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Section S S index 801-809 of 1376 terms
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spherical pyrradiometer—Radiometer designed to measure both solar and thermal infrared radiation incident on the surface of an infinitesimally small sphere.
spherical shell apparatus—An experimental apparatus intended to represent, for modeling purposes, the geometric and dynamic effects of the earth's sphericity. It is composed of two concentric spheres (usually glass) of different radii. The space between them is filled with some working fluid and the entire shell is rotated. The inner sphere represents the surface of the earth, and the outer sphere is an artificial upper limit of the model atmosphere.
spherical symmetry—Having properties independent of latitude and longitude; properties that depend only on radial distance.
spherical wave—Any wave for which the surface of constant phase is a sphere.
spherics—See atmospherics.
spicule—1. A spike of ice formed during the freezing of a water drop or a contained volume of water (as in a puddle or freezer container); expansion of the inward freezing ice expels any remaining water through a weak point in the shell which then freezes as a spike in the colder environment. 2. Bright spike of luminous gas extending from the chromosphere into the corona of the sun. Spicules are several hundred kilometers in diameter and extend outward 5000–10 000 km. Observed in photographs of the limb, these features have a lifetime of several minutes.
spider lightning—Lightning with extraordinary lateral extent near a cloud base where its dendritic structure is clearly visible. This lightning type is prevalent beneath the stratiform anvil of mesoscale convective systems and is often associated with positive ground flashes. This discharge form is also referred to as sheet lightning.
spillover—That part of orographic precipitation that is carried over the peaks by the wind so that it reaches the ground on the lee side of the barrier.
spillway capacity—The maximum discharge rate that a spillway has been designed to convey.
spillway design flood—Flood used to design a dam spillway; also, maximum flow that could pass through a spillway without causing serious structural damage.
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