Vending machine

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A vending machine made in 1952.
A Best Buy Express vending machine at an airport terminal, stocked with electronics. These are referred to as Automated Retail kiosks
See also: Automated retail

A vending machine is a machine which dispenses items such as snacks, beverages, alcohol, cigarettes, lottery tickets, cologne, consumer products and even gold and gems to customers automatically, after the customer inserts currency or credit into the machine.

History[edit source | edit]

The first reference to a vending machine is in the work of Hero of Alexandria, a first-century engineer and mathematician. His machine accepted a coin and then dispensed holy water.[1] When the coin was deposited, it fell upon a pan attached to a lever. The lever opened a valve which let some water flow out. The pan continued to tilt with the weight of the coin until it fell off, at which point a counterweight snapped the lever up and turned off the valve.

Vending machines became commonplace during the industrial revolution. The first modern coin-operated vending machines were introduced in London, England in the early 1880s, dispensing post cards. The first vending machine in the U.S. was built in 1888 by the Thomas Adams Gum Company, selling gum on New York City train platforms. The idea of adding games to these machines as a further incentive to buy came in 1897 when the Pulver Manufacturing Company added small figures, which would move around whenever somebody bought some gum from their machines. This idea spawned a whole new type of mechanical device known as the "trade stimulators". The birth of slot machines and pinball is ultimately rooted in these early devices.

In December 1970, Ussery Industries of Dallas, Texas at its Dallas convention displayed its "talking" vending machine, the Venda Talker. With insertion of a coin, the machine said "thank you" and added a one-liner voiced by comic Henny Youngman.

Mechanism[edit source | edit]

">File:Vending machine movie hd.ogg 
Filling and servicing
A newspaper vending machine

After paying, a product may become available by:

Some products need to be prepared to become available. For example, tickets are printed or magnetized on the spot, and coffee is freshly concocted. One of the most common form of vending machine, the snack machine, often uses a metal coil which when ordered rotates to release the product.

The main example of a vending machine giving access to all merchandise after paying for one item is a newspaper vending machine (also called vending box) found mainly in the U.S. and Canada. It contains a pile of identical newspapers. After a sale the door automatically returns to a locked position. A customer could open the box and take all of the newspapers or, for the benefit of other customers, leave all of the newspapers outside of the box, slowly return the door to an unlatched position, or block the door from fully closing, each of which are frequently discouraged, sometimes by a security clamp. The success of such machines is predicated on the assumption that the customer will be honest (hence the nickname "honor box"), and need only one copy.

Bulk candy and gumball vending[edit source | edit]

A bulk candy machine
Main articles: Bulk vending and Gumball machine

Bulk candy machines are mechanical machines that vend a handful of candy, a bouncy ball, or perhaps a capsule with a small toy or jewelry, for one or two coins. The items may be unsorted; in that case what the customer exactly gets is subject to chance. In other instances, the customer is guaranteed a specific type of candy.

The gross margins in the bulk candy business can be quite high — gumballs, for instance, can be purchased in bulk for 2 cents apiece and sold for 25 cents in the US. Gumballs and candy have a relatively long shelf life, enabling vending machine operators to manage many machines without too much time or cost involved. In addition, the machines are typically inexpensive compared to soft drink or snack machines, which often require power and sometimes refrigeration to work. Many operators donate a percentage of the profits to charity so that locations will allow them to place the machines for free.

Bulk vending may be a more practical choice than soft drink/snack vending for an individual who also works a full-time job, since the restaurants, retail stores, and other locations suitable for bulk vending may be more likely to be open during the evening and on weekends than venues such as offices that host soft drink and snack machines.

Cigarette vending[edit source | edit]

Cigarettes were commonly sold in the United States through these machines, but this is increasingly rare due to concerns about underage buyers. Sometimes a pass has to be inserted in the machine to prove one's age before a purchase can be made. In the United Kingdom, legislation banning them outright came into effect on October 1, 2011.[2] In Germany and Japan, cigarette machines are still common.

Since 2007, however, age verification has been mandatory in Germany - buyers must be 18 or over. The various machines installed in pubs and cafés, other publicly accessible buildings and on the street accept one or more of the following as proof of age: the buyer's identity card, bank debit card (smart card) or European Union driver's license.

Full-line vending[edit source | edit]

A full line of vending machines in a hospital cafeteria, including machines for drinks, snacks, and microwaveable foods.
Main article: Full-line vending

A full-line vending company may set up several types of vending machines that sell a wide range of products. Products may include candy, cookies, chips, fresh fruit, milk, cold food, coffee and other hot drinks, bottles, cans of soda, and even frozen products like ice cream. These products can be sold from machines that include coffee, snack, cold food, 20-oz. bottle machines, and glass-front bottle machines. Almost all machines accept bills with more and more machines accepting $5 bills. This is an advantage to the vendor because it virtually eliminates the need for a bill changer. Larger corporations with cafeterias will often request full line vending with food service.

Specialized vending[edit source | edit]

Globe icon.
 The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (September 2009)
A live bait vending machine
Vending machine for bicycle tubes in Berlin, Germany
Vending machine for art

In the Western world, some vending machines dispense personal products, typically in public toilet facilities. The machines in ladies' restrooms typically sell pads or tampons. The machines in men's rooms, when they are present, are most commonly for the sale of condoms, though in some locations they may be found dispensing cologne, medicine, small candies, or even pornography.[3] These are often found at toilets used by transient persons in high traffic locations, such as bus stations, shopping centres, airports and service stations.

From the 1950s until well into the 1970s, vending machines were used at American airports to sell life insurance policies covering death, in the event that the buyer's flight crashed. Such policies were quite profitable, because the risk of a plane crash is low. However, this practice gradually disappeared due to the tendency of American courts to strictly construe such policies against their sellers, such as Mutual of Omaha.[4]

Starting with 1994, vending machines approached successfully the basic food commerce specialization and began to compete with the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods industry. Milk dispensers and egg vending machines networks spreading in European towns accelerated after 2000.[5] The basic food vending machines are usually owned by farmers selling their production directly to consumers, providing fresh food to urban population at low prices, small operational costs and encouraging the distributism.

Another type of vending machine is a Chargebox which is used for charging small mobile devices such as mobile phones and ipods. They are useful for when one runs out of power on such devices in between locations like home and work.

From 2000-2010, specialization of vending machines became more common. Vending extended increasingly into non-traditional areas like electronics, or even artwork.[6] Machines of this new category are generally called Automated Retail kiosks. The trend of specialization and proliferation of vending machines is perhaps most apparent in Japan where vending machines sell products from toilet paper to hot meals and pornography, and there is 1 vending machine per 23 people.[7]

In schools[edit source | edit]

See also: Obesity in the United States

In the United States, under pressure from parents and anti-obesity advocates, many school districts moved to ban sodas, junk foods, and candy from vending machines and cafeterias.[8] State legislators in California, for example, passed laws banning the sale of machine-dispensed snacks and drinks in elementary schools in 2003, despite objections by the California-Nevada Soft Drink Association. The state followed more recently with legislation to prohibit their soda sales in high schools starting July 1, 2009, with the shortfall in school revenue to be compensated by an increase in funding for school lunch programs.[9] A similar law passed by the Connecticut General Assembly in June 2005 was vetoed by governor Jodi Rell, who stated the legislation "undermines the control and responsibility of parents with school-aged children."[10]

With increasing concern over traditional vending machines in schools, healthier vending options have gained popularity and are steadily being adopted by schools around the nation.[11][12] Such "healthy vending machines" are marketed as allowing students to perform better in addition to better health.[13]

Over recent years, there has been debate over schools providing condoms for student use, possibly through a vending machine.[14] In late 2012, 22 public high schools in Philadelphia installed vending machines providing free condoms.[15]

Safety and security issues[edit source | edit]

A typical American snack vending machine

Risk of falling machines[edit source | edit]

Most modern vending machines are tested and designed to inhibit theft, with security measures resulting in designs similar in strength to safes. As a result, the machines can be very heavy.

A few people have been fatally injured after having a vending machine topple over them, either while they were attempting to steal from the machine, or venting frustration over a malfunction which caused a failure to dispense the purchased item or the proper change. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association (11 November 1988, p. 2697) documents 15 cases in which men trying to get a can out of the machine were crushed. Three died, the other 12 required hospitalization for injuries such as fractures of the skull, toe, ankle, tibia, femur, and pelvis; intracerebral bleeding; knee contusion; and one punctured bladder. The article states that because the soft drinks are located in the upper half of the machine (so that they can fall into the dispensing slot), the center of gravity of the machine is abnormally high. Because of this high center of gravity, the machine will fall over once it has been tipped only 20 degrees, an unexpectedly small angle. A large, fully loaded soft drink machine can weigh over 400 kg (880 lbs.)

Coin fraud[edit source | edit]

One issue with vending machines, particularly mechanical vending machines, involves the use of coins of foreign currency, or, in more extreme cases, worthless tokens or washers (commonly referred to as slugs), which have the same size and shape as the coin accepted by the machine. This is done to pay less for merchandise, and sometimes in order to get change that has more value than the originally inserted object.

One remarkable example of this was the use of Libyan coins of 100 Dirhams and 50 Dirhams denominations in Maltese vending machines in the late 1990s. The 100 Dirham coin was used in place of the 1 Maltese Lira coin which had, back then, a de facto black market value of approximately 10 Libyan Dinars and thus having a value 100 times higher than that of the fraudulent coin. Similarly, the 50 Dirhams coin was used in place of the 25 Maltese cent, which meant a 50-fold increase of value according to the black market price. However, this problem was quickly solved when the machines involved were quickly replaced with new ones that could detect the difference between the Libyan and the Maltese coins, especially in tourist areas. In another case, the 2 euro coin is similar in size to the 10 baht coin (worth only €0.25). As a result, many vending machines in the eurozone will not accept €2 coins, such is the extent of the 10-baht scam.[16] However, most of the currently used vending machines still accept 5-rouble coin instead of 2 euro coin, which leads to the visible losses of their owners, due to the increasing number of Russian tourists.

In the United States, most vending machines have advanced currency detection techniques that can discern coins by reading the coins' "magnetic signature;" thus, many American vending machines will not take coins from other countries, even if their sizes are similar. This can cause some issues due to the fact that Canadian coins, which are identical in size and shape to their American counterparts, generally circulate alongside U.S. currency in the northern United States and in small sums are usually accepted at par (the discrepancy between the two currencies is small enough to be neglected), but cannot be accepted in many vending machines due to a different metallic composition. (To a certain extent, this issue also affects Caribbean coinage, countries whose currencies are pegged to the U.S. dollar, and the British 5p, 10p, and 50p, all of which are similar in size and value to the U.S. and Canadian dime, quarter and dollar coins; the Atlantic Ocean generally minimizes the cross-circulation of these coins. The coins of the Mexican peso and the euro are much different from those of the aforementioned countries, eliminating the threat of cross-circulation.)

Innovations[edit source | edit]

Pushbutton and touch screen ticket machines in Germany
A Redbox DVD vending machine.
Stamp vending machine in the London Heathrow Airport
A Vendtxt Vending Inc. Machine

Vending machines have gone through significant changes and innovations. Many machines are evolving to accept credit cards and companies are now able to monitor a machine's state from afar.

Classic gumball machines led to people packaging items in small capsules that can be dispensed one at a time from such machines. Larger capsules can be dispensed by claw crane machines.

While most vending machines cannot be stacked on top of each other, the Gacha and Gashapon capsule toys vending machines are designed to operate while stacked on a countertop.

John Greenwick of the Greenway company is a former Mars Electronics employee and former product manager of the first ever bill acceptor. According to him, the industry saw a need for the ability to standardize the acceptance of coins and currency on a global basis. As such, a standard known as MDB (Multi-Drop Bus) was invented. This allows for machines around the world to utilize the same bill acceptor and coin changer devices with an international specification.

Doug M. Sanford of Vending Times notes that "many vendors today do not remember the urgency with which industry leaders called on their peers to install coin mechanisms that held the patron's money in escrow until the vend was made; to post a telephone number that a customer could call to report a failure and request a refund; to make sure their drivers were cleaning the machines adequately and replacing burnt-out lamps; and so on and on". More recent innovations include improved coin and bill validation and the rapid adoption of sense-and-feedback systems to verify that the vend was made.

According to Michael Kasavana, National Automatic Merchandising Association at Michigan State University, the advent of reliable, affordable wireless technology has made telemetry practical and provided the medium through which cashless payments can be authenticated.[citation needed] Research shows that 50% of consumers will not purchase from a vending machine if its "Use exact change only" light is on.[citation needed] Machines with telemetry can transmit sales and inventory data to a route truck in the parking lot so that the driver knows what products to bring in for restocking. Or the data can be transmitted to a remote headquarters for use in scheduling a route stop, detecting component failure or verifying collection information.

Many telemetry technology providers are competing for the standard as the market tests different vending machine setups.[citation needed] Based on early documentation, digital telemetry communication for stocking and Credit Card style payment systems saves up to 40% of the carbon emissions over standard human monitored, and mechanical change systems.[citation needed]

Another innovation is self-service, standalone Automated Retail stores, for example with a touchscreen. Once a product is purchased the robotic arm delivers it into the pickup box and charges the consumer's credit card.

In the area of service vending machines other innovations include internet kiosks and DVD vending. Cashless vending now allows consumers to use debit cards or precharged "keys" such as the U-Key for added convenience. Vending is a multi-billion dollar industry.

To prevent injuries or death from tipping or striking the machine, most modern snack vending machines equipped with spirals to hold products contain lasers near the access door at the bottom. If a purchased item does not break the laser beam when falling, the spirals will automatically turn, usually three times to ensure that a product will fall. If this still does not occur, the customer will be asked to make another selection or will be refunded their money.

Off-grid fuel cell based vending machines with swappable hydrogen storage tanks are entering the market.[17]

Cashless payments will soon be on many vending machines in the near future. The majority of vending machine operators plan to add credit card swipers to their machines in 2011, according to a study by Apriva, wireless transaction services company. About 57 percent of companies surveyed by Apriva said they planned to expand the number of their machines outfitted with card swipers.[18]

A Library-A-Go-Go library book machine at the El Cerrito del Norte BART station in California.

Sweden's Distec company invented the bokomaten machine to vend library books at remote locations and during off hours.

After few decades of gradual progress in innovations, vending machines have seen a trend to integrate more recent technology and innovations such as interactive touch display, digital signage, video analytics to recognize gender and age group, remote content management, cloud manageability for sales, inventory, refill, etc., all of which make them to be known as smart vending machines. A Malaysian company Silkron has developed and been providing the smart vending software and SDK known as Vendron for vending machine makers, vending operators and system integrators to leverage on smart vending technology and capabilities.

Individual countries[edit source | edit]

Australia[edit source | edit]

In Australia, where gemstones are commonly mined, vending machines selling gemstones have appeared. The machines, usually converted candy machines, sell gemstones for approximately A$2.[citation needed]

China[edit source | edit]

Vending machines can be found in many places in China. Many vending machines are also built in China.

Hong Kong[edit source | edit]

Hong Kong has one of the highest number of vending machines in the world. Vending machines there are known as 自動售賣機 ('automatic selling machine') in Chinese. Due to high labour cost and limited space, vending machines have been introduced to Hong Kong. Majorities of the vending machines are in the public, with some in the shopping centres and schools.

The majority of vending machines in Hong Kong are stocked with drinks, snacks. Besides that, some vending machines are stocked with cases and accessories for mobile phones and cameras, umbrellas, cosmetics, and so forth.

The vending machines in Hong Kong allow the customer to pay by cash, credit cards and Octopus cards, a type of smart card.

India[edit source | edit]

Vending machines are not very common in India and are usually found only in major cities or along some national highways.[19][20]

Vending machines are used to sell snacks, beverages, condoms, public transit tickets, gold and diamond jewellery and change for currency notes.[21][22][23]

Several reasons have been attributed to the lack of success of vending machines in India; cheap labour is readily availability and has let to the setting up of several small stores throughout the country which serves as indirect competition to vending machines, a lack of technical knowledge and unease with using vending machines, problems with currency recognition and a lack of machines that accept both coins, notes and alternate payment channels, vandalism and rough use, and poor maintenance of the machines.[24] However, vending machines are a relatively new industry in India and analysts believe that usage will rise with changing consumer habits and lifestyle.[25]

Japan[edit source | edit]

Automatic stamp and postcard vending machine, made in 1904. The oldest existing vending machine in Japan.[26]

Japan has the highest number of vending machines per capita, with about one machine for every twenty-three people.[27] Japan's high population density, relatively high cost of labor, limited space, preference for shopping on foot or by bicycle, and low rates of vandalism and petty crime, provide an accommodating environment for vending machines. While the majority of machines in Japan are stocked with drinks, snacks, and cigarettes, one occasionally finds vending machines selling items such as bottles of liquor, cans of beer, prepared food, iPods, pornography, sexual lubricants, live lobsters, fresh meat, eggs and potted plants.[28]

The first vending machine in Japan was made of wood and sold postage stamps and post cards. About 80 years ago, there were vending machines that sold sweets made by the "Glico Company". In 1967, the 100-yen coin was distributed for the first time, and vending machine sales skyrocketed overnight,[citation needed] selling a variety of items everywhere.

In Japan, vending machines are known as 自動販売機 (jidō-hanbaiki) from jidō, or "automatic"; hanbai, or "vending"; and ki, or "machine", 自販機 (jihanki) for short. Vending machines are also commonly used in casual restaurants to sell meal tickets, similar to automats: one purchases a meal ticket from a vending machine, then presents the ticket to a server, who then prepares and serves the meal. These are referred to as 食券機 (shokkenki, "food ticket machine"); see ja:File:IKEA bistro ticket vending machine ALL.JPG for an example.

In 1999, the estimated 5.6 million coin- and card-operated Japanese vending machines generated $53.28 billion in sales. Vending machine goods and services can cost as little as 50 and as much as 3,000 yen.

With the introduction to services such as "Osaifu-Keitai", cell phones can now be used to pay for the items bought from these vending machines more easily.

In 2008, a smart card called taspo was implemented in the majority of tobacco vending machines across the country to restrict sales of cigarettes from them. From such machines cigarette purchases may only be made by those in possession of the card, which is issued to adult applicants (which in the case of Japan, is 20 years of age). The card is held up to a sensor after money is inserted into the machine. Some beer vending machines also require age verification.

Netherlands[edit source | edit]

A Dutch "automatiek"

A common feature of snack bars in the Netherlands is known as the automatiek or more commonly the automaat and is similar to an automat. It consists of a wall lined with coin-operated machines. Each has a vertical row of little windows, with a (usually hot) snack behind each, e.g., a croquette, a frikandel or a hamburger. Usually the automatiek is part of a larger establishment and will sell a broader range of food and drinks not suitable for vending machines at a counter. The automatiek is there to service customers that do not want to, or can not, wait to be serviced by a person at the counter. However, some snack bar chains' business focus mainly on the automatiek, such as FEBO.

After inserting the proper amount of money into a slot, an individual opens one of the windows and removes the snack. On most machines it is possible to open a window which does not contain a snack, so care must be taken when opening a window. The machines are heated so that the snacks stay hot, and snacks will generally be thrown away if they stay in for more than two to three hours. Behind the machine is the kitchen where the snacks are prepared, with the little windows being re-supplied from the back.

Automatieks may provide chairs for customers, but it is also common to have seating only for customers buying food at the counter (as they generally buy larger meals). Sometimes the vending machines are in an outside wall, and no shelter is provided.

These vending machines are often located at railway stations or in busy shopping streets.

Varieties[edit source | edit]

Fairs[edit source | edit]

Every two years in September the European Vending Industry presents their innovations at the trade fair EuVend in Cologne, Germany.

See also[edit source | edit]

References[edit source | edit]

  1. ^ "Old World, High Tech". Smithsonian Magazine. [World's First Vending Machine (scroll down to read)]. Accessed June 2011.
  2. ^ BBC News website report regarding the ban
  3. ^ Vending Machines of Japan
  4. ^ Steven v. Fidelity & Casualty Co. (1962) 58 C2d 862
  5. ^ "Egg vending machines". Accessed February 2012.
  6. ^ Art Vending Machine
  7. ^ "Vending machines". Japan-guide.com. Accessed June 2011.
  8. ^ Otto, Mary; Aratani, Lori (2006-05-04). "Soda Ban Means Change at Schools". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-03-08. 
  9. ^ Finz, Stacy (2006-05-22). "State high school soda ban expected on books by 2009". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-03-08. 
  10. ^ Cowan, Alison Leigh (2005-06-15), Rell Vetoes Junk-Food Limit in Connecticut's Public Schools, New York Times, retrieved 2009-11-30 
  11. ^ "School vending machine laws would help kids lose weight, study shows". CBS News. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  12. ^ Daly, Pete (29 December 2012). "Healthier snacks from smarter machines". Grand Rapids Business Journal. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  13. ^ "Vending Machines in Schools - Fight Childhood Obesity and Improve Student Performance". Healthy Vending. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  14. ^ Simmons, Amy (6 August 2010). "Schools urged to install free condom machines". ABC News. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  15. ^ Peterson, Hayley (25 December 2012). "Philadelphia installs condom dispensers in 22 public schools to battle 'epidemic' of sexually transmitted diseases". Daily Mail Online. Retrieved 2 January 2013. 
  16. ^ [1][dead link]
  17. ^ Hydrogen powered vending machine unveiled
  18. ^ "Vending Machines Going Cashless". Credit.com. 5 March 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011. 
  19. ^ "Condom Vending Machines in India". Merinews.com. 2007-08-18. Retrieved 2013-01-03. 
  20. ^ TNN Mar 12, 2011, 11.05pm IST (2011-03-12). "Condom vending machines on NH-37 - Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2013-01-03. 
  21. ^ "Condom vending machines to suit shy customers". Indian Express. 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2013-01-03. 
  22. ^ "Now, buy gold via vending machines". Indian Express. 2011-10-24. Retrieved 2013-01-03. 
  23. ^ TNN Jul 14, 2012, 04.59AM IST (2012-07-14). "Railways to install coin vending machines - Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2013-01-03. 
  24. ^ "A Vend in the Road: An Insight into the Vending Machine Market and the Neo-Indian Consumer". Youthkiawaaz.com. Retrieved 2013-01-03. 
  25. ^ "The Business of Vending Machines | Services | Opportunities | DARE - Because Entrepreneurs Do |". DARE. 2009-09-30. Retrieved 2013-01-03. 
  26. ^ What's "Tei-Park"?
  27. ^ According to the Japan Vending Machine Manufactures Association website, there are 5,582,200 vending machines in Japan, or one machine for every 23 people.
  28. ^ "Vending Machines of Japan" page of PhotoMann Travel Photography.

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