| Section T | T index | 531-539 of 589 terms |
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tufan—1. See tofan. 2. (From the Arabic, meaning “smoke.”) Same as typhoon.
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Tulipan radiometer—A calorimetric radiation instrument of historic interest used for the measurement of the amount of outgoing heat radiation from the earth during an interval of time. The time integration is performed by allowing the radiation to fall on an uninsulated vessel containing a volatile liquid. The amount of liquid distilled into a connected insulated vessel is a measure of the incident radiation. See radiometer.
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tunable laser spectroscopy—A technique based upon the measurement of light absorption upon irradiating a sample using a tunable laser source. This technique is generally used for quantitative measurements of the sample concentration or studying the spectral characteristics of the sample. Specific applications of this technique include saturation spectroscopy, heterodyne spectroscopy, opto-acoustic spectroscopy, and trace gas measurements in combustion, atmospheric, and kinetic studies.See also diode laser, dye laser.
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tundra climate—Generally, the climate that produces tundra vegetation; it is too cold for the growth of trees but does not have a permanent snow–ice cover. In W. Köppen's 1936 climatic classification it is one of the polar climates, defined as having a mean temperature for the warmest month of less than 10°C (50°F) (in contrast to snow forest and temperate rainy climates) but higher than 0°C (32°F) (which is the limit of perpetual frost climate). Tundra is designated ET. Tundra climate appears as a temperature province in C. W. Thornthwaite's 1931 classification.
Köppen, W. P., and R. Geiger, 1930–1939: Handbuch der Klimatologie, Berlin: Gebruder Borntraeger, 6 vols
Thornthwaite, C. W., 1931: The climates of North America according to a new classification. Geogr. Rev., 21, 633–655.
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tundra—(Also called arctic desert.) Treeless plains that lie poleward of the tree line. The plants thereon are sedges, mosses, lichens, and a few small shrubs. Tundra is mostly underlaid by permafrost, with the result that drainage is bad and the soil may be saturated for long periods. It does not have a permanent snow–ice cover.
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turbidimeter—An instrument that measures the reduction in transmission of light that is caused by interposing a solution containing solid particles between the light source and the eye. By using a known volume of solution in comparison with a standard, this instrument makes it possible to determine the mass effect, attributable to the number and size of the particles in the solution, and thus the quantitative amount of material present.
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turbidity maximum—A region in an estuary where the tidally driven interaction between freshwater and saltwater generates a relative maximum concentration of suspended sediment and thus turbidity.
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