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Section S S index 981-989 of 1376 terms
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steering flow—(Or steering current.) A basic flow that exerts a strong influence upon the direction of movement of disturbances embedded in it. This is the concept of steering in meteorology.
steering level—A level in the atmosphere where the velocity of the basic flow bears a direct relationship to the velocity of movement of an atmospheric disturbance embedded in the flow. This concept is most often applied as a subjective tool in forecasting the motion of surface pressure systems.
steering line—According to Bjerknes's cyclone model, the line of convergence (corresponding to the warm front of a wave cyclone) that tends to be parallel to the direction of motion of the cyclone at the line's point of juncture with the cyclone center.
steering—In meteorology, loosely used for any influence upon the direction of movement of an atmospheric disturbance exerted by another aspect of the state of the atmosphere. Thus, it might be said that a surface pressure system tends to be steered by isotherms, contour lines, streamlines aloft, warm-sector isobars, the orientation of a warm front, etc. Nearly always this principle is applied to the relationship between the velocity of a cyclone and the velocity of the basic flow in which it is embedded.
Stefan–Boltzmann constant—A constant of proportionality that relates the radiant emittance of a blackbody to the fourth power of the body's absolute temperature. Its value is 5.670 x 10−8 W m−2 K−4.
Stefan–Boltzmann law—One of the radiation laws, which states that the amount of energy radiated per unit time from a unit surface area of an ideal blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the blackbody. The law is written where E is the emittance of the blackbody, σ the Stefan–Boltzmann constant, and T the absolute temperature of the blackbody. This law was established experimentally by Stefan and was given theoretical support by thermodynamic reasoning due to Boltzmann. This law may be deduced by integrating Planck's law over the entire frequency spectrum.
stellar crystal—A kind of plane-dendritic crystal, often referring to those with relatively thin branches without elaborate patterns.
stellar scintillation—See scintillation.
stem flow—Rainfall intercepted by tree canopies and transported directly to the ground via the stems and trunks.
step function—(Or stepped function.) A function that has different constant values over adjacent subintervals; thus it has discontinuities at the ends of each interval. The distribution function of a discrete variate and a histogram have this shape.
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