did demographic decline caused by the Black Death result in a shortage of suitable priests? This paper discusses the foundation and endowment of chantries at Clerkenwell. It also explores reasons for the Order’s difficulty in maintaining secular chaplains to serve therein, while considering the financial status of the Order, and the stipends paid to the chaplains, within the context of the larger social and economic trends of the fourteenth century. This paper argues that, despite the influx of clergy into London in the wake of the Black Death and the fluctuating financial situation of the Order, it was the Hospitallers’ failure to pay competitive stipends to their chaplains that contributed to their inability to retain them at Clerkenwell. Michael Heslop, University of London, Royal Holloway Hospitaller Statecraft in the Aegean: Island or Mainland Polity? It has been suggested that the acquisition of Rhodes gave the Hospitallers a headquarters which was of an appropriate size for them. It was neither ‘too’ small, like Ruad, nor ‘too’ big like Cyprus. But was it a good solution given their changing needs and strategies? Was it desirable to have headquarters on an island rather than on the mainland? This presentation will examine various Hospitaller attempts (A) to acquire mainland presences on the Aegean littoral of present-day Turkey, (B) to acquire such in Greece, and (C) to expand their state to islands beyond those closest to Rhodes. Dr Ian Howie-Willis Order of St John, Australia The history of popular literature touching upon the mediaeval military monastic orders reaches back at least as far as 1819, when Sir Walter Scott’snovel Ivanhoe was first published. Scott’s portrayal of an obsessive, ruthless Templar knight, Sir Brian de Bois Guilbert continues to shape popular perceptions of the Templars via operatic and film adaptations of the novel. More recently, Dorothy Dunnett’s 1966 novel The Disorderly Knights paints a similar dark portrait of the charismatic but manipulative, sinister Scottish‐ born Hospitaller, Sir Graham Reid Mallett. Sir Graham would seem to be the very personification of the virtuous, devout Hospitaller of the mid sixteenth century; but he is scheming to supplant his order’s Grand Master, to which end he is aiding the order’s Muslim foes. Later still, Umberto Eco’s 1989 novel Foucault’s Pendulum considers the downfall of the Templars at some length, using present day interest in the order to explore the theme of obsession among authors with a Templar fixation. Eco has one of his principal characters, the publisher Belbo, make a famous pronouncement on Templar studies: “I work for a publishing company. We deal with both lunatics and nonlunatics. After a while an editor can pick out the lunatics right away. If someone brings up the Templars, he’s almost always a lunatic.” As well as in ‘literary’ novels such as those of Walter Scott, Dorothy Dunnett and Umberto Eco, the mediaeval military monastic orders have become a motif for a proliferating genre of popular historical fiction. The genre followed on the greatsuccess of a highly speculative, sensational history, The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln, first published in 1982 and still in print. In his 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code, Dan Brown took up various theories on the Templars promoted by Baigent, Leigh and Lincoln in The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail. Subsequently produced as a film starring Tom Hanks and Audrey Tautou in 2006, The DaVinci Code has been a huge commercial success. The novel quickly became one of the most popular books of all time: it sold more than 81million copies within six years and has meanwhile earned its author an estimated $250 million. Dan Brown’s huge success with The Da Vinci Code soon stimulated the publication of an outpouring of popular fiction exploiting the theme of the mediaeval military monastic order. What much of this genre shares in common with The Da Vinci Code is a preoccupation with bizarre conspiracy theories. These often involve the Templars’ purported ‘treasure’, which, depending on the novel concerned, might be a Gospel written by Christ himself, Christ’s skeletal remains, the Shroud of Turin, the latter day bloodline of Christ and/or secret teachings of the orders which aimed to reconcile Christians and Muslims. Some works within the genre give a reasonably accurate historical account of the orders in question; others, The Da Vinci Code included, are either ahistorical or, worse, present a mishmash of pseudo history masquerading as reliable historical fiction. Unfortunately for professional historians and mediaevalists in particular, many novels of The Da Vinci Code type are gripping, page turning thrillers that make for racy reading. That is why they are often marketed in bookstalls in airport lounges, from which they reach a vast international audience. The problem that such novels present for the professional historian is that many readers takes the genre at face value, accepting as historical fact the pseudo-history it often presents. When the genre’s lay audiences subsequently query the ‘history’ it retails, the historian must unravel fact from frequently outrageous fiction. Dr Zsolt Hunyadi University of Szeged, Hungary The use of seals of the Hospitallers and Templars in Central Europe (13th-14th centuries) The paper attempts at surveying the use of seals of the major military-religious orders settled in Central Europe (Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, and Poland). The survey provides an overall picture of the different legal and cultural environments in which the Hospitallers and Templars tried to meet the local requirements and at the same time to comply with the customs of their respective orders in the course of the thirteenth and fourteenth century. It seems that despite some minor conflicts, the activity of the preceptories and the resident brethren of these orders proved to be flexible enough to meet the local legal institutional systems. Besides the short overview of the pragmatic literacy conducted by these units, their use of seals of will be highlighted. Dr Sonia Kirch Abad Doazit, France The Hated Ideal. The Templars and the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem taking Byzantium to support pontifical theocracy, Eucharistic devotion and crusades through wall paintings from 1180s to 1307 in France. I’ve chosen to show the artistic angle of the catholic desire of predominance upon Byzantium after the Schism of 1054. Actually, after having been the object of admiration of the Western Sovereigns, in 1204, Constantinople is looted. It looks like a rape worsen by the putting into place of a Western dynasty until 1261. The orders of the Hospital of St. John and of the Temple knew Byzantine art perfectly well by their donators, network, international relationships and protection of pilgrims. I wish I could prove they had loved Byzantine art too. Better than this: they have been so convinced of its power to stir up the ardour of faith, that they used its formal vocabulary and grammar, but in a perfectly contrary aim to the imperial byzantine ideology. By the study of five hospitaller of St. John and templar religious wall paintings in their architectural context, all contemporary of the period going from of Hattin (1187), the Councils of Latran IV (1215) and of Lyon (1274) –where crusades and many religious orders were mocked, and not only the Hospital and the Temple– I hope to show you that both religious military and international orders have searched, by an admirable formal and semantic appropriation , to be the zealous propagandists of Roma, affirming the Papal superiority above any entity, promoting the 21th canon of Latran IV, and seeking support for the pursue of crusades. More than thisŚ I’ll prove Templars and Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem have participated to the creation or the diffusion, at least, of the 1200 style in France and England, and have diffused in the farthest countryside the Byzantine Art of 9 th-12th centuries, in the littlest chapels of their orders, using some Orthodox specific icons in their own catholic painted ensembles. Dr John Lee University of York Weedley not Whitley: repositioning a preceptory of the Knights Templar in Yorkshire This paper explores the evidence relating to the Knights Templar preceptory of ‘Whitley’ in Yorkshire and aims to clarify the confusion that has arisen over its location. The preceptor provided a testimony at the trial of 1308, and an inventory survives of the possessions of the house. The preceptory is often thought to have been located in the township of Whitley, near Selby in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and only 4 miles from another preceptory at Temple Hirst. A moated site has been tentatively identified as the site, and a street has been named ‘Templar Close’. This paper argues that close examination of the documentary evidence points to the site of the preceptory being 23 miles further east, at Weedley near South Cave in the East Riding of Yorkshire, although still only 6 miles from another preceptory at Faxfleet. The location of these preceptories are examined alongside the changing organisation of Templar houses in other parts of England by the early fourteenth century. Kevin James Lewis Oxford Friend or foe: Islamic views of the military orders in the Latin East as drawn from Arabic sources Much is known of medieval Christian views of the military orders, especially on the controversial subject of whether or not they represented an appropriate Christian vocation, fusing as they did the pacific monastic life and the militant knightly life. Little has been said, however, regarding Islamic views of the military orders, specifically from a religious and ideological standpoint. My paper will outline a few neglected passages in contemporary Arabic texts regarding the military orders in the Latin East, shedding light on the contemporary Islamic understanding of this unusual Christian vocation and how it contrasted with acceptable norms of Islamic religious practices, particularly in regard to the traditional Islamic rejection of ascetic and celibate monasticism. I hope to explain certain ambiguities in the medieval Islamic treatment of the military orders, "friends" to Usama bin Munqidh but simultaneously detestable enemies deserving nothing more than execution in the eyes of Saladin. By doing so, my paper will hopefully shed more light on the place of the military orders in the society of the crusader states, not simply in relation to Latin Christians, but also in relation to the Muslims who lived alongside and under them. Anthony Luttrell Bath The Hospital’s Privilege of 1113Ś Texts and Contexts After brief remarks on the variant texts and a summary of the document's contents, this paper places the 1113 privilege in the context of the Hospital's early history: the Benedictine period of the Amalfitan hospices founded in Jerusalem circa 1170; the years of dependence on, and collaboration with, the Augustinian canons of the Holy Sepulchre which followed the Latin conquest of 1099; the creation through the 1113 privilege of a papally recognized and largely independent institution; the cohabitation with the knights who left the Hospital's premises in 1120 to form the military-religious order of the Temple; and the development of a well managed hospital service. The founder and ruler Girardus died in 1120; he was succeeded by a certain Rogerius and then, by 1124, by Raymundus de Podio. In the West the Hospital collected alms and received landed donations used to found dependent houses or commanderies. These possessions were confirmed in the 1113 text which also mentioned seven hospices, one in France and six in Italy. The paper will seek to consolidate the argument that these hospices did not exist or did not belong to the Jerusalem hospital in 1113. Emma Maglio Universite' Aix-Marseille, France The holy spaces in the urban fabric. Religious topography of Rhodes in the Hospitaller period After the Hospitallers settled on Rhodes, several Catholic-Latin churches and chapels added to the many pre-existing Byzantine churches. A system of religious foundations was created, taxed and controlled by the Knights, keeping an important artistic and architectural heritage, which is today disappeared or little known. This communications intends to carry out a census of this system of churches in the town of Rhodes, basing on iconography, written sources and a mission on the field. The aim is to have an overview of the formation of strong cultural elements in Rhodes urban fabric and their importance in Hospitaller policies of religious and social control of the town. Christie Majoros Dunnahoe Cardiff University The Hospitallers of the British IslesŚ The Identification of Property and its Implications for the Study of the Function of the Order at the County and Parish Levels This essay will explore the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem as large-scale landowners in the British Isles, highlighting areas in which the Order held land and detailing the ways in which they functioned, militarily, legally, economically, and religiously, at both the county and the parish level. It will argue that the inclusion of smaller holdingings allows for a more nuanced understanding of the Hospitallers as landowners in the British Isles. I. Introduction A. Hospitallers in the British Isles 1. Difficulties in the identification of property 2. Brief historiography B. The Hospitallers as large-scale landowners 1. Identification of smaller parcels of land and land rights 2. The usefulness of inclusion: a. How the inclusion of smaller holdings creates a different picture b. What this picture says about the function of the Order within the British Isles II. Case Studies for Function A. MilitaryŚ Occupation & Fortification B. Administrative: Maintenance of courts & Land Development and utilization C. Religious: Parish churches & Other eligious foundations D. Charitable: Hospitals, Alms, and Refuge III. Conclusion A. The identification and inclusion of Hospitaller lands and rights at the parish level allows for a more nuanced picture of how the Order interacted with the community as large-scale landowners in the British Isles Prof Victor Mallia-Milanes University of Malta 'Venice, Hospitaller Malta, and the Fear of the Plague: Culturally Conflicting Views' By the mid-eighteenth century relations between the Republic of Venice and the Order of the Hospital were no longer as hostile as they had been since the Knights had settled on the central Mediterranean island of Malta in 1530. From 1754 Venice had a resident Minister and a recognized consul established on Hospitaller Malta to look after the interests of Venetians on the island. Both kept a regular correspondence with the Venetian Magistracy of Trade and other such institutions as that of the Provveditori alla Sanita' (Health Magistracy). One major theme which features quite prominently in this correspondence was the question of the plague and other closely related issues, like the quarantine system, the lazaretto, and the medical services available on the island. Both States held conflicting views on how best to deal with an outbreak of plague and on what methods to employ to successfully contain the spread of plague and other infectious diseases. It is the purpose of the present paper to analyse and discuss these views within the wider Mediterranean context. Dr Piers Mitchell University of Cambridge Human Intestinal Parasites in the Inhabitants of Frankish Castles and Towns Over the past decade there has been progressive interest in the health of those participating in a crusade or pilgrimage. Infectious diseases, in particular, had a profound effect upon events during military expeditions and would have affected population size and productivity during peacetime. Here we present our current knowledge of the parasites that infected the intestines of people living in Frankish castles and towns in the Latin East at the time of the crusades. The evidence comes from analysis of sediment from latrines and cesspools, studied with light microscopy and the biomolecular test ELISA. Sites discussed are the castle of Sarandra Kolones on Cyprus, the complex of the Order of St. John in Acre, and houses in the residential areas of Acre. Species of parasites identified include the roundworm, whipworm, beef/pork tapeworm, fish tapeworm, and dysentery. We will explore the implications for the presence of these parasites upon the health of the population, upon historical events, and as evidence for long distance migration. Dr Nicholas Morton Nottingham Trent University Perceptions of Islam in Templar and Hospitaller sources from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries: a preliminary investigation Much has been said about the Templars’ and Hospitallers’ interactions with the Islamic world. Their roles as: ambassadors to Cairo and Damascus, defenders of Jerusalem, and governors of regions populated by Muslims, are well known. This paper will review the current state of research on these orders’ attitudes towards the Muslim world. It will explore the many academic views expressed on this subject and, in particular, the challenges these create when attempting to characterise these orders’ ‘general views’ of Islam. Dr Helen Nicholson University of Cardiff The Templars’ estates in the west of Britain in the early fourteenth Century. The Templars held extensive possessions in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and Essex, on the eastern side of England, but their possessions in the west of England and in Wales were much less extensive. In contrast to the Hospitallers, they had little land in south Wales and no property in north Wales (for example). Although there has been limited excavation of some Templar houses, there has been little systematic study of the Templars’ activities here. Based on the inventories taken at the time of the Templars’ arrests, and the reports compiled by the custodies appointed by King Edward II, 1309–12, this communication will discuss what property the Templars possessed in this region, their relations with local people, and how they operated their estates. Colman O’Clabaigh Glenstal Abbey, Ireland The Knights Hospitaller at Kilbarry: prayer, poetry and politics in Fourteenth Century Ireland. This paper examines the administrative, devotional, legislative, literary and liturgical material from the Hospitaller preceptory at Kilbarry, Co Waterford, that survive in Cambridge, Corpus Christ College MS 405 . Although one of the texts, an AngloNorman versified account of the origins and rule of the Hospitallers, has been published, the entire dossier provides a unique insight into the lifestyle, work and relationships of the Knights Hospitaller in the South East of Ireland from the first half of the fourteenth century. Dr Greg O’Malley Hugglescote Some Aspects of the Development of Hospitaller Rhetoric concerning the Turks' 1407-1551 This paper will discuss the growing complexity and urgency of Hospitaller description of and calls for action against the Ottoman sultanate and its agents in the period between the construction of Bodrum castle and the fall of Tripoli. Prof Mamoud Omran Alexandria University, Egypt The Hospitallers Military operations Against Egypt (1153-1250) The origin of The Hospitallers Order was to be found in the establishment c. 1080 of a hospice for the Pilgrims in Jerusalem. The first Grand Master was the blessed Grand Master (1099-1120), under whom, after the successes of the first Crusade in 1099 , the greatly developed and obtained Paple sanction. The main object was the care of the sick poor. Under the second Grand Master, Rarmond of Puy (1120-1160) it developed into an arm of the brothers Knight. The knights of Hospitallers shard the most military operations against in Syria and Egypt. They fought against Egypt and contributed to the conquest of Ascalon, the last Fatimids city in Syria, in 1153. The Grand Master Gilbert of Aissailly , (1163-1170) and his knights shared Amalric, king of the kingdom of Jerusalem (1163 – 1174) to invade Egypt in some expeditions ( 1164 – 8 ) and took part also in the crusading Byzantine alliance against Damietta 1169. The Grand Master Guerin of Montaigu ( 1207 – 1228 ) led the Hospitaller’s Knights and played a good part with the fifth Crusades ( 1218 – 1221 ) against Egypt and captured Damietta in 1219, but all the military operations weren’t sufficient to change the situation in the Lavant. The Grand Master William of Chateauneuf ( 1242 – 58 ) and his knights followed Louis IX king of France in the seventh Crusades against Egypt, which occupied Damietta, but the French army was put to route at Mansoura and compelled to evacuate Egypt. To conclude, we can say that the knights of the Hospitallers did their best but the only successful task was their sharing military operations against Ascalon Dr Marcello Pacifico University of Palermo, University of Paris X Templari, Ospedalieri e crociate al tempo di Federico II, 1215-1250 Lo studio dei conflitti affrontati da Templari e Ospedalieri nello spazio euromediterraneo medievale durante la prima metà del XIII secolo deve essere affrontato in relazione al ruolo ricoperto da Federico II nelle crociate del Duecento per meglio comprendere anche le relazioni tra Cristianità e Islam. La storia dei due Ordini e dei loro rapporti, come si evince dallo studio incrociato dei documenti provenienti dalla curia federiciana, papale, gerosolimitana, dei racconti di cronisti dell’Europa e del Vicino Oriente e dei registri delle case degli stessi ospedali di San Giovanni, del Tempio e dei Teutonici, è strettamente legata alla vita dell’imperatore Federico II e ne influenza la politica a tal punto da poter essere essa stessa marcata da quattro momenti particolarmente significativi: la politica territoriale dei due Ordini in Terra santa durante la crociata di Damietta; il servitium regis durante l’organizzazione della crociata imperiale; il servitium ecclesie prima e dopo la pace di Ascalona durante la lotta tra papato e impero; la sottomissione alla corona durante la crociata di san Luigi. Dr Julia Pavon University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain Juan de Beaumont, Prior of the Hospital, in the Navarrese civil conflict (1451-1461) The confrontation between John II (1441-1479) and his son Charles, Prince of Viana, over the effective exercise of power in the throne of Navarre, entailed a civil war and the intervention of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Juan de Beaumont, Prior of the Hospital in Navarre (1435-1487), was directly involved in the conflict through his initial support for the Prince’s faction. Juan de Beaumont’s lineage, with considerable political clout, was integral to the influential networks of noblemen that held sway throughout the period when the House of Trastámara (to which John II belonged) had a presence in Navarre. The aim of this article is therefore to study what weight Juan de Beaumont carried in the Civil War in his capacity as prior: his relationships and diplomatic influence, the management of the prioral estate during the conflict, as well as the possible implications his support for the anti-King camp had. Michael Peixoto New York University, USA Conflict Resolution: A Vehicle for Ecclesiastical Patronage of the Templars in Champagne The emergence of communities of Templars living in Champagne was a slow and organic development that depended heavily on the support of local elites, both ecclesiastical and secular. The earliest model for the existence of Templar properties in the West was one of semi-independent satellites of support for the main objectives in the Holy Land. The records that relate to these early rights and properties reveal a sporadic peppering of gifts more acutely organized by the networks of the Templar supporters than by any Templar institutional structure. For the first sixty years of the their history, very few Templar brothers lived in the province in any kind of organizational capacity. As a consequence of this physical absence, many of the earlier gifts to the Templars were cash revenues, often in the form of tithes. The Templar control of these kinds of assets brought them into frequent contact with advocates for the reforming church. At times the Templars themselves became an extension of papal or episcopal will while at other times they found themselves competing for church property. This paper will explore only a small piece of the complex relationship between the Templars in Champagne and the local members of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Through an examination of charters recording disputes and dispute settlement, I will argue that the Templars, and their allies often employed conflict resolution as a tactic for fostering support of local bishops, enforcing papal privilege, and building their economic success. I will focus most importantly on the practice of Templar recordkeeping and the ways in which the local Champenois Templars applied and preserved archival instruments in order to bolster the positive gains of particular dispute settlements. Dr James Petre Stevington Back to Baffes. Peter Megaw’s ‘Castle in Cyprus attributable to the Hospital’ revisited. In MO 1, Peter Megaw set out the view that the castle in Paphos known as Saranda Kolones was very likely a Hospitaller creation. This theory was an elaboration of the interpretation that the castle was entirely a creation of the Crusader period in Cyprus. In ‘Back to Baffes’, I take a critical review of the evidence, both archaeological and historical, and suggest that accordingly both attributions can be contested. Dr Simon Phillips University of Cyprus ‘maligno spiritu ductus et sue professionis immemor’Ś Conflicts within the Culture of the Hospitaller Order. When culture and conflict is considered in the context of the Military Orders, the subject matter is often predisposed towards the culture and conflict between those Orders and their foes. This paper focuses on the conflict within the culture of the Hospitaller Military Order and the reality of their lives. What, for example, was the Hospitallers’ response in cases such as the deflowering of a young maiden or acts ‘contra naturam sexus’? Through analysis of the Statutes and with reference to select cases using material from the Hospitaller archive on Malta, this paper aims to assess how the Hospitallers dealt with abuses of the expected Hospitaller mores and to ask to what extent they were tolerated. Dr Mathias Piana Diedorf, Germany Could Military Order Fortifications Have a Donjon? Based on evidence from the sources, where the term donjon is invariably used in the context of feudal residences and fortifications, it becomes evident that the use of the term to designate principal towers of military order fortifications is inappropriate out of several reasons. A thorough look on selected examples reveals that many of these fortifications had no such towers at all and that the prominent towers of the others served different purposes. Prof Maria Cristina Pimenta CEPESE, Porto, Portugal Noudar, a commandery of the Order of Avis in the boarder with Castille, a space of conflict and coexistence. The commandery of Noudar has a late chronology within the history of the Order of Avis, as it was donated to the Order by the King of Portugal in November 1307. Taking this donation as a starting point, it is clear that it corresponds to a conscient opition of the Portuguese Monarchy, due to some conditions expressed in the donation and, especial, due to the strategic advantage embodied by that region; in fact, it is a um focal point in the scope of the Iberian political and diplomatic relations during the Middle Ages. These circumstances constitute a challenge for the comprehension of the evolution of the relationships between this particular Militar Order and the Portuguese crown. Thus, it turns out that Noudar (a very smal village with an aparente reduced importance in the setting of the Military Order of Avis) will be an outstanding exemple used by this Military Order which is, from the beginning, stuck between a Portuguese political control and a normative status of dependence from the Castillian Order of Calatrava. This dinamics implicit within these caracteristics are, in our view, of the utmost importance to presente a case where politics, either through conflicts or through peace, contribute immensly to the definition of a growing notion of an innacurate frontier. Prof Paula Pinto Costa University of Porto, Portugal Vera Cruz de Marmelar in XIIIth-XVth centuriesŚ a St John’s commendary as an expression of a cultural memory and territorial appropriation Vera Cruz de Marmelar is a St John’s commendary constituted in XIIIth century in the context of the creation of the lordship of Portel. The landlord of Portel trusted the Order to administrate some churches, which jurisdiction was defined by the bishop of Évora and by the Great Master of Hospitalers. Since the beginning Afonso Pires Farinha, who was the Prior of Portugal, having brought the relic of the Holy Cross from Jerusalem, deposited it in the main church located in Marmelar, although this land was in a very south point, so far away from the other territories of the Order. This relic has been very important in the local history as well as in the development of the history of the Portuguese kingdom. In 1340, this relic was carried to the battle of Salado and assured the victory of the Christian armies. After this armed conflict, it was written a memory closed to the prior of St John, in that time, Álvaro Gonçalves Pereira, based on the power of the Holy Cross relic. This process reflected the competition between some families who choose St. John’s Order. From than, the Holy Cross of Marmelar has been an expression of a cultural memory and a way to achieve a territorial appropriation. Dr Karol Polejowski Ateneum-Gdansk University, Poland Between Jaffa and Jerusalem: Templars, latin barons and the southern border of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the years 1229 - 1244 With the recovery of Jerusalem by the Emperor Frederick II and the establishment of a land connection between the Holy City and the coast with the central point in Jaffa, the problem appeared how to defend the southern border of the Kingdom. In addition, it was necessary to ensure the safety of the pilgrims, who went to Jerusalem. In this situation an important role in this area played the Templars, who had their castle in Atlit, probably the convent in Jaffa and other smaller outposts. In this configuration they could protect the pilgrim routes to Jerusalem and other holy places of Christianity. However, in the examined period (1229-1244) an equally important role played a group of the lay barons, who had their domains in the south of Acre. First of all, it is worth noting the role of Walter IV de Brienne (castellan in Jaffa), John d'Ibelin (senior of Arsur) and John, senior of Caesarea. These barons were also very close, as advisers or commanders, of the Crusaders who in this period appeared in the Holy Land: Theobald IV of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall (1239-1241). In my paper I would like to discuss the issue of cooperation or lack thereof between the Templars and the group of the barons (referred to above) in the defense and protection of the southern border of the Kingdom, also in the light of their relationship with the Muslim world. Made during the last few year discoveries during the archaeological excavations in Jaffa, Arsur or Ar-Ramla in combination with the written sources allow us to shed new light on the situation on the christian-muslim border between Jaffa and Jerusalem in the years 1229-1244. Dr Valentin Portnykh Novosibirsk State University, Russia The paper is dealing with one of the ideas that can be founded in some documents concerning crusade propaganda in the XIIIth century. In fact, our body was considered as a fief that we are holding from God; for this reason we are obliged to fight for our Lord as a knight fights for his secular lord. This idea appears, for example, in the papal bull Quia maior (1213), model sermons by Guibert of Tournai and James of Vitry, and Humbert of Romans’ manual for the preachers of crusade. The subject has been never studied especially before, and this paper is a general survey of this idea and its place in the medieval image of the world. Dr Mariarosaria Salerno University of Calabria, Italy The Military Orders and the local population in Italy: Links and Conflicts. The Communication will focus on the relationships between the Military Orders (Templars and Hospitallers) and the Italian local population, with a particular reference to the Central and Southern Italy regions. We would analyse elements (i.e. donations, legaties, donations by oblates, jurisdictional rights) that contributes to drawing the Military Orders closer to the local population. We would also analyse the characteristics and typology of the conflicts between the Orders and the local population carried out in those regions. We would attempt to do a comparison with the attitudes of other Religious Orders (Cistercians for example) in the same areas. Dr Sebastián Salvadó Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim Reflections of Conflict in Two Fragments of the Rule of the Knights Templar The twelfth-century Jerusalem ordinal (Rome, Bib. Vat., ms. Barb. 659) and the thirteenth-century Acre breviary (Paris, BN, ms. lat. 10478), used in the central commandery churches of the Knights Templars in the Latin East, each contain chapters from the Templar Rule touching on the liturgical customs of the order. While both fragments have been published independently before, scholarship has not analysed their differences to the Rule, explored the fragments’ inter-relation, nor how they inform the broader history of the order in the Latin East. Stemming from my dissertation work on these sources, I present new observations on these two texts. Through my discussion of their relationship to the Rule I show how these fragments provide a series of perspectives into the history of the order. The changes effected into the twelfth-century fragment reveal both an attitude towards the text of the Rule and highlight the close relationship between the Templar clergy to those of the Holy Sepulchre. After the loss of Jerusalem, the fragments reflect a change in the liturgical practices of the Templars as well as a reformulation of their devotional relationship with the patriarchate. I argue that the perspectives disclosed by these fragments position the Rule as a source reflecting how the loss of Jerusalem reverberated in the Templars’ institutional and devotional culture. Vardit Shotten-Hallel The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Reconstructing another entrance to the Church of St John, Acre During the thirteenth century, the church of St John in Acre served the brothers of the Hospitaller Order. Pilgrims flocking to the Holy Land left dozens of graffiti markings on the walls of the church, expressing their faith, their gratitude and their hope for a safe journey back to Europe. The Ottoman Sarai was built in the church’s place in the 18th century. The builders preserved the medieval layout and several architectural features, some of which became key elements for the reconstruction of the Crusader layout of the church and its environs. The remains of the principal entrance were found in the church’s western façade. Also found was a pedestal, possibly designed to carry a baptismal font. This paper will suggest that there existed a second entry to the church. The latter, with some clues detectable in seventeenth-century drawings, better explains the reconstruction of the systems of streets that surrounded the church within the Hospitaller Compound. Furthermore, this paper will demonstrate the distinctions between the public streets that crossed the compound and the private ones, used solely by the Hospitallers. It will also enable to redraw the plan of the upper levels of the Order’s palace – where the most magnificent halls in the entire compound were located, all of which are hitherto hidden under layers of soil and archaeology, or destroyed. Thomas Smith University of London, Royal Holloway ‘Pope Honorius III, the Military Orders and the Financing of the Fifth Crusade’ The Military Orders played a crucial role in the financing of the Fifth Crusade (12171221). Pope Honorius III channelled large sums from the collection of the Twentieth Tax on ecclesiastical income through the Paris houses of the Templars and Hospitallers, from where it was then transferred to the army of the Fifth Crusade in Egypt. This operation was crucial in the support of the crusade, yet the role of the Orders has been neglected in the historiography. This paper will analyse the roles of the Temple and Hospital in Paris as the pope’s bankers, examining the processes of the operation, and will offer some suggestions as to why the Templars appeared to play a more important role than the Hospitallers. Dr Maria Starnaskowa John Dlugosz University, Czestochowa, Poland The Role of the Legend of St. Barbara’s head in the Conflict of the Teutonic Order and więtopełk, the Duke of Pomerania. The Teutonic Order has captured the stronghold Sartawice in Pomerania in 1242. Many chronicles and other narrative sources (13 th-14th centuries) describe the finding of St. Barbara’s head in Sartawice by the Teutonic Knights and the translation of the relic to Chełmno (Culm) in the Teutonic Orders state. At first this relic was presented by więtopełk, the duke of Pomerania, as a symbole of his sovereignty. The finding of it by the Teutonic Knights was recognized by them as a justification of their victory in Sartawice. The legend of St. Barbara’s head was a very important element of the ideology both of więtopełk and of the Teutonic Order. Dr Patrick Stohler University of Basel, Switzerland The Military Orders in Switzerland – a survey (work in progress) The paper examines the distribution of the Military Orders found on Swiss territory. The emphasis lies not only on the history but the organisation of the Military Orders found in the Confederation. The main focus is therefore not placed on the whole territory but on agglomerations. The heyday of the Hospitallers and the Teutonic Order was before the Reformation, the situation of the Knight Templars is more complicated, since their goods were transferred in 1312 to the Hospitallers and therefore only available as the property of the Hospitaller Anna Takoumi University of Athens, Greece Tracing the Knights: Their Pictorial Evidence in the Art of the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204, intense cultural contacts and mutual influences are observed between East and West around the Mediterranean sea. On the basis of artistic interaction, one of the many characteristic issues is a new iconographic theme, the representations of Knights. My aim is to examine the inclusion of these images in the churches’ programme, which belong to areas with more or less marked the Byzantine tradition, focusing on some selected examples of churches and portable icons. Dweezil Vandekerckhove Cardiff University The Archaeology of the Military Orders in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia A survey of the castles and rural settlements of the military orders in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1198-1375). From the reign of King Levon (1198-1219) onwards, the Military Orders played an increasing part in the defence and organisation of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. The three Military Orders active in the Armenian Kingdom – the Hospitallers, Templars, and Teutonic Knights - held castles and administered various rural properties inside or on the fringes of the kingdom. This paper will present a detailed description of the archaeological evidence for the three Military Orders active in the Armenian Kingdom, with emphasis on its relation with their Armenian hosts. Jan Vandeburie University of Kent, Canterbury 'They Are Knights in Battle, and Like Monks at Home' - Jacques de Vitry and the Military Orders Jacques de Vitry (d. 1240), preacher for the reform and crusading movement under Pope Innocent III and sent to the Holy Land as Bishop of Acre during the pontificate of Honorius III, advertised the military orders in his writings as the foremost examples of spiritual reform in combination with military effort. His Historia Orientalis contains histories and descriptions of the Knights Templar, the Hospitallers, and the Teutonic Order, while his Historia Occidentalis contains brief accounts concerning military orders in the Iberian Peninsula. Jacques also addressed several of his sermons to the brothers of these orders who clearly played an important role during his stay in Outremer and his participation in the Fifth Crusade. When looking further into his writings on the events in the Holy Land, a different intention behind these texts becomes evident. This paper aims to investigate Jacques de Vitry's opinion of the military orders and to shed some new light on the role of these orders in his propaganda in the wake of the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). Dr Theresa Vann Hill Museum and Manuscript Library, USA The Culture of Reading in the Order of the Hospital It has been asserted, with some truth, that the Hospitallers were not a particularly bookish religious Order. True, the Library of the Order was the last building the Knights erected in Valletta just before Napoleon evicted them in 1798. But they were not illiterate. The surviving copies of the 16 th-century printed statutes show evidence of intensive reading. The copies contain underlined passages, marginalia, and glosses written in the hands of the owners. It is apparent that readers consulted the statutes for specific information about administrative practices and procedures. Considering that the Order’s statutes were not published in a standard, codified form until 1496, it appears that the members of the Order were quick to respond to technological innovation. This paper will explore how Hospitallers read their statutes in 16th-century Malta, and speculate about the influence of printing upon Hospitaller reading culture. Dr Theresa Vella University of Bristol Piety and ritual at the Magistral Palace While the churches of the Order of St John have been amply explored as communal sites for the fulfilment of the religious duties of its knights, little attention has been drawn to chapels in knightly residences and private expressions of piety and devotion. As the foremost Hospitaller residence, the magistral palace and the layout of its halls gave spatial form to the private religious life of the Grand Master. This paper demonstrates how the chapels and the magistral chambers as well as their respective art and artefacts afford a singular view onto the expression of piety in the private life of the most eminent of Hospitaller knights. It will also demonstrate how the architecture of the Palace was adapted to introduce a greater element of secular ritual into the public life of the Grand Master. Dr Darius von Guettner-Sporzynski University of Melbourne The Commandery of Zago ć. The foundation of the first Hospitaller outpost in Poland (1146-1166) Located in eastern Poland, Zago ć was the site of the first documented Hospitaller commandery in Piast realm. The commandery was founded between 1146 and 1166 by a member of the ruling house. The Piast’s generosity was soon followed by a number of donations to various military religious orders by Polish magnates and prelates. This paper will explore the twelfth century donations to military religious orders, their nature and scope. In particular it will focus on the foundation of Zago ć and its Hospitaller estate. Dr Conradin von Planta University of Strasbourgh Advocacy and “Defensio” – the protection of the houses of the Teutonic Order in the region of the upper Rhine during the 13 th and 14th Centuries The organisation of the protection of the houses of the military orders is a delicate question because these institutions are exempted from the advocacy by imperial and papal privileges. What are the consequences of this arrangement , especially on local level? How are eventual claims of ecclesiastic or secular lords affected? Dr John Walker University of Hull The Templar commandery at Faxfleet, East Yorkshire. At the time of the suppression of the Templars in the early fourteenth century, Faxfleet was the richest commandery in Yorkshire. This paper will outline the history of Faxfleet commandery as it is known from written records. It will then provide an overview of the nature and extent of the recent excavations that have taken place on the site. These have led to the suggestion that previous historical writing about the location of the site has not been accurate. Dr Mark Whelan University of London, Royal Holloway Diplomats and Warriors: The Teutonic Knights and the Turks on the Danube Frontier, c. 1425-1437. This paper will explore the activities of the Teutonic Knights in Hungary, as both cultural mediators and military advisors, during the reign of Sigismund of Luxemburg, King of Hungary and King of the Romans (1387/1410-1437). Drawing upon archival research undertaken in the Geheimes Staatsarchiv, Berlin, as well as in the Stadtarchiv Frankfurtand and the Deutschordens Zentralarchiv, Vienna, this paper will focus on how Sigismund attempted to use the Teutonic Order to counter the Turkish threat on the Danube frontier. It will first draw attention to Sigismund’s use of the Order’s military expertise against the Turks, notably in gunpowder weaponry and naval warfare, and will explore in particular the deployment of Teutonic shipbuilders and military engineers on the Danube. In addition, Sigismund’s use of the Order’s diplomatic expertise will also be considered. This included not just the use of Teutonic Knights as negotiators in diplomatic disputes, but also more eccentric uses, such as the requests of Sigismund for the dispatch of exotic animals from the Order’s headquarters in Marienburg to be used as gifts in peace negotiations with the Ottoman Sultan. This paper will draw particular attention to how the Teutonic Knights, as a military order with considerable experience of frontier warfare and diplomacy, could offer Sigismund the skills and expertise which he did not enjoy access to in Hungary. Ann Williams University of Exeter The Cult of St Antony Abbot and the Processional Route in Valletta from the Grandmaster’s Palace to St John’s and Our Lady of Victories A fifteenth century illustrated MS of the life of St Antony Abbot is one of the treasures of the National Library of Malta in Valletta. Although only acquired for the Library in the eighteenth century, it points to the continuing importance of the saint. He was venerated in Rhodes, but with the building of Valletta and the church of Our Lady of Victories in the new city, which was the parish church of the serjeants-at-arms, the donats and the servants of the Order, and where his relics finally rested, he was prominent in the Order’s ritual. The position of the main street of Valletta, on the ridge of the peninsula of Sciberras, with side streets falling away to the harbours on either side, gave the Order dominant sacred (and civic), space in the city. The processional route from the Grandmaster’s Palace to St John’s was extended to Our Lady of Victories. The Translation of St Antony’s relics from Vittoriosa to the latter church on 21st June 1617 and the composition of the procession which followed them, was an example of the Order’s developing authority over the diverse elements of society. The creation of this special area was also a clever move in the continuing struggle among the three religious authorities in Malta. The Bishop of Malta, needing a palace in the new city, was forced to build it in a side street, while the Inquisitor remained on the other side of the great harbour in Vittoriosa Dr William Zammit University of Malta Censoring the Hospitallers: the failed attempt at re-printing Escanno’s Propugnaculum Hierosolymitanum in 1757. In 1757 the Order attempted to re-print Ferdinando de Escanno’s Propugnaculum Hierosolymitanum, first printed in Seville in 1664 and consisting of an over 400-page compendium of the Order of St John’s institutional setup. The attempt at having the work re-printed in the Order’s own press, newly established in Malta in June 1756, was successfully thwarted by the Roman Inquisition on the island. Details as to the reasons behind such a prohibition will be delved into. While the censoring of published works relating to the Order is known to have taken place on quite a number of occasions, this episode constitutes a much rarer instance where a publication officially sanctioned and requested by the Hospitallers was effectively refused printing. The rising secular pretensions of the Hospitaller Order as reflected on this issue (as well as on a number of others) inevitably clashed with Rome’s insistence upon acquiescence to it, at least insofar as the Order’s institutional framework and practice was concerned. 

The Military Orders: Culture and Conflict 6th International Conference 5th - 8th September 2013 London Centre for the Study of the Crusades, the Military Religious Orders and the Latin East St. John’s Gate, Clerkenwell, London  Our thanks to our sponsors and those who have contributed to the conference: Cardiff Centre for the Study of the Crusades, University of Cardiff The Grand Priory of England, The Sovereign Military Order of Malta The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem The St John Historical Society Cambridge University Press Ashgate Publishing The Institute of Historical Research Royal Holloway, The University of London Three anonymous donors for enabling the conference committee to give 7 bursaries to students The Priory of England of The Order of St John and the Museum of the Order of St John for the use of St John’s Gate and the Priory Church Our thanks to all those who have helped to organise the conference: Volunteers and staff at St John’s Gate, in particular the members of The St John Historical Society and The St John Fellowship, Christina Grembowicz (Conference Administrator), The Reverend Gay Ellis (Little Maplestead), Paula Dellamura (Temple Cressing), Stephane Bitty (Rosebery Hall) The Conference organising committee (in alphabetical order): Alan Borg, Mike Carr, Christina Grembowicz, Michael Heslop (Chairman), Anthony Luttrell, Helen Nicholson, Jonathan Phillips, Jonathan Riley-Smith, Jochen Schenk, Keith Schnaar, Pamela Willis  THURSDAY 5 September 14.00 -17.30 St John’s Gate Registration 17.45 -18.00 Priory Church Welcome and Introduction Michael Heslop, Chair of the Organising Committee 18.00 -19.00 Priory Church Plenary Lecture, Chair: Alan Forey Nikolas Jaspert, Military Orders at the Frontier: Permeability and Demarcation 19.00 -19.30 Priory Church ‘L’Homme Armé’ A short presentation of music by Schola Baptista directed by Eoghain Murphy, assisted by Dr Mary Remnant FSA 19.30 -21.00 St John’s Gate, Chapter Hall Welcome and Reception The Lord Prior of the Most Venerable Order of St John, Prof. Anthony Mellows ‘Medieval Rhodes as seen in the Photographs of Giuseppe Gerola. An Exhibition by Michael Heslop’ can be visited in the Priory Church from Thursday 5 September to Sunday 8 September. Bookstalls from Ashgate Publishing, Cambridge University Press and The St John Historical Society will be open at St John’s Gate in the Old Chancery, St John’s Gate, on Friday and Sunday.  FRIDAY 6 September 9.00 -10.45 St John’s Gate, Chapter Hall Greece and the Aegean Chair: Anthony Luttrell Marie-Anna Chevalier, The Military Orders in the Morea: Report of the research Anna Takoumi, Tracing the Knights: Their pictorial evidence in the art of the Eastern Mediterranean Mike Carr and Brian McLaughlin, New Dawn or False Promise? Byzantine-Hospitaller Relations and the Anti-Turkish League of 1334 Michael Heslop, Hospitaller Statecraft in the Aegean: Island or Mainland Polity? 9.00 -10.45 St John’s Gate, Council Chamber Teutonic Order Chair: Karl Borchardt Maria Starnawska, The Role of the Legend of St. Barbara’s Head in the Conflict of the Teutonic Order and Świętopełk, the Duke of Pomerania Conradin von Planta, Advocacy and “Defensio” – the protection of the houses of the Teutonic Order in the region of the upper Rhine during the 13th and 14th centuries Marina Bessudnova, Die Privilegien des Deutschen Ordens, sacrum bellum und die Eskalation der russisch-livländischen Konflikt gegen Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts Bernhard Demel, Wann wurde der Livlaendische Landmeister Wolter von Plettenberg Reichsfuerst?- Neue Erkenntnisse 9.00 -10.45 Priory Church, Learning Centre Malta 1 Chair: Elizabeth Siberry Ann Williams, The Cult of St Antony Abbot and the Processional Route in Valletta from the Grandmaster’s Palace to St John’s and Our Lady of Victories Emanuel Buttigieg, Culture and conflict on the waves: The use of the Grand Harbour of Malta as a stage for the projection of the authority and power of the Order of St John’ Theresa Vella, Piety and ritual at the Magistral Palace William Zammit, Censoring the Hospitallers: The failed attempt at re-printing Escanno’s Propugnaculum Hierosolymitanum in 1757 9.00 -10.45 Priory Church, Crypt Crusading Chair: Bernard Hamilton Hayba Abouzaid, Reading the Memoirs of Usamah ibn Munqidh - Veteran, diplomat and storyteller of the Crusades Valentin Portnykh, Crusade as feudal service: Feudal obligation towards God as a motivation for crusading Abdelaziz Boukenna, The Crusades as Cultural Vectors and misunderstanding between el-Ifrandj and the Muslims Thomas William Smith, Pope Honorius III, the Military Orders and the Financing of the Fifth Crusade 10.45 -11.15 Tea Break at St John’s Gate and Priory Church  FRIDAY 6 September 11.15 -12.35 St John’s Gate, Chapter Hall Holy Land 1 Chair: Paul Crawford Anthony Luttrell, The Hospital's Privilege of 1113; Texts and Contexts Karl Borchardt, German and Latin Texts on Hospitaller Life and Administration from Clm4620 Kevin James Lewis, Friend or foe: Islamic views of the Military Orders in the Latin East as drawn from Arabic sources 11.15 -12.35 St John’s Gate, Council Chamber Central Europe Chair: Henry Sire Darius von Guettner, The Commandery of Zagość. The foundation of the first Hospitaller outpost in Poland (1146-1166) Zolt Hunyadi, The use of seals of the Hospitallers and Templars in Central Europe (13th-14th centuries) Mark Whelan, Diplomats and Warriors: The Teutonic Knights and the Turks on the Danube Frontier, c. 1425-1437 11.15 -12.35 Priory Church, Learning Centre Italy 1 Chair: Victor Mallia-Milanes Claudia Cundari, Templar religious architecture: Historiographical perspectives between previous hypothesis and present remarks Marcello Pacifico, Templari, Ospedalieri e crociate al tempo di Federico II, 1215-1250 Maria Rosaria Salerno, The Military Orders and the local population in Italy: Links and Conflicts 11.15 -12.35 Priory Church, Crypt Culture and Conflict 1 Chair: Alan Borg Theresa Vann, The Culture of Reading in the Order of the Hospital Jan Vandeburie, 'They Are Knights in Battle, and Like Monks at Home' - Jacques de Vitry and the Military Orders Simon Phillips, ‘Maligno spiritu ductus et sue professionis immemor’: Conflicts within the Culture of the Hospitaller Order 12.35 -14.00 Lunch Break  FRIDAY 6 September 14.00 -15.45 St John’s Gate, Chapter Hall Rhodes 1 and Cyprus Chair: Michael Heslop Pierre Bonneaud, A culture of Consensus: The Hospitallers at Rhodes in the 15th century (1426-1480) Emma Maglio, The holy spaces in the urban fabric. Religious topography of Rhodes in the Hospitaller period Nicolas Coureas, The Manumission of Hospitaller Slaves in 15th century Cyprus and Rhodes James Petre, Back to Baffes. Peter Megaw’s ‘Castle in Cyprus attributable to the Hospital’ revisited 14.00 -15.45 St John’s Gate, Council Chamber Hospitallers in Britain Chair: Helen Nicholson Colman O'Clabaigh, The Knights Hospitaller at Kilbarry: Prayer, poetry and politics in 14th century Ireland Anthony Delarue, The Double Traversed Cross in the Priory of England Nicole Hamonic, Ad celebrandum divina: Founding and Financing Perpetual Chantries at Clerkenwell Priory Christie Majoros Dunnahoe, The Hospitallers of the British Isles: The Identification of Property and its Implications for the Study of the Function of the Order at the County and Parish Levels 14.0015.45 Priory Church, Learning Centre Portugal Chair: Theresa Vann Luis Adao da Fonseca, The Commandary of Noudar of the Order of Avis: the significance of a conflictive memory embedded between the Portuguese Crown and the Military Order Lucia Cardoso Rosas, Art and devotional objects as elements of prophylactic uses within a cultural memory and a territorial appropriation: the treasure of Vera Cruz de Marmelar Maria Cristina Pimenta, Noudar, a commandery of the Order of Avis in the boarder with Castille, a space of conflict and coexistence Paula Pinto Costa, Vera Cruz de Marmelar in 13th-15th centuries: A St John’s commandery as an expression of a cultural memory and territorial appropriation 14.00-15.45 Priory Church, Crypt Archaeology and Architecture in the Holy Land 1 Chair: Jonathan Phillips Major Balázs, Water Management in the Hospitaller Castle of Margat, Syria Gil Fishhof, Hospitaller Patronage and the Mural Cycle of the Church of the Resurrection at Abu-Gosh (Emmaus) - A New Reading Piers Mitchell, Intestinal Parasites in Crusader Castles and Towns Mathias Piana, Could Military Order Fortifications Have a Donjon? 15.45 -16.15 Tea Break at St John’s Gate and Priory Church  FRIDAY 6 September 16.15 -17.35 St John’s Gate, Chapter Hall Holy Land 2 Chair: Gil Fishof Paul Crawford, Renaud of Châtillon: Miles Christi? Karel Polejowski, Between Jaffa and Jerusalem: Templars, Latin barons and the southern border of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the years 1229 – 1244 Judith Bronstein, On the brink of an abyss: The Hospitallers in the Latin East in the years leading up to 1291 16.15 -17.35 St John’s Gate, Council Chamber Western Europe 1 Chair: Nicolas Coureas Xavier Baecke, The symbolic power of religious knighthood. Discourse and context of the first donations to the Templar order in de Low Countries Renger de Bruin, The narrow escape of the Teutonic Order, Bailiwick of Utrecht, 1811-1815 Patrick Stohler, The Military Orders in Switzerland – a survey (work in progress) 16.15 -17.35 Priory Church, Learning Centre Spain 1 Chair: Pierre Bonneaud Inas ElSayed Abbas, The Military Brethren on the Spanish Christian-Islamic frontier from the 12th & the late 13th centuries Julia Baldo, Defensive elements in the Templar and Hospitaller preceptories of the Priory of Navarre Vicent Baydal and Vicent Rojo, The Templars and the Hospitallers in the conquest and colonisation of the Kingdom of Valencia 16.15 -17.35 Priory Church, Crypt The Fall of the Templars Chair: Piers Mitchell Anne Gilmour-Bryson, Templar Witnesses: What exactly did they say? David Bryson, The One Who Got Away? Humbert Blanc and the Fall of the Templars Giampiero Bagni, The conflict of the Trial of the Templars (1307-1314): The real identity and long life of Templar Pietro da Bologna, defender of the Templars in Paris 17.45 -18.45 St John’s Gate, Chapter Hall Plenary Lecture Chair: Victor Mallia-Milanes Anne Brogini, The Order of Malta and religious Reformations of Europe (16th century- first 17th century) 19.00 -20.30 St John’s Gate, Chapter Hall Reception Welcome by the 57th Grand Prior of England of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Fra’ Ian Scott of Ardross  SATURDAY 7 September Excursion to Temple Cressing and Little Maplestead in Essex. We will have a guided tour of the site of the main Templar Essex preceptory at Cressing, where two marvellous mid 13th century barns remain. The Hospitallers used Cressing/Witham as an administrative centre after the dissolution of the Templars, and after lunch at Cressing, we shall see one of their commandery sites at the round-naved church of Little Maplestead.  We shall finish the day with a visit to Great Maplestead parish church. 9.00 St John’s Gate Meeting at St John’s Gate to board coaches 11.00 -11.30 Temple Cressing Guided tours at Temple Cressing 11.30 -12.30 Temple Cressing Plenary Lecture Chair: Helen Nicholson Damien Carraz, ‘Segnoria’, ‘memoria’, ‘controversia’. Pragmatic Literacy, Archival Memory, and Conflicts in Provence (12th and 13th centuries). 12.30 -13.30 Temple Cressing Buffet Lunch at Temple Cressing 13.30 Departure in Coaches to Little Maplestead 14.00 -15.15 Maplestead Visit to Little Maplestead (Hospitaller Round Church) and Great Maplestead Church 15.15- 17.15 Return in coaches to London, Evening Free SUNDAY 8 September 8.00 Priory Church, Crypt 8.45 Priory Church, Crypt Holy Mass at St John Priory Crypt Father Bernhard Demel, Teutonic Order, Vienna Holy Communion Andrew Baughan, Vicar of St James and St John, Clerkenwell 10.00 -11.15 St John’s Gate, Chapter Hall Warfare and Holy Land Chair: Judith Bronstein Stephen Bennett, The Battle of Arsuf: A reappraisal of the charge of the Hospitallers Alan Forey, Were Brothers of Military Orders equipped with Bows in the 12th and 13th centuries? Mahmoud Said Omran, The Hospitallers Military Operations against Egypt (1153-1250) 10.00 -11.15 St John’s Gate, Council Chamber Templars in Britain Chair: Pamela Willis John Lee, Weedley not Whitley: Repositioning a preceptory of the Knights Templar in Yorkshire Helen Nicholson, The Templars’ estates in the west of Britain in the early 14th century John Walker, The Templar commandery at Faxfleet, East Yorkshire 10.00 -11.15 Priory Church, Learning Centre Malta 2 Chair: Ann Williams Anton Caruana Galizia, Aristocratic Culture and the Order of St. John (16th to 18th centuries) Victor Mallia-Milanes, Venice, Hospitaller Malta and the Fear of the Plague: Culturally Conflicting Views 10.00 -11.15 Priory Church, Crypt Culture and Conflict 2 Chair: Nicholas Morton Alessandro Angeluzzi, Songs of War. Olivier lo Templier, Ricaut Bonomel and the Troubadoric Culture in the Templar Order Sebastian Salvado, Reflections of Conflict in Two Fragments of the Rule of the Knights Templar Ian Howie Willis, Representations of the Mediaeval Military Orders in popular literature: “History” as presented in the modern blockbuster novel’ 11.15 -11.45 Tea Break at St John’s Gate and Priory Church  SUNDAY 8 September 11.45 -12.35 St John’s Gate, Chapter Hall Rhodes 2 Chair: Mike Carr Robert Dauber, Military Tactics on Land and Sea in the Romance Melusine (c.1387) Greg O’Malley, Some Aspects of the Development of Hospitaller Rhetoric concerning the Turks 1407-1551 11.45 -12.35 St John’s Gate, Council Chamber Western Europe 2 Chair: Jochen Schenk Sonia Kirch Abad, The Hated Ideal. The Templars and the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem taking Byzantium to support pontifical theocracy, Eucharistic devotion and crusades through wall paintings from 1180s to 1307 in France. Michael Peixoto, Conflict Resolution: A Vehicle for Ecclesiastical Patronage of the Templars in Champagne 11.45 -12.35 Priory Church, Learning Centre Italy 2 Chair: Bernard Hamilton Nadia Bagnarini, Culture and conflict in two Italian houses of the Military Orders. History and architecture of S. Giulio in Civitavecchia and the Commandary of SS. Giovanni and Vittore in Montefiascone Elena Bellomo, The Sforzas, the Papacy and the Control of the Hospitaller Priory of Lombardy in the second half of the XV century 11.45 -12.35 Priory Church, Crypt Architecture and Archaeology in the Holy Land 2 Chair: James Petre Vardit Shotten-Hallel, Reconstructing another entrance to the Church of St John, Acre Dweezil Vandekerkhove, The Archaeology of the Military Orders in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 12.35 -14.00 Lunch Break  SUNDAY 8 September 14.00 -14.50 St John’s Gate, Chapter Hall Muslim Relationships and the Holy Land Chair: Anne Gilmour-Bryson Betty Binysh, Massacre, masters or mutual benefit: The Military Orders’ relations with their Muslim neighbours in the Latin East (1100-1300) Nicholas Morton, Perceptions of Islam in Templar and Hospitaller sources from the 12th and 13th centuries: a preliminary investigation 14.00 -14.50 St John’s Gate, Council Chamber Spain 2 Chair: Alan Forey Gonzalo Carrasco Garcia, Ritual, Conflict and Propaganda. The Chapters-General of the Order of Santiago in 15th century Castile Julia Pavon, Juan de Beaumont, Prior of the Hospital, in the Navarrese civil conflict (1451-1461) 15.00 -16.00 St John’s Gate, Chapter Hall Plenary Lecture Chair: Jonathan Phillips Philippe Josserand, Frontier Conflict, Military Cost and Culture: the Master and the Islamic Border in the Mid-Fourteenth century 16.00 Conference ENDS  PARTICIPANTS Dr Inas ElSayed Abbas Alexandria University, Egypt dr.inas010@hotmail.com Hayba Abouzaid Monash University, Victoria, Australia hayba.ab@gmail.com Prof Luis Adao da Fonseca University of Porto, Portugal luisadaofonseca@netcabo.pt Yvonne Albon Chester   Alessandro Angeluzzi San Marino University alessandro_angelucci@virgilio.it Xavier Baecke Ghent University, Belgium xavier.baecke@ugent.be Dr Nadia Bagnarini University of Siena, Italy n.bagnarini@libero.it Giampiero Bagni University of Bologna, Italy giampiero.bagni2@unibo.it Major Balazs Catholic University of Hungary balazs.major.hu@gmail.com Dr Julia Baldo-Alcoz University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain jbaldo@unav.es; jbaldo@alumni.unav.es Alexander Baranov Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany ordoteutonicus@gmail.com Dr Vicent Baydal University of Oxford vicentbaydal@harca.org John Bellingham Dublin, Ireland jbellingham@hotmail.com Dr Elena Bellomo Cardiff University, University of Verona elena.bellomo@libero.it Stephen Bennett Aarhus, Denmark bennett_stephen876@btinternet.com Prof Marina Bessudnova Lipetsk State Paedagogical University, Russia magistrmb@gmail.com Carmel Bezzina University of Malta carmel.b.bezzina@um.edu.mt Betty Binysh Cardiff University binyshe@cardiff.ac.uk William Frederick Bird Norwich william.bird1966@ntlworld.com Pierre Bonneaud Uzes, France pierre.bonneaud@orange.fr Prof Karl Borchardt University of Wuerzburg, MGH, Germany karl.borchardt@mgh.de Dr Alan Borg London acnborg@gmail.com Dr Abdelaziz Boukenna University of Algiers, Algeria bou-09-aziz@hotmail.com Richard Bradley Seroa, Portugal richbradley56@hotmail.com Anne Brogini University of Nice, France anne.brogini@laposte.net Dr Judith Bronstein University of Haifa, Oranim College, Israel judith_bronstein@hotmail.com Henry Brownrigg St John Historical Society, London h.c.brownrigg@gmail.com Prof Renger de Bruin Centraal Museum, Utrecht, The Netherlands rbruin@centraalmuseum.nl Dr David Bryson University of Melbourne, Australia dbryson1935@telus.net Andrew Buck University of London, Queen Mary andrewdbuck1987@googlemail.com Hannah Buckingham Cardiff University buckinghamhr2@cardiff.ac.uk Dr Emanuel Buttigieg University of Malta emanuel_buttigieg@yahoo.co.uk Prof Lucia Cardoso Rosas University of Porto, Portugal lrosas@letras.up.pt Dr Mike Carr University of London, Royal Holloway michael.carr.2007@live.rhul.ac.uk Gonzalo Carrasco Garcia Complutense University Madrid, Spain gonzalogarrascoes@yahoo.es Damien Carraz University of Clermont-Ferrand, France damien.carraz@wanadoo.fr Dr Anton Caruana Galizia Newcastle University acgalizia@gmail.com Dr Marie-Anna Chevalier University of Montpellier, France chevalier_marieanna@yahoo.fr Patrick Cimba London patocim@yahoo.co.uk Comte de Evora SMOM de.evora@me.com Dr Nicolas Coureas Cyprus ncoureas@hotmail.com Dr Paul Crawford California University of Pennsylvania, USA paul.f.crawford@gmail.com Heather Crowley Cardiff University CrowleyHE@cardiff.ac.uk Claudia Cundari University of Calabria, Italy claudiacundari@libero.it Prof Robert Dauber Vienna, Austria robert.colombo@hotmail.com Americo de Santis Mendham , USA americodesantis@gmail.com Anthony Delarue SMOM a_delarue@yahoo.co.uk Prof Bernhard Demel Vienna, Teutonic Order, Austria   Alvino Mario Fantini University of Leiden, The Netherlands fantini@gmail.com Dr Gil Fishhof Tel -Aviv University, Israel fishhofg@post.tau.ac.il Dr Alan Forey Oxon foreys@somail.it Prof Anne Gilmour - Bryson University of Melbourne, Australia annegb@telus.net Christina Grembowicz St John's Gate, Clerkenwell grembowicz@gmx.de Prof Bernard Hamilton Nottingham bernhamilt@yahoo.com Dr Nicole Hamonic University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA nhamonic@utk.edu Graham Heath St John Historical Society, London   Michael Heslop University of London, Royal Holloway michaelheslop@ntlworld.com Dr Helen Heslop London helenbossheslop@ntlworld.com  Dr Ian Howie Willis Order of St John, Australia iwillis@ozemail.com.au Dr Zsolt Hunyadi University of Szeged, Hungary hunyadiz@hist.u-szeged.hu Prof Nikolas Jaspert Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany nikolas.jaspert@rub.de Mike Jefferson University of Nottingham joemikejefferson@yahoo.co.uk Dr Philippe Josserand University of Nantes, France ph.josserand@wanadoo.fr Dr John Fitzpatrick Kennedy SMOM, Canada jjfk@rogers.com Dr Sonia Kirch Abad Doazit, France olwen_9@yahoo.fr Dr John Lee University of York john.s.lee@btinternet.com Kevin James Lewis Oxford kevin.lewis@history.ox.ac.uk Dr Anthony Luttrell Bath margaretluttrell@gmail.com Patrick MacDermott St John Historical Society, London   Emma Maglio Universite' Aix-Marseille, France emaglio@mmsh.univaix.fr  Christie Majoros-Dunnahoe Cardiff University majorosca@cardiff.ac.uk Prof Victor Mallia-Milanes University of Malta victor.mallia-milanes@um.edu.mt Thomas Markiewicz University of Birmingham TJM869@bham.ac.uk Brian McLaughlin University of London, Royal Holloway Brian.McLaughlin.2009@ live.rhul.ac.uk Dr Piers Mitchell University of Cambridge pdm39@cam.ac.uk Dr Ranieri Moore Cavaceppi American University, USA ranieri@american.edu Dr Nicholas Morton Nottingham Trent University nicholas.morton@ntu.ac.uk Eoghain Murphy SMOM eoghain.murphy@hsbcib.com Dr Helen Nicholson Cardiff University nicholsonhj@cardiff.ac.uk  Dr Colman O'Clabaigh Glenstal Abbey, Ireland colman@glenstal.com Dr Greg O'Malley Hugglescote gregoryomalley@btinternet.com Prof Mahmoud Said Omran Alexandria University, Egypt msomran@dataxprs.com.eg Dr Marcello Pacifico University of Palermo, University of Paris X marcello.pacifico@unipa.it Dr Julia Pavon University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain jpavon@unav.es Dr Michael Peixoto New York University, USA mjp346@nyu.edu Dr James Petre Stevington jamespetre@btinternet.com Joanna Phillips University of Leeds hy07j2p@leeds.ac.uk Prof Jonathan Phillips University of London, Royal Holloway J.P.Phillips@rhul.ac.uk Dr Simon Phillips University of Cyprus simondph@ucy.ac.cy Dr Mathias Piana Diedorf, Germany mathias.piana@gmx.de Prof Maria Cristina Pimenta CEPESE, Porto, Portugal Cristina_pimenta@sapo.pt Prof Paula Pinto Costa University of Porto, Portugal ppinto@letras.up.pt Dr Karel Polejowski Ateneum-Gdansk University, Poland kpolejowski@interia.pl Dr Valentin Portnykh Novosibirsk State University, Russia valpor@list.ru Prof Jonathan Riley-Smith University of Cambridge jsr22@cam.ac.uk Dr Maria Rosaria Salerno University of Calabria, Italy m.salerno@unical.it Dr Sebastian Salvado Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway sebastian.salvado@ntnu.no Dr Jochen Schenk University of Freiburg, Germany jg.schenk@gmail.com Keith Schnaar St John Historical Society, London k.schnaar@btinternet.com Sheila Schnaar St John Historical Society, London s.schnaar@btinternet.com Margaret Sealey Maryvale mm34@btinternet.com Vardit Shotten-Hallel The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel shotten-hallel@012.net.il Dr Elizabeth Siberry Surbiton liz.siberry@gmail.com Henry Sire SMOM henrysire@hotmail.com Thomas William Smith University of London, Royal Holloway thomas.smith.503@gmail.com Dr Maria Starnawska John Dlugosz University, Czestochowa, Poland mstarnawska@wp.pl Dr Patrick Stohler University of Basel, Switzerland Patrick.Stohler@unibas.ch Anna Takoumi University of Athens, Greece atakoumi@arch.uoa.gr Kelly Tassogiannopoulou University of Athens, Greece ktassog@arch.uoa.gr Prof Johanna Maria van Winter Utrecht University, The Netherlands j.m.vanwinter@uu.nl Jan Vandeburie University of Kent, Canterbury j.vandeburie@kent.ac.uk Dweezil Vandekerkhove Cardiff University vandekerckhoved@cardiff.ac.uk Dr Theresa Vann Hill Museum and Manuscript Library, USA tvann@csbsju.edu Dr Theresa Vella University of Bristol theresavella@hotmail.com Dr Darius von Guettner-Sporzynski University of Melbourne, Australia von@unimelb.edu.au Dr Conradin von Planta University of Strasbourg, France conradin.vonplanta@bluewin.ch Dr John Walker University of Hull j.walker@hull.ac.uk Terence Walton St John Historical Society, London terenceewalton@aol.com Joan Walton St John Historical Society, London   Mark Whelan University of London, Royal Holloway Mark.Whelan.2010@live.rhul.ac.uk Ann Williams University of Exeter annwilliams@waitrose.com Pamela Willis St John's Gate, Clerkenwell pamela.willis@sja.org.uk Ian Wilson University of London, Royal Holloway ian.wilson70@btopenworld.com Samuel Wilson Nottingham Trent University samuel.wilson2007@my.ntu.ac.uk Dr William Zammit University of Malta william.zammit@um.edu.mt  2