Bison Range

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Bison Range
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)
Bison herd grazing at the National Bison Range.jpg
Map showing the location of Bison Range
Map showing the location of Bison Range
Map showing the location of Bison Range
Map showing the location of Bison Range
LocationLake / Sanders counties, Montana, USA
Nearest cityMissoula, MT
Coordinates47°19′30″N 114°13′33″W / 47.32500°N 114.22583°W / 47.32500; -114.22583Coordinates: 47°19′30″N 114°13′33″W / 47.32500°N 114.22583°W / 47.32500; -114.22583[1]
Area18,800 acres (76 km2)
Established1908
Visitorsest. 250,000 (in 2004)
Governing bodyConfederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes
Websitebisonrange.org

The Bison Range (BR) is a nature reserve on the Flathead Indian Reservation in western Montana established for the conservation of American bison. Formerly called the National Bison Range, the size of the bison herd at the BR is between 350 and 500. Established as a National Wildlife Refuge in 1908, the BR consists of approximately 18,800 acres (7,600 ha) within the Montana valley and foothill grasslands. The management was transferred back to the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes in 2022 from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service after more than a century of federal management and nearly two decades of negotiations.

The BR has a visitor center, and two scenic roads that allow vehicular access to prime viewing areas. The range is approximately one hour north of Missoula, Montana off of U.S. Highway 93 directing visitors to the entrance at Moiese, Montana, and the range headquarters.

Context[edit]

The range protects one of most endangered ecosystems in North America, the intermountain bunchgrass prairie.[2] In addition to the 350 to 500 bison, many other mammal species may be seen on the refuge, including coyote, black bear, elk, mule deer, bighorn sheep, white-tailed deer, pronghorn, mountain cottontail, Columbian ground squirrel, muskrat, yellow-pine chipmunk, badger, and cougar.[3] Over two hundred bird species have been seen on the refuge.[4] The Bison Range also contains many plant species, including the bitterroot, ponderosa pine, and buffalo grass.[5]

Prior to the 1800s, bison were believed to number in the tens of millions, they once were found in all the current U.S. states, except Hawaii, and also throughout Canada.[6] Bison were nearly extinct by 1890, having been part of a Federal government sponsored program of eradication during the Indian Wars, thereby removing a vital food source from the Plains Indians diet, and ensuring easier relocation onto Indian reservations.[7] Bison play an important role Native culture which includes a deep spiritual connection.[8]

History[edit]

Further information: Conservation of American bison

Oral accounts of the tribes recall a man of the Pend d’Oreille tribe named Atatice who knew something needed to be done as the buffalo disappeared. Atatice’s son Latati, or Little Peregrine Falcon, eventually led six orphan bison west to the Flathead Reservation.[8] His stepfather, Samuel Walking Coyote, sold them to horse traders Michel Pablo and Charles Allard in 1884.[9] The Pablo-Allard herd grew to about 300 when in 1896 Allard died and his half of the herd was sold to Charles E. Conrad of Kalispell by his widow.[10][11] Pablo’s herd continued to grow and range wild along the Flathead River.[12] By the early 1900s, the Pablo-Allard herd was said to be the largest collection of the bison remaining in the U.S.[13] Pablo was notified in 1904 that the government was opening up the Flathead Reservation for settlement by selling off parcels of land.[14] After failed negotiations with the U.S. government, Pablo sold the herd to the Canadian government in 1907.[15] The transfer took until 1912, as the bison were captured and shipped by train from Ravalli, to Elk Island to establish a conservation herd.[16]

Big Medicine on display at the Montana Historical Society museum

The American Bison Society appointed Morton J. Elrod, founder of the Flathead Lake Biological Station, to examine potential reserves in Montana and he suggested the Flathead Reservation.[17] The National Bison Range was established on May 23, 1908 out of a portion of the Reservation.[18] President Theodore Roosevelt signed legislation authorizing funds to purchase land for bison conservation when for the first time Congress appropriated tax dollars to buy land specifically to preserve wildlife.[19] The initial herd of thirty-four American bison were purchased from the Conrad herd by the American Bison Society in 1909.[10] The Range was established as a native bird refuge by Congress in 1921.[18] The Civilian Conservation Corps built many of its buildings.[20]: 1, 14, 18–22  A white buffalo, "Big Medicine" (1933-1959, also called "Whitey"), spent his life at the Bison Range.[20]: 70–73  Tribal members visited him many times and held him in high esteem.[21][22]

Returning the range to tribal control has been desired by members since it was taken over by the federal government without the tribes consent in 1908.[23] In accordance with the 1994 Self Governance Act, the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes (CSKT) negotiated and entered a government-to-government agreement with the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS).[24] The agreement allowed the tribes to “take part in refuge programs that are of special geographical, historical, or cultural significance”. The tribes continued the campaign with the submission of three proposals to return the range to tribal control.[25] In 2007, a split mission arrangement was cancelled amidst difficulty in the relationship.[26] USFWS issued a final draft of the National Bison Range Comprehensive Management Plan in 2019.[27] The proposed transfer gathered broad support from the community, conservation groups and politicians.[23] After the transfer was included in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, a two-year transition process began when it became law on December 27, 2020.[28][29] With the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) taking the land into trust for CSKT in June 2021, the range was restored to the Flathead Indian Reservation.[30] Assistant Secretary Tara Katuk Sweeney stated that “The CSKT have strong and deep historical, geographic and cultural ties to the land and the bison, and their environmental professionals have been leaders in natural resources and wildlife management for many decades.”[31]

Tribal officials said the public would see little change during the annual reopening of Red Sleep Drive in May 2021 and all proceeds will be used for the management and operation of the Bison Range.[28] Entrance fees were increased slightly and Federal-use passes are no longer accepted since it is no longer a USFWS or National Park Service facility.[32] January 2022 marked the beginning of the first full season of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes managing the site.[33] New exhibits in the visitors center were the result of cultural committees from each tribe getting the correct history where the USFWS was unable to provide resources to improve the information being displayed.[34] Both Secretary of the Interior, Deb Haaland, and state Attorney General, Kristen Juras, spoke at a celebration of the restoration in May.[22] Tribal and government officials mentioned how the reunification of the tribe with the bison, the land and the resources righted a wrong in the history of the reservation.[35]

Geology[edit]

The range is a small, low-rolling mountain connected to the Mission Mountain Range by a gradually descending spur. Range elevation varies from 2,585 feet (788 m) at headquarters to 4,885 feet (1,489 m) at High Point on Red Sleep Mountain, the highest point on the Range. Much of the Bison Range was once under prehistoric Glacial Lake Missoula, which was formed by a glacial ice dam on the Clark Fork River about 13,000 to 18,000 years ago. The lake attained a maximum elevation of 4,200 feet (1,300 m), so the upper part of the Range was above water. Old beach lines are still evident on north-facing slopes. Topsoil on the Range is generally shallow and mostly underlain with rock which is exposed in many areas, forming ledges and talus slopes. Soils over the major portion of the Range were developed from materials weathered from strongly folded pre-Cambrian quartzite and argillite bedrock.[36]

  • A bison roaming at the Bison Range

  • Elk (Cervus canadensis) in a creek

  • National Bison Range sign in 1978

  • The Mission Mountains viewed from the Range

Access[edit]

The BR has a visitor center, and two scenic roads that allow vehicular access to prime viewing areas. Two gravel roads through the range provide viewing of bison and other wildlife.[37] The range is approximately one hour north of Missoula, Montana off of U.S. Highway 93 directing visitors to the entrance at Moiese, Montana, and the range headquarters.

References[edit]

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Interior.

  1. ^ "National Bison Range". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
  2. ^ "Capturing 40 years of climate change for an endangered Montana prairie". phys.org. Public Library of Science. December 23, 2020. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
  3. ^ "Mammals - National Bison Range". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. February 6, 2013. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017.
  4. ^ "Birds of National Bison Range" (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  5. ^ Plants of the National Bison Range, September 1985, viewed November 6, 2013, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, http://www.fws.gov/uploadedFiles/NBR%20plant%20list.pdf
  6. ^ Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (January 1965). "The American Buffalo". Conservation Note. 12.
  7. ^ Smits, David (Autumn 1994). "The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo: 1865–1883" (PDF). The Western Historical Quarterly. 25 (3): 312–338. doi:10.2307/971110. JSTOR 971110. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
  8. ^ a b Mosquera, Sarah (May 27, 2022). "A bison range homecoming: Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes reclaim a Montana nature preserve". The Guardian. Montana Free Press. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  9. ^ Kelly, Alyssa (December 6, 2018). "Telling the story of the National Bison Range". Char-Koosta News. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
  10. ^ a b "Timeline". US Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on December 22, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  11. ^ "About the Family". Conrad Mansion Museum. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  12. ^ "Bringing Back the Buffalo". Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
  13. ^ Brown, Matthew (March 27, 2016). "Bison herd to be moved from Alberta to Montana as part of treaty agreement". CTVNews. Associated Press. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
  14. ^ "History of the Pablo-Allard herd". Whyte Museum of the Canadian Rockies. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
  15. ^ Markewicz, Lauren (2017). Like Distant Thunder: Canada's Bison Conservation Story. Parks Canada. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-660-24251-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ Ohayon, Albert (April 20, 2021). "The Troubled History of the North American Bison | Curator's Perspective". NFB Blog. National Film Board of Canada. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
  17. ^ Scott, Tristan (April 3, 2019). "The Way of the Buffalo". Flathead Beacon. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  18. ^ a b Endersby, Holly (August 1, 2019). "Roaming Free on the National Bison Range". Montana Senior News. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  19. ^ "Interior Transfers National Bison Range Lands in Trust for the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes" (Press release). U. S. Department of the Interior. June 23, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  20. ^ a b Kraft, Ernest (2006). Untold tales of Bison Range trails. Stevensville, Montana: Stoneydale Press Publishing Co. ISBN 1931291527. OCLC 70272174.
  21. ^ "What makes the National Bison Range, and its relation to the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, so unique?". Bison Range Restoration. Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  22. ^ a b Serbin, Bret Anne (May 21, 2022). "Emotional ceremony marks transfer of Bison Range management". The Missoulian. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
  23. ^ a b Smith, Anna V. (January 26, 2021). "Reclaiming the National Bison Range". High Country News. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  24. ^ Kelly, Alyssa (December 6, 2018). "Telling the story of the National Bison Range". Char-Koosta News. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
  25. ^ Scheer, Laura (January 22, 2021). "Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes plan future of National Bison Range". The Missoulian. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
  26. ^ Robbins, Jim (February 13, 2007). "Sharing of Bison Range Management Breaks Down". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  27. ^ Lundquist, Laura (September 10, 2019). "Wildlife, not visitors, take precedence at National Bison Range". KPAX. Missoula Current. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  28. ^ a b "Montana's National Bison Range transferred to tribes". NBC News Montana. January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  29. ^ "Secretary Bernhardt Signs Historic Secretarial Order to Transition the National Bison Range Into Tribal Trust for the Flathead Indian Reservatio". Bureau of Indian Affairs. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  30. ^ Bolton, Aaron (June 25, 2021). "Tribes One Step Closer To Fully Managing National Bison Range". Montana Public Radio. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  31. ^ "National Bison Range transitions into tribal trust for the Flathead Indian Reservation". Char-Koosta News (Press release). U. S. Department of the Interior. January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  32. ^ Shindledecker, Scott (May 8, 2021). "Fees Increase as Bison Range Opens Under Tribal Management". US News and World Report. The Associated Press. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
  33. ^ Heisel, Scot (April 28, 2022). "Tribes preparing three-day Bison Range celebration". Lake County Leader. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
  34. ^ Monares, Freddy (May 3, 2022). "CSKT updates bison range exhibits to correct historical flaws". Montana Public Radio. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  35. ^ Bolton, Aaron (May 20, 2022). "Interior Secretary Deb Haaland to attend CSKT Bison Range recovery celebration". Montana Public Radio. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  36. ^ "About the Refuge - National Bison Range". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. March 12, 2013. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014.
  37. ^ Sokol, Chad (May 23, 2021). "Back under tribal control, Bison Range offers views of iconic animals". Daily Inter Lake. Archived from the original on May 23, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.


External links[edit]

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