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Section S S index 521-529 of 1376 terms
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SMO—Abbreviation for supplementary meteorological office.
smog chambers—Large reaction chambers in which chemical reactions associated with smog chemistry are studied. Typically, mixtures of a hydrocarbon in air containing traces of nitric oxide are irradiated, and the rate of buildup of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and organic products is measured and recorded.
smog—As originally coined in 1905 by Des Voeux: a natural fog contaminated by industrial pollutants, a mixture of smoke and fog. Today, it is the common term applied to problematical, largely urban, air pollution, with or without the natural fog; however, some visible manifestation is almost always implied. Smogs are constituted in great variety, but a major dichotomy exists between the photochemical smogs of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons emitted mainly by automobile engines and, on the other hand, the sulfur-laden, sometimes deadly, smogs produced by the large-scale combustion of fuel oil and coal. Both types contain carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and a variety of particulates. See Los Angeles (photochemical) smog, London (sulfurous) smog.
smoke horizon—The top of a smoke layer that is confined by a low-level temperature inversion in such a way as to give the appearance of the horizon when viewed from above against the sky. In such instances the true horizon is usually obscured by the smoke layer. See also dust horizon, fog horizon, haze horizon.
smoke pall—A condition of visibility restriction caused by an overspreading mass of smoke that produces a gloomy effect.
smoke plumes—Trails of emissions, advected by the wind, that are laden with particulates and gaseous pollutants from a continuous source. Plumes are generally visible for at least a short distance downwind due to condensed water vapor, particulate loading, or visible gaseous compounds.
smoke—1. Foreign particulate matter in the atmosphere resulting from combustion processes; a type of lithometeor. When smoke is present, the disk of the sun at sunrise and sunset appears very red, and during the daytime has a reddish tinge. Smoke that has come a great distance from its source, such as from forest fires, usually has a light grayish or bluish color and is evenly distributed in the upper air. See smog, haze. 2. Applied to some types of fog. See sea smoke.
smokes—Dense, white fogs common in the dry season on the Guinea coast of Africa. They often precede a harmattan.
smooth surface—See aerodynamically smooth surface.
smoothing—An averaging of data in space or time, designed to compensate for random errors or fluctuations of a scale smaller than that presumed significant to the problem at hand. Thus, for example, a thermometer smooths the temperature reading on the scale of its time constant; the analysis of a sea level weather map smooths the pressure field on a space scale more or less systematically determined by the analyst by taking each pressure as representative not of a point but of an area about the point. See consecutive mean, curve fitting, filtering, bloxam.
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